This manual is for GNU Texinfo (version 4.8, 29 December 2004), a
documentation system that can produce both online information and a
printed manual from a single source.

  Copyright (C) 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,
1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
     Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
     being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
     below.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
     "GNU Free Documentation License."

     (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
     modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software.  Copies published by
     the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."

INFO-DIR-SECTION Texinfo documentation system
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Texinfo: (texinfo).           The GNU documentation format.
* install-info: (texinfo)Invoking install-info. Update info/dir entries.
* texi2dvi: (texinfo)Format with texi2dvi.      Print Texinfo documents.
* texi2pdf: (texinfo)PDF Output.                PDF output for Texinfo.
* texindex: (texinfo)Format with tex/texindex.  Sort Texinfo index files.
* makeinfo: (texinfo)Invoking makeinfo.         Translate Texinfo source.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Copying Conditions,  Up: (dir)

Texinfo
*******

This manual is for GNU Texinfo (version 4.8, 29 December 2004), a
documentation system that can produce both online information and a
printed manual from a single source.

  Copyright (C) 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,
1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
     Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
     being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
     below.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
     "GNU Free Documentation License."

     (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
     modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software.  Copies published by
     the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."

  The first part of this master menu lists the major nodes in this Info
document, including the @-command and concept indices.  The rest of the
menu lists all the lower level nodes in the document.

* Menu:

* Copying Conditions::            Your rights.
* Overview::                      Texinfo in brief.
* Texinfo Mode::                  Using the GNU Emacs Texinfo mode.
* Beginning a File::              What is at the beginning of a Texinfo file?
* Ending a File::                 What is at the end of a Texinfo file?
* Structuring::                   Creating chapters, sections, appendices, etc.
* Nodes::                         Writing nodes, the basic unit of Texinfo.
* Menus::                         Writing menus.
* Cross References::              Writing cross references.
* Marking Text::                  Marking words and phrases as code,
                                    keyboard input, meta-syntactic
                                    variables, and the like.
* Quotations and Examples::       Block quotations, examples, etc.
* Lists and Tables::              Itemized or numbered lists, and tables.
* Special Displays::              Floating figures and footnotes.
* Indices::                       Creating indices.
* Insertions::                    Inserting @-signs, braces, etc.
* Breaks::                        Forcing or preventing line and page breaks.
* Definition Commands::           Describing functions and the like uniformly.
* Conditionals::                  Specifying text for only some output cases.
* Internationalization::          Supporting languages other than English.
* Defining New Texinfo Commands:: User-defined macros and aliases.
* Hardcopy::                            Output for paper, with TeX.
* Creating and Installing Info Files::  Details on Info output.
* Generating HTML::               Details on HTML output.

* Command List::                  All the Texinfo @-commands.
* Tips::                          Hints on how to write a Texinfo document.
* Sample Texinfo Files::          Complete examples, including full texts.
* Include Files::                 How to incorporate other Texinfo files.
* Headings::                      How to write page headings and footings.
* Catching Mistakes::             How to find formatting mistakes.
* Copying This Manual::           The GNU Free Documentation License.
* Command and Variable Index::    A menu containing commands and variables.
* Concept Index::                 A menu covering many topics.

 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Overview of Texinfo

* Reporting Bugs::              Submitting effective bug reports.
* Using Texinfo::               Create printed or online output.
* Output Formats::              Overview of the supported output formats.
* Info Files::                  What is an Info file?
* Printed Books::               Characteristics of a printed book or manual.
* Formatting Commands::         @-commands are used for formatting.
* Conventions::                 General rules for writing a Texinfo file.
* Comments::                    Writing comments and ignored text in general.
* Minimum::                     What a Texinfo file must have.
* Six Parts::                   Usually, a Texinfo file has six parts.
* Short Sample::                A short sample Texinfo file.
* History::                     Acknowledgements, contributors and genesis.

Using Texinfo Mode

* Texinfo Mode Overview::       How Texinfo mode can help you.
* Emacs Editing::               Texinfo mode adds to GNU Emacs' general
                                  purpose editing features.
* Inserting::                   How to insert frequently used @-commands.
* Showing the Structure::       How to show the structure of a file.
* Updating Nodes and Menus::    How to update or create new nodes and menus.
* Info Formatting::             How to format for Info.
* Printing::                    How to format and print part or all of a file.
* Texinfo Mode Summary::        Summary of all the Texinfo mode commands.

Updating Nodes and Menus

* Updating Commands::           Five major updating commands.
* Updating Requirements::       How to structure a Texinfo file for
                                  using the updating command.
* Other Updating Commands::     How to indent descriptions, insert
                                  missing nodes lines, and update
                                  nodes in sequence.

Beginning a Texinfo File

* Sample Beginning::            A sample beginning for a Texinfo file.
* Texinfo File Header::         The first lines.
* Document Permissions::        Ensuring your manual is free.
* Titlepage & Copyright Page::  Creating the title and copyright pages.
* Contents::                    How to create a table of contents.
* The Top Node::                Creating the `Top' node and master menu.
* Global Document Commands::    Affecting formatting throughout.
* Software Copying Permissions::  Ensure that you and others continue to
                                   have the right to use and share software.

Texinfo File Header

* First Line::                  The first line of a Texinfo file.
* Start of Header::             Formatting a region requires this.
* setfilename::                 Tell Info the name of the Info file.
* settitle::                    Create a title for the printed work.
* End of Header::               Formatting a region requires this.

Document Permissions

* copying::                     Declare the document's copying permissions.
* insertcopying::               Where to insert the permissions.

Title and Copyright Pages

* titlepage::                   Create a title for the printed document.
* titlefont center sp::         The `@titlefont', `@center',
                                 and `@sp' commands.
* title subtitle author::       The `@title', `@subtitle',
                                 and `@author' commands.
* Copyright::                   How to write the copyright notice and
                                 include copying permissions.
* end titlepage::               Turn on page headings after the title and
                                 copyright pages.
* headings on off::             An option for turning headings on and off
                                 and double or single sided printing.

The `Top' Node and Master Menu

* Top Node Example::
* Master Menu Parts::

Global Document Commands

* documentdescription::         Document summary for the HTML output.
* setchapternewpage::           Start chapters on right-hand pages.
* paragraphindent::             Specify paragraph indentation.
* firstparagraphindent::        Suppress indentation of the first paragraph.
* exampleindent::               Specify environment indentation.

Ending a Texinfo File

* Printing Indices & Menus::    How to print an index in hardcopy and
                                 generate index menus in Info.
* File End::                    How to mark the end of a file.

Chapter Structuring

* Tree Structuring::            A manual is like an upside down tree ...
* Structuring Command Types::   How to divide a manual into parts.
* makeinfo top::                The `@top' command, part of the `Top' node.
* chapter::
* unnumbered & appendix::
* majorheading & chapheading::
* section::
* unnumberedsec appendixsec heading::
* subsection::
* unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading::
* subsubsection::               Commands for the lowest level sections.
* Raise/lower sections::        How to change commands' hierarchical level.

Nodes

* Two Paths::                   Different commands to structure
                                 Info output and printed output.
* Node Menu Illustration::      A diagram, and sample nodes and menus.
* node::                        Creating nodes, in detail.
* makeinfo Pointer Creation::   Letting makeinfo determine node pointers.
* anchor::                      Defining arbitrary cross-reference targets.

The `@node' Command

* Node Names::                  How to choose node and pointer names.
* Writing a Node::              How to write an `@node' line.
* Node Line Tips::              Keep names short.
* Node Line Requirements::      Keep names unique, without @-commands.
* First Node::                  How to write a `Top' node.
* makeinfo top command::        How to use the `@top' command.

Menus

* Menu Location::               Menus go at the ends of short nodes.
* Writing a Menu::              What is a menu?
* Menu Parts::                  A menu entry has three parts.
* Less Cluttered Menu Entry::   Two part menu entry.
* Menu Example::                Two and three part menu entries.
* Other Info Files::            How to refer to a different Info file.

Cross References

* References::                  What cross references are for.
* Cross Reference Commands::    A summary of the different commands.
* Cross Reference Parts::       A cross reference has several parts.
* xref::                        Begin a reference with `See' ...
* Top Node Naming::             How to refer to the beginning of another file.
* ref::                         A reference for the last part of a sentence.
* pxref::                       How to write a parenthetical cross reference.
* inforef::                     How to refer to an Info-only file.
* uref::                        How to refer to a uniform resource locator.

`@xref'

* Reference Syntax::            What a reference looks like and requires.
* One Argument::                `@xref' with one argument.
* Two Arguments::               `@xref' with two arguments.
* Three Arguments::             `@xref' with three arguments.
* Four and Five Arguments::     `@xref' with four and five arguments.

Marking Words and Phrases

* Indicating::                  How to indicate definitions, files, etc.
* Emphasis::                    How to emphasize text.

Indicating Definitions, Commands, etc.

* Useful Highlighting::         Highlighting provides useful information.
* code::                        Indicating program code.
* kbd::                         Showing keyboard input.
* key::                         Specifying keys.
* samp::                        A literal sequence of characters.
* verb::                        A verbatim sequence of characters.
* var::                         Indicating metasyntactic variables.
* env::                         Indicating environment variables.
* file::                        Indicating file names.
* command::                     Indicating command names.
* option::                      Indicating option names.
* dfn::                         Specifying definitions.
* cite::                        Referring to books not in the  Info system.
* abbr::                        Indicating abbreviations.
* acronym::                     Indicating acronyms.
* indicateurl::                 Indicating a World Wide Web reference.
* email::                       Indicating an electronic mail address.

Emphasizing Text

* emph & strong::               How to emphasize text in Texinfo.
* Smallcaps::                   How to use the small caps font.
* Fonts::                       Various font commands for printed output.

Quotations and Examples

* Block Enclosing Commands::    Different constructs for different purposes.
* quotation::                   Writing a quotation.
* example::                     Writing an example in a fixed-width font.
* verbatim::                    Writing a verbatim example.
* verbatiminclude::             Including a file verbatim.
* lisp::                        Illustrating Lisp code.
* small::                       Examples in a smaller font.
* display::                     Writing an example in the current font.
* format::                      Writing an example without narrowed margins.
* exdent::                      Undo indentation on a line.
* flushleft & flushright::      Pushing text flush left or flush right.
* noindent::                    Preventing paragraph indentation.
* indent::                      Forcing paragraph indentation.
* cartouche::                   Drawing rounded rectangles around examples.

Lists and Tables

* Introducing Lists::           Texinfo formats lists for you.
* itemize::                     How to construct a simple list.
* enumerate::                   How to construct a numbered list.
* Two-column Tables::           How to construct a two-column table.
* Multi-column Tables::         How to construct generalized tables.

Making a Two-column Table

* table::                       How to construct a two-column table.
* ftable vtable::               Automatic indexing for two-column tables.
* itemx::                       How to put more entries in the first column.

`@multitable': Multi-column Tables

* Multitable Column Widths::    Defining multitable column widths.
* Multitable Rows::             Defining multitable rows, with examples.

Special Displays

* Floats::                      Figures, tables, and the like.
* Images::                      Including graphics and images.
* Footnotes::                   Writing footnotes.

Floats

* float::                       Producing floating material.
* caption shortcaption::        Specifying descriptions for floats.
* listoffloats::                A table of contents for floats.

Inserting Images

* Image Syntax::
* Image Scaling::

Footnotes

* Footnote Commands::           How to write a footnote in Texinfo.
* Footnote Styles::             Controlling how footnotes appear in Info.

Indices

* Index Entries::               Choose different words for index entries.
* Predefined Indices::          Use different indices for different kinds
                                 of entries.
* Indexing Commands::           How to make an index entry.
* Combining Indices::           How to combine indices.
* New Indices::                 How to define your own indices.

Combining Indices

* syncodeindex::                How to merge two indices, using `@code'
                                 font for the merged-from index.
* synindex::                    How to merge two indices, using the
                                 default font of the merged-to index.

Special Insertions

* Atsign Braces Comma::         Inserting @ and {} and ,.
* Inserting Space::             How to insert the right amount of space
                                 within a sentence.
* Inserting Accents::           How to insert accents and special characters.
* Dots Bullets::                How to insert dots and bullets.
* TeX and copyright::           How to insert the TeX logo
                                 and the copyright symbol.
* euro::                        How to insert the Euro currency symbol.
* pounds::                      How to insert the pounds currency symbol.
* minus::                       How to insert a minus sign.
* math::                        How to format a mathematical expression.
* Glyphs::                      How to indicate results of evaluation,
                                 expansion of macros, errors, etc.

Inserting @ and {} and ,

* Inserting an Atsign::
* Inserting Braces::
* Inserting a Comma::

Inserting Space

* Not Ending a Sentence::       Sometimes a . doesn't end a sentence.
* Ending a Sentence::           Sometimes it does.
* Multiple Spaces::             Inserting multiple spaces.
* dmn::                         How to format a dimension.

Inserting Ellipsis and Bullets

* dots::                        How to insert dots ...
* bullet::                      How to insert a bullet.

Inserting TeX and Legal Symbols: (C), (R)

* tex::                         The TeX logos.
* copyright symbol::            The copyright symbol (c in a circle).
* registered symbol::           The registered symbol (R in a circle).

Glyphs for Examples

* Glyphs Summary::
* result::                      How to show the result of expression.
* expansion::                   How to indicate an expansion.
* Print Glyph::                 How to indicate printed output.
* Error Glyph::                 How to indicate an error message.
* Equivalence::                 How to indicate equivalence.
* Point Glyph::                 How to indicate the location of point.

Glyphs Summary

* result::
* expansion::
* Print Glyph::
* Error Glyph::
* Equivalence::
* Point Glyph::

Forcing and Preventing Breaks

* Break Commands::              Summary of break-related commands.
* Line Breaks::                 Forcing line breaks.
* - and hyphenation::           Helping TeX with hyphenation points.
* w::                           Preventing unwanted line breaks in text.
* tie::                         Inserting an unbreakable but varying space.
* sp::                          Inserting blank lines.
* page::                        Forcing the start of a new page.
* group::                       Preventing unwanted page breaks.
* need::                        Another way to prevent unwanted page breaks.

Definition Commands

* Def Cmd Template::            Writing descriptions using definition commands.
* Def Cmd Continuation Lines::  Continuing the heading over source lines.
* Optional Arguments::          Handling optional and repeated arguments.
* deffnx::                      Group two or more `first' lines.
* Def Cmds in Detail::          Reference for all the definition commands.
* Def Cmd Conventions::         Conventions for writing definitions.
* Sample Function Definition::  An example.

The Definition Commands

* Functions Commands::          Commands for functions and similar entities.
* Variables Commands::          Commands for variables and similar entities.
* Typed Functions::             Commands for functions in typed languages.
* Typed Variables::             Commands for variables in typed languages.
* Data Types::                  The definition command for data types.
* Abstract Objects::            Commands for object-oriented programming.

Object-Oriented Programming

* Variables: Object-Oriented Variables.
* Methods: Object-Oriented Methods.

Conditionally Visible Text

* Conditional Commands::        Text for a given format.
* Conditional Not Commands::    Text for any format other than a given one.
* Raw Formatter Commands::      Using raw formatter commands.
* set clear value::             Variable tests and substitutions.
* Conditional Nesting::         Using conditionals inside conditionals.

`@set', `@clear', and `@value'

* set value::                   Expand a flag variable to a string.
* ifset ifclear::               Format a region if a flag is set.
* value Example::               An easy way to update edition information.

Internationalization

* documentlanguage::            Declaring the current language.
* documentencoding::            Declaring the input encoding.

Defining New Texinfo Commands

* Defining Macros::             Defining and undefining new commands.
* Invoking Macros::             Using a macro, once you've defined it.
* Macro Details::               Limitations of Texinfo macros.
* alias::                       Command aliases.
* definfoenclose::              Customized highlighting.

Formatting and Printing Hardcopy

* Use TeX::                     Use TeX to format for hardcopy.
* Format with tex/texindex::    How to format with explicit shell commands.
* Format with texi2dvi::        A simpler way to format.
* Print with lpr::              How to print.
* Within Emacs::                How to format and print from an Emacs shell.
* Texinfo Mode Printing::       How to format and print in Texinfo mode.
* Compile-Command::             How to print using Emacs's compile command.
* Requirements Summary::        TeX formatting requirements summary.
* Preparing for TeX::           What to do before you use TeX.
* Overfull hboxes::             What are and what to do with overfull hboxes.
* smallbook::                   How to print small format books and manuals.
* A4 Paper::                    How to print on A4 or A5 paper.
* pagesizes::                   How to print with customized page sizes.
* Cropmarks and Magnification:: How to print marks to indicate the size
                                 of pages and how to print scaled up output.
* PDF Output::                  Portable Document Format output.
* Obtaining TeX::               How to Obtain TeX.

Creating and Installing Info Files

* Creating an Info File::
* Installing an Info File::

Creating an Info File

* makeinfo advantages::         `makeinfo' provides better error checking.
* Invoking makeinfo::           How to run `makeinfo' from a shell.
* makeinfo options::            Specify fill-column and other options.
* Pointer Validation::          How to check that pointers point somewhere.
* makeinfo in Emacs::           How to run `makeinfo' from Emacs.
* texinfo-format commands::     Two Info formatting commands written
                                 in Emacs Lisp are an alternative
                                 to `makeinfo'.
* Batch Formatting::            How to format for Info in Emacs Batch mode.
* Tag and Split Files::         How tagged and split files help Info
                                 to run better.

Installing an Info File

* Directory File::              The top level menu for all Info files.
* New Info File::               Listing a new Info file.
* Other Info Directories::      How to specify Info files that are
                                 located in other directories.
* Installing Dir Entries::      How to specify what menu entry to add
                                 to the Info directory.
* Invoking install-info::       `install-info' options.

Generating HTML

* HTML Translation::       Details of the HTML output.
* HTML Splitting::         How HTML output is split.
* HTML CSS::               Influencing HTML output with Cascading Style Sheets.
* HTML Xref::              Cross-references in HTML output.

HTML Cross-references

* Link Basics:       HTML Xref Link Basics.
* Node Expansion:    HTML Xref Node Name Expansion.
* Command Expansion: HTML Xref Command Expansion.
* 8-bit Expansion:   HTML Xref 8-bit Character Expansion.
* Mismatch:          HTML Xref Mismatch.

@-Command List

* Command Syntax::    General syntax for varieties of @-commands.

Sample Texinfo Files

* Short Sample Texinfo File::
* GNU Sample Texts::
* Verbatim Copying License::
* All-permissive Copying License::

Copying This Manual

* GNU Free Documentation License::  License for copying this manual.

Include Files

* Using Include Files::         How to use the `@include' command.
* texinfo-multiple-files-update::  How to create and update nodes and
                                     menus when using included files.
* Include Files Requirements::  `texinfo-multiple-files-update' needs.
* Sample Include File::         A sample outer file with included files
                                     within it; and a sample included file.
* Include Files Evolution::     How use of the `@include' command
                                     has changed over time.

Page Headings

* Headings Introduced::         Conventions for using page headings.
* Heading Format::              Standard page heading formats.
* Heading Choice::              How to specify the type of page heading.
* Custom Headings::             How to create your own headings and footings.

Formatting Mistakes

* makeinfo Preferred::          `makeinfo' finds errors.
* Debugging with Info::         How to catch errors with Info formatting.
* Debugging with TeX::          How to catch errors with TeX formatting.
* Using texinfo-show-structure::  How to use `texinfo-show-structure'.
* Using occur::                 How to list all lines containing a pattern.
* Running Info-Validate::       How to find badly referenced nodes.

Finding Badly Referenced Nodes

* Using Info-validate::         How to run `Info-validate'.
* Unsplit::                     How to create an unsplit file.
* Tagifying::                   How to tagify a file.
* Splitting::                   How to split a file manually.

Copying This Manual

* GNU Free Documentation License::  License for copying this manual.

     Documentation is like sex: when it is good, it is very, very good;
     and when it is bad, it is better than nothing.  --Dick Brandon


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Copying Conditions,  Next: Overview,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

Texinfo Copying Conditions
**************************

The programs currently being distributed that relate to Texinfo include
`makeinfo', `info', `texindex', and `texinfo.tex'.  These programs are
"free"; this means that everyone is free to use them and free to
redistribute them on a free basis.  The Texinfo-related programs are
not in the public domain; they are copyrighted and there are
restrictions on their distribution, but these restrictions are designed
to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do.
What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing
any version of these programs that they might get from you.

  Specifically, we want to make sure that you have the right to give
away copies of the programs that relate to Texinfo, that you receive
source code or else can get it if you want it, that you can change these
programs or use pieces of them in new free programs, and that you know
you can do these things.

  To make sure that everyone has such rights, we have to forbid you to
deprive anyone else of these rights.  For example, if you distribute
copies of the Texinfo related programs, you must give the recipients all
the rights that you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or
can get the source code.  And you must tell them their rights.

  Also, for our own protection, we must make certain that everyone finds
out that there is no warranty for the programs that relate to Texinfo.
If these programs are modified by someone else and passed on, we want
their recipients to know that what they have is not what we distributed,
so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on our
reputation.

  The precise conditions of the licenses for the programs currently
being distributed that relate to Texinfo are found in the General Public
Licenses that accompany them.  This manual specifically is covered by
the GNU Free Documentation License (*note GNU Free Documentation
License::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Overview,  Next: Texinfo Mode,  Prev: Copying Conditions,  Up: Top

1 Overview of Texinfo
*********************

"Texinfo"(1)  is a documentation system that uses a single source file
to produce both online information and printed output.  This means that
instead of writing two different documents, one for the online
information and the other for a printed work, you need write only one
document.  Therefore, when the work is revised, you need revise only
that one document.

* Menu:

* Reporting Bugs::              Submitting effective bug reports.
* Using Texinfo::               Create printed or online output.
* Output Formats::              Overview of the supported output formats.
* Info Files::                  What is an Info file?
* Printed Books::               Characteristics of a printed book or manual.
* Formatting Commands::         @-commands are used for formatting.
* Conventions::                 General rules for writing a Texinfo file.
* Comments::                    Writing comments and ignored text in general.
* Minimum::                     What a Texinfo file must have.
* Six Parts::                   Usually, a Texinfo file has six parts.
* Short Sample::                A short sample Texinfo file.
* History::                     Acknowledgements, contributors and genesis.

  ---------- Footnotes ----------

  (1) The first syllable of "Texinfo" is pronounced like "speck", not
"hex".  This odd pronunciation is derived from, but is not the same as,
the pronunciation of TeX.  In the word TeX, the `X' is actually the
Greek letter "chi" rather than the English letter "ex".  Pronounce TeX
as if the `X' were the last sound in the name `Bach'; but pronounce
Texinfo as if the `x' were a `k'.  Spell "Texinfo" with a capital "T"
and the other letters in lower case.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Reporting Bugs,  Next: Using Texinfo,  Up: Overview

1.1 Reporting Bugs
==================

We welcome bug reports and suggestions for any aspect of the Texinfo
system, programs, documentation, installation, anything.  Please email
them to <bug-texinfo@gnu.org>.  You can get the latest version of
Texinfo from `ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/' and its mirrors worldwide.

  For bug reports, please include enough information for the maintainers
to reproduce the problem.  Generally speaking, that means:

   * the version number of Texinfo and the program(s) or manual(s)
     involved.

   * hardware and operating system names and versions.

   * the contents of any input files necessary to reproduce the bug.

   * a description of the problem and samples of any erroneous output.

   * any unusual options you gave to `configure'.

   * anything else that you think would be helpful.

  When in doubt whether something is needed or not, include it.  It's
better to include too much than to leave out something important.

  Patches are most welcome; if possible, please make them with
`diff -c' (*note Overview: (diff)Top.) and include `ChangeLog' entries
(*note Change Log: (emacs)Change Log.).

  When sending patches, if possible please do not encode or split them
in any way; it's much easier to deal with one plain text message,
however large, than many small ones.  GNU shar
(ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/sharutils/) is a convenient way of packaging
multiple and/or binary files for email.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Using Texinfo,  Next: Output Formats,  Prev: Reporting Bugs,  Up: Overview

1.2 Using Texinfo
=================

Using Texinfo, you can create a printed document (via the TeX
typesetting system) the normal features of a book, including chapters,
sections, cross references, and indices.  From the same Texinfo source
file, you can create an Info file with special features to make
documentation browsing easy.  You can also create from that same source
file an HTML output file suitable for use with a web browser, or an XML
file.  See the next section (*note Output Formats::) for details and
the exact commands to generate output from the source.

  TeX works with virtually all printers; Info works with virtually all
computer terminals; the HTML output works with virtually all web
browsers.  Thus Texinfo can be used by almost any computer user.

  A Texinfo source file is a plain ASCII file containing text
interspersed with "@-commands" (words preceded by an `@') that tell the
typesetting and formatting programs what to do.  You can edit a Texinfo
file with any text editor, but it is especially convenient to use GNU
Emacs since that editor has a special mode, called Texinfo mode, that
provides various Texinfo-related features.  (*Note Texinfo Mode::.)

  You can use Texinfo to create both online help and printed manuals;
moreover, Texinfo is freely redistributable.  For these reasons, Texinfo
is the official documentation format of the GNU project.  More
information is available at the GNU documentation web page
(http://www.gnu.org/doc/).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Output Formats,  Next: Info Files,  Prev: Using Texinfo,  Up: Overview

1.3 Output Formats
==================

Here is a brief overview of the output formats currently supported by
Texinfo.

Info
     (Generated via `makeinfo'.)  This format is essentially a plain
     text transliteration of the Texinfo source.  It adds a few control
     characters to separate nodes and provide navigational information
     for menus, cross-references, indices, and so on.  See the next
     section (*note Info Files::) for more details on this format.  The
     Emacs Info subsystem (*note Getting Started: (info)Top.), and the
     standalone `info' program (*note Info Standalone:
     (info-stnd)Top.), among others, can read these files.  *Note
     Creating and Installing Info Files::.

Plain text
     (Generated via `makeinfo --no-headers'.)  This is almost the same
     as Info output, except the navigational control characters are
     omitted.  Also, standard output is used by default.

HTML
     (Generated via `makeinfo --html'.)  This is the Hyper Text Markup
     Language that has become the most commonly used language for
     writing documents on the World Wide Web.  Web browsers, such as
     Mozilla, Lynx, and Emacs-W3, can render this language online.
     There are many versions of HTML; `makeinfo' tries to use a subset
     of the language that can be interpreted by any common browser.  For
     details of the HTML language and much related information, see
     `http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/'.  *Note Generating HTML::.

DVI
     (Generated via `texi2dvi'.)  This DeVice Independent binary format
     is output by the TeX typesetting program (`http://tug.org').  This
     is then read by a DVI `driver', which writes the actual
     device-specific commands that can be viewed or printed, notably
     Dvips for translation to PostScript (*note Invoking Dvips:
     (dvips)Invoking Dvips.) and Xdvi for viewing on an X display
     (`http://sourceforge.net/projects/xdvi/').  *Note Hardcopy::.

     Be aware that the Texinfo language is very different from and much
     stricter than TeX's usual languages, plain TeX and LaTeX.  For
     more information on TeX in general, please see the book `TeX for
     the Impatient', available from
     `http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/teximpatient'.

PDF
     (Generated via `texi2dvi --pdf' or `texi2pdf'.)  This was
     developed by Adobe Systems for portable document interchange,
     based on their previous PostScript language.  It can represent the
     exact appearance of a document, including fonts, and supporting
     arbitrary scaling.  It is intended to be platform-independent and
     easily viewable, among other design goals; for a discussion, see
     `http://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb22-3/tb72beebeI.pdf'.  Texinfo
     uses the `pdftex' program, a variant of TeX, to output PDF; see
     `http://tug.org/applications/pdftex'.  *Note PDF Output::.

XML
     (Generated via `makeinfo --xml'.)  XML is a generic syntax
     specification usable for any sort of content (see, for example,
     `http://www.w3.org/XML/').  The `makeinfo' xml output, unlike all
     the formats above, interprets very little of the Texinfo source.
     Rather, it merely translates the Texinfo markup commands into XML
     syntax, for processing by further XML tools.  The particular
     syntax output is defined in the file `texinfo.dtd' included in the
     Texinfo source distribution.

Docbook
     (Generated via `makeinfo --docbook'.)  This is an XML-based format
     developed some years ago, primarily for technical documentation.
     It therefore bears some resemblance, in broad outlines, to
     Texinfo.  See `http://www.docbook.org'.  If you want to convert
     from Docbook _to_ Texinfo, please see
     `http://docbook2X.sourceforge.net'.


  From time to time, proposals are made to generate traditional Unix man
pages from Texinfo source.  However, because man pages have a very
strict conventional format, generating a good man page requires a
completely different source than the typical Texinfo applications of
writing a good user tutorial and/or a good reference manual.  This
makes generating man pages incompatible with the Texinfo design goal of
not having to document the same information in different ways for
different output formats.  You might as well just write the man page
directly.

  Man pages still have their place, and if you wish to support them, you
may find the program `help2man' to be useful; it generates a
traditional man page from the `--help' output of a program.  In fact,
this is currently used to generate man pages for the programs in the
Texinfo distribution.  It is GNU software written by Brendan O'Dea,
available from `ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/help2man/'.

  If you are a programmer and would like to contribute to the GNU
project by implementing additional output formats for Texinfo, that
would be excellent.  But please do not write a separate translator
texi2foo for your favorite format foo!  That is the hard way to do the
job, and makes extra work in subsequent maintenance, since the Texinfo
language is continually being enhanced and updated.  Instead, the best
approach is modify `makeinfo' to generate the new format.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Info Files,  Next: Printed Books,  Prev: Output Formats,  Up: Overview

1.4 Info Files
==============

An Info file is a Texinfo file formatted so that the Info documentation
reading program can operate on it.  (`makeinfo' and
`texinfo-format-buffer' are two commands that convert a Texinfo file
into an Info file.)

  Info files are divided into pieces called "nodes", each of which
contains the discussion of one topic.  Each node has a name, and
contains both text for the user to read and pointers to other nodes,
which are identified by their names.  The Info program displays one node
at a time, and provides commands with which the user can move to other
related nodes.

  *Note Top: (info)Top, for more information about using Info.

  Each node of an Info file may have any number of child nodes that
describe subtopics of the node's topic.  The names of child nodes are
listed in a "menu" within the parent node; this allows you to use
certain Info commands to move to one of the child nodes.  Generally, an
Info file is organized like a book.  If a node is at the logical level
of a chapter, its child nodes are at the level of sections; likewise,
the child nodes of sections are at the level of subsections.

  All the children of any one parent are linked together in a
bidirectional chain of `Next' and `Previous' pointers.  The `Next'
pointer provides a link to the next section, and the `Previous' pointer
provides a link to the previous section.  This means that all the nodes
that are at the level of sections within a chapter are linked together.
Normally the order in this chain is the same as the order of the
children in the parent's menu.  Each child node records the parent node
name as its `Up' pointer.  The last child has no `Next' pointer, and the
first child has the parent both as its `Previous' and as its `Up'
pointer.(1)

  The book-like structuring of an Info file into nodes that correspond
to chapters, sections, and the like is a matter of convention, not a
requirement.  The `Up', `Previous', and `Next' pointers of a node can
point to any other nodes, and a menu can contain any other nodes.
Thus, the node structure can be any directed graph.  But it is usually
more comprehensible to follow a structure that corresponds to the
structure of chapters and sections in a printed book or report.

  In addition to menus and to `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers,
Info provides pointers of another kind, called references, that can be
sprinkled throughout the text.  This is usually the best way to
represent links that do not fit a hierarchical structure.

  Usually, you will design a document so that its nodes match the
structure of chapters and sections in the printed output.  But
occasionally there are times when this is not right for the material
being discussed.  Therefore, Texinfo uses separate commands to specify
the node structure for the Info file and the section structure for the
printed output.

  Generally, you enter an Info file through a node that by convention is
named `Top'.  This node normally contains just a brief summary of the
file's purpose, and a large menu through which the rest of the file is
reached.  From this node, you can either traverse the file
systematically by going from node to node, or you can go to a specific
node listed in the main menu, or you can search the index menus and then
go directly to the node that has the information you want.
Alternatively, with the standalone Info program, you can specify
specific menu items on the command line (*note Top: (info)Top.).

  If you want to read through an Info file in sequence, as if it were a
printed manual, you can hit <SPC> repeatedly, or you get the whole file
with the advanced Info command `g *'.  (*note Advanced Info commands:
(info)Advanced.)

  The `dir' file in the `info' directory serves as the departure point
for the whole Info system.  From it, you can reach the `Top' nodes of
each of the documents in a complete Info system.

  If you wish to refer to an Info file in a URI, you can use the
(unofficial) syntax exemplified in the following.  This works with
Emacs/W3, for example:
     info:///usr/info/emacs#Dissociated%20Press
     info:emacs#Dissociated%20Press
     info://localhost/usr/info/emacs#Dissociated%20Press

  The `info' program itself does not follow URI's of any kind.

  ---------- Footnotes ----------

  (1) In some documents, the first child has no `Previous' pointer.
Occasionally, the last child has the node name of the next following
higher level node as its `Next' pointer.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Printed Books,  Next: Formatting Commands,  Prev: Info Files,  Up: Overview

1.5 Printed Books
=================

A Texinfo file can be formatted and typeset as a printed book or manual.
To do this, you need TeX, a powerful, sophisticated typesetting program
written by Donald Knuth.(1)

  A Texinfo-based book is similar to any other typeset, printed work: it
can have a title page, copyright page, table of contents, and preface,
as well as chapters, numbered or unnumbered sections and subsections,
page headers, cross references, footnotes, and indices.

  You can use Texinfo to write a book without ever having the intention
of converting it into online information.  You can use Texinfo for
writing a printed novel, and even to write a printed memo, although
this latter application is not recommended since electronic mail is so
much easier.

  TeX is a general purpose typesetting program.  Texinfo provides a
file `texinfo.tex' that contains information (definitions or "macros")
that TeX uses when it typesets a Texinfo file.  (`texinfo.tex' tells
TeX how to convert the Texinfo @-commands to TeX commands, which TeX
can then process to create the typeset document.)  `texinfo.tex'
contains the specifications for printing a document.  You can get the
latest version of `texinfo.tex' from
`ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/texinfo.tex'.

  In the United States, documents are most often printed on 8.5 inch by
11 inch pages (216mm by 280mm); this is the default size.  But you can
also print for 7 inch by 9.25 inch pages (178mm by 235mm, the
`@smallbook' size; or on A4 or A5 size paper (`@afourpaper',
`@afivepaper').  (*Note Printing "Small" Books: smallbook.  Also, see
*Note Printing on A4 Paper: A4 Paper.)

  By changing the parameters in `texinfo.tex', you can change the size
of the printed document.  In addition, you can change the style in
which the printed document is formatted; for example, you can change the
sizes and fonts used, the amount of indentation for each paragraph, the
degree to which words are hyphenated, and the like.  By changing the
specifications, you can make a book look dignified, old and serious, or
light-hearted, young and cheery.

  TeX is freely distributable.  It is written in a superset of Pascal
called WEB and can be compiled either in Pascal or (by using a
conversion program that comes with the TeX distribution) in C.  (*Note
TeX Mode: (emacs)TeX Mode, for information about TeX.)

  TeX is very powerful and has a great many features.  Because a
Texinfo file must be able to present information both on a
character-only terminal in Info form and in a typeset book, the
formatting commands that Texinfo supports are necessarily limited.

  To get a copy of TeX, see *Note How to Obtain TeX: Obtaining TeX.

  ---------- Footnotes ----------

  (1) You can also use the `texi2roff' (ftp://tug.org/texi2roff.tar.gz)
program if you do not have TeX; since Texinfo is designed for use with
TeX, `texi2roff' is not described here.  `texi2roff' is not part of the
standard GNU distribution and is not maintained or up-to-date with all
the Texinfo features described in this manual.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Formatting Commands,  Next: Conventions,  Prev: Printed Books,  Up: Overview

1.6 @-commands
==============

In a Texinfo file, the commands that tell TeX how to typeset the
printed manual and tell `makeinfo' and `texinfo-format-buffer' how to
create an Info file are preceded by `@'; they are called "@-commands".
For example, `@node' is the command to indicate a node and `@chapter'
is the command to indicate the start of a chapter.

     Note: Almost all @ command names are entirely lower case.

  The Texinfo @-commands are a strictly limited set of constructs.  The
strict limits make it possible for Texinfo files to be understood both
by TeX and by the code that converts them into Info files.  You can
display Info files on any terminal that displays alphabetic and numeric
characters.  Similarly, you can print the output generated by TeX on a
wide variety of printers.

  Depending on what they do or what arguments(1) they take, you need to
write @-commands on lines of their own or as part of sentences:

   * Write a command such as `@quotation' at the beginning of a line as
     the only text on the line.  (`@quotation' begins an indented
     environment.)

   * Write a command such as `@chapter' at the beginning of a line
     followed by the command's arguments, in this case the chapter
     title, on the rest of the line.  (`@chapter' creates chapter
     titles.)

   * Write a command such as `@dots{}' wherever you wish but usually
     within a sentence. (`@dots{}' creates dots ...)

   * Write a command such as `@code{SAMPLE-CODE}' wherever you wish
     (but usually within a sentence) with its argument, SAMPLE-CODE in
     this example, between the braces.  (`@code' marks text as being
     code.)

   * Write a command such as `@example' on a line of its own; write the
     body-text on following lines; and write the matching `@end'
     command, `@end example' in this case, on a line of its own after
     the body-text. (`@example' ... `@end example' indents and typesets
     body-text as an example.)  It's usually ok to indent environment
     commands like this, but in complicated and hard-to-define
     circumstances the extra spaces cause extra space to appear in the
     output, so beware.

As a general rule, a command requires braces if it mingles among other
text; but it does not need braces if it starts a line of its own.  The
non-alphabetic commands, such as `@:', are exceptions to the rule; they
do not need braces.

  As you gain experience with Texinfo, you will rapidly learn how to
write the different commands: the different ways to write commands
actually make it easier to write and read Texinfo files than if all
commands followed exactly the same syntax.  *Note @-Command Syntax:
Command Syntax, for all the details.

  ---------- Footnotes ----------

  (1) The word "argument" comes from the way it is used in mathematics
and does not refer to a dispute between two people; it refers to the
information presented to the command.  According to the `Oxford English
Dictionary', the word derives from the Latin for "to make clear,
prove"; thus it came to mean `the evidence offered as proof', which is
to say, `the information offered', which led to its mathematical
meaning.  In its other thread of derivation, the word came to mean `to
assert in a manner against which others may make counter assertions',
which led to the meaning of `argument' as a dispute.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Conventions,  Next: Comments,  Prev: Formatting Commands,  Up: Overview

1.7 General Syntactic Conventions
=================================

This section describes the general conventions used in all Texinfo
documents.

   * All printable ASCII characters except `@', `{' and `}' can appear
     in a Texinfo file and stand for themselves.  `@' is the escape
     character which introduces commands, while `{' and `}' are used to
     surround arguments to certain commands.  To put one of these
     special characters into the document, put an `@' character in
     front of it, like this: `@@', `@{', and `@}'.

   * Separate paragraphs with one or more blank lines.  Currently
     Texinfo only recognizes newline characters as end of line, not the
     CRLF sequence used on some systems; so a "blank line" means
     exactly two consecutive newlines.  Sometimes blank lines are
     useful or convenient in other cases as well; you can use the
     `@noindent' to inhibit paragraph indentation if required (*note
     `@noindent': noindent.).

   * Use doubled single-quote characters to begin and end quotations:
     ``...''.  TeX converts two single quotes to left- and right-hand
     doubled quotation marks, and Info converts doubled single-quote
     characters to ASCII double-quotes: ``...'' becomes "...".

     You may occasionally need to produce two consecutive single quotes;
     for example, in documenting a computer language such as Maxima
     where '' is a valid command.  You can do this with the input
     '@w{}'; the empty `@w' command stops the combination into the
     double-quote characters.

     The left quote character (`, ASCII code 96) used in Texinfo is a
     grave accent in ANSI and ISO character set standards.  We use it
     as a quote character because that is how TeX is set up, by
     default.  We hope to eventually support the various quotation
     characters in Unicode.

   * Use three hyphens in a row, `---', to produce a long dash--like
     this (called an "em dash"), used for punctuation in sentences.
     Use two hyphens, `--', to produce a medium dash (called an "en
     dash"), used primarily for numeric ranges, as in "June 25-26".
     Use a single hyphen, `-', to produce a standard hyphen used in
     compound words.  For display on the screen, Info reduces three
     hyphens to two and two hyphens to one (not transitively!).  Of
     course, any number of hyphens in the source remain as they are in
     literal contexts, such as `@code' and `@example'.

   * *Caution:* Last and most important, do not use tab characters in a
     Texinfo file (except in verbatim modes)!  TeX uses variable-width
     fonts, which means that it is impractical at best to define a tab
     to work in all circumstances.  Consequently, TeX treats tabs like
     single spaces, and that is not what they look like in the source.
     Furthermore, `makeinfo' does nothing special with tabs, and thus a
     tab character in your input file will usually appear differently
     in the output.

     To avoid this problem, Texinfo mode causes GNU Emacs to insert
     multiple spaces when you press the <TAB> key.

     Also, you can run `untabify' in Emacs to convert tabs in a region
     to multiple spaces, or use the `unexpand' command from the shell.



File: texinfo.info,  Node: Comments,  Next: Minimum,  Prev: Conventions,  Up: Overview

1.8 Comments
============

You can write comments in a Texinfo file that will not appear in either
the Info file or the printed manual by using the `@comment' command
(which may be abbreviated to `@c').  Such comments are for the person
who revises the Texinfo file.  All the text on a line that follows
either `@comment' or `@c' is a comment; the rest of the line does not
appear in either the Info file or the printed manual.

  Often, you can write the `@comment' or `@c' in the middle of a line,
and only the text that follows after the `@comment' or `@c' command
does not appear; but some commands, such as `@settitle' and
`@setfilename', work on a whole line.  You cannot use `@comment' or
`@c' in a line beginning with such a command.

  You can write long stretches of text that will not appear in either
the Info file or the printed manual by using the `@ignore' and `@end
ignore' commands.  Write each of these commands on a line of its own,
starting each command at the beginning of the line.  Text between these
two commands does not appear in the processed output.  You can use
`@ignore' and `@end ignore' for writing comments.

  Text enclosed by `@ignore' or by failing `@ifset' or `@ifclear'
conditions is ignored in the sense that it will not contribute to the
formatted output.  However, TeX and makeinfo must still parse the
ignored text, in order to understand when to _stop_ ignoring text from
the source file; that means that you may still get error messages if
you have invalid Texinfo commands within ignored text.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Minimum,  Next: Six Parts,  Prev: Comments,  Up: Overview

1.9 What a Texinfo File Must Have
=================================

By convention, the namea of a Texinfo file ends with (in order of
preference) one of the extensions `.texinfo', `.texi', `.txi', or
`.tex'.  The longer extensions are preferred since they describe more
clearly to a human reader the nature of the file.  The shorter
extensions are for operating systems that cannot handle long file names.

  In order to be made into a printed manual and an Info file, a Texinfo
file *must* begin with lines like this:

     \input texinfo
     @setfilename INFO-FILE-NAME
     @settitle NAME-OF-MANUAL

The contents of the file follow this beginning, and then you *must* end
a Texinfo file with a line like this:

     @bye

Here's an explanation:

   * The `\input texinfo' line tells TeX to use the `texinfo.tex' file,
     which tells TeX how to translate the Texinfo @-commands into TeX
     typesetting commands.  (Note the use of the backslash, `\'; this
     is correct for TeX.)

   * The `@setfilename' line provides a name for the Info file and
     tells TeX to open auxiliary files.  *All text before
     `@setfilename' is ignored!*

   * The `@settitle' line specifies a title for the page headers (or
     footers) of the printed manual, and the default document
     description for the `<head>' in HTML format.  Strictly speaking,
     `@settitle' is optional--if you don't mind your document being
     titled `Untitled'.

   * The `@bye' line at the end of the file on a line of its own tells
     the formatters that the file is ended and to stop formatting.


  Typically, you will not use quite such a spare format, but will
include mode setting and start-of-header and end-of-header lines at the
beginning of a Texinfo file, like this:

     \input texinfo   @c -*-texinfo-*-
     @c %**start of header
     @setfilename INFO-FILE-NAME
     @settitle NAME-OF-MANUAL
     @c %**end of header

In the first line, `-*-texinfo-*-' causes Emacs to switch into Texinfo
mode when you edit the file.

  The `@c' lines which surround the `@setfilename' and `@settitle'
lines are optional, but you need them in order to run TeX or Info on
just part of the file.  (*Note Start of Header::.)

  Furthermore, you will usually provide a Texinfo file with a title
page, indices, and the like, all of which are explained in this manual.
But the minimum, which can be useful for short documents, is just the
three lines at the beginning and the one line at the end.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Six Parts,  Next: Short Sample,  Prev: Minimum,  Up: Overview

1.10 Six Parts of a Texinfo File
================================

Generally, a Texinfo file contains more than the minimal beginning and
end described in the previous section--it usually contains the six
parts listed below.  These are described fully in the following
sections.

1. Header
     The "Header" names the file, tells TeX which definitions file to
     use, and other such housekeeping tasks.

2. Summary and Copyright
     The "Summary and Copyright" segment describes the document and
     contains the copyright notice and copying permissions.  This is
     done with the `@copying' command.

3. Title and Copyright
     The "Title and Copyright" segment contains the title and copyright
     pages for the printed manual.  The segment must be enclosed between
     `@titlepage' and `@end titlepage' commands.  The title and
     copyright page appear only in the printed manual.

4. `Top' Node and Master Menu
     The `Top' node starts off the online output; it does not appear in
     the printed manual.  We recommend including the copying
     permissions here as well as the segments above.  And it contains
     at least a top-level menu listing the chapters, and possibly a
     "Master Menu" listing all the nodes in the entire document.

5. Body
     The "Body" of the document is typically structured like a
     traditional book or encyclopedia, but it may be free form.

6. End
     The "End" segment contains commands for printing indices and
     generating the table of contents, and the `@bye' command on a line
     of its own.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Short Sample,  Next: History,  Prev: Six Parts,  Up: Overview

1.11 A Short Sample Texinfo File
================================

Here is a very short but complete Texinfo file, in the six conventional
parts enumerated in the previous section, so you can see how Texinfo
source appears in practice.  The first three parts of the file, from
`\input texinfo' through to `@end titlepage', look more intimidating
than they are: most of the material is standard boilerplate; when
writing a manual, you simply change the names as appropriate.

  *Note Beginning a File::, for full documentation on the commands
listed here.  *Note GNU Sample Texts::, for the full texts to be used
in GNU manuals.

  In the following, the sample text is _indented_; comments on it are
not.  The complete file, without interspersed comments, is shown in
*Note Short Sample Texinfo File::.

Part 1: Header
--------------

The header does not appear in either the Info file or the printed
output.  It sets various parameters, including the name of the Info
file and the title used in the header.

     \input texinfo   @c -*-texinfo-*-
     @c %**start of header
     @setfilename sample.info
     @settitle Sample Manual 1.0
     @c %**end of header

Part 2: Summary Description and Copyright
-----------------------------------------

A real manual includes more text here, according to the license under
which it is distributed.  *Note GNU Sample Texts::.

     @copying
     This is a short example of a complete Texinfo file, version 1.0.

     Copyright @copyright{} 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     @end copying

Part 3: Titlepage, Contents, Copyright
--------------------------------------

The titlepage segment does not appear in the online output, only in the
printed manual.  We use the `@insertcopying' command to include the
permission text from the previous section, instead of writing it out
again; it is output on the back of the title page.  The `@contents'
command generates a table of contents.

     @titlepage
     @title Sample Title

     @c The following two commands start the copyright page.
     @page
     @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
     @insertcopying
     @end titlepage

     @c Output the table of contents at the beginning.
     @contents

Part 4: `Top' Node and Master Menu
----------------------------------

The `Top' node contains the master menu for the Info file.  Since the
printed manual uses a table of contents rather than a menu, it excludes
the `Top' node.  We also include the copying text again for the benefit
of online readers.  Since the copying text begins with a brief
description of the manual, no other text is needed in this case.  The
`@top' command itself helps `makeinfo' determine the relationships
between nodes.

     @ifnottex
     @node Top
     @top Short Sample

     @insertcopying
     @end ifnottex

     @menu
     * First Chapter::    The first chapter is the
                            only chapter in this sample.
     * Index::            Complete index.
     @end menu

Part 5: The Body of the Document
--------------------------------

The body segment contains all the text of the document, but not the
indices or table of contents.  This example illustrates a node and a
chapter containing an enumerated list.

     @node First Chapter
     @chapter First Chapter

     @cindex chapter, first

     This is the first chapter.
     @cindex index entry, another

     Here is a numbered list.

     @enumerate
     @item
     This is the first item.

     @item
     This is the second item.
     @end enumerate

Part 6: The End of the Document
-------------------------------

The end segment contains commands for generating an index in a node and
unnumbered chapter of its own, and the `@bye' command that marks the
end of the document.

     @node Index
     @unnumbered Index

     @printindex cp

     @bye

Some Results
------------

Here is what the contents of the first chapter of the sample look like:


     This is the first chapter.

     Here is a numbered list.

       1. This is the first item.

       2. This is the second item.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: History,  Prev: Short Sample,  Up: Overview

1.12 History
============

Richard M. Stallman invented the Texinfo format, wrote the initial
processors, and created Edition 1.0 of this manual.  Robert J.
Chassell greatly revised and extended the manual, starting with Edition
1.1.  Brian Fox was responsible for the standalone Texinfo distribution
until version 3.8, and wrote the standalone `makeinfo' and `info'
programs.  Karl Berry has continued maintenance since Texinfo 3.8
(manual edition 2.22).

  Our thanks go out to all who helped improve this work, particularly
the indefatigable Eli Zaretskii and Andreas Schwab, who have provided
patches beyond counting.  Franc,ois Pinard and David D. Zuhn,
tirelessly recorded and reported mistakes and obscurities.  Zack
Weinberg did the impossible by implementing the macro syntax in
`texinfo.tex'.  Special thanks go to Melissa Weisshaus for her frequent
reviews of nearly similar editions.  Dozens of others have contributed
patches and suggestions, they are gratefully acknowledged in the
`ChangeLog' file.  Our mistakes are our own.

  A bit of history: in the 1970's at CMU, Brian Reid developed a program
and format named Scribe to mark up documents for printing.  It used the
`@' character to introduce commands, as Texinfo does.  Much more
consequentially, it strived to describe document contents rather than
formatting, an idea wholeheartedly adopted by Texinfo.

  Meanwhile, people at MIT developed another, not too dissimilar format
called Bolio.  This then was converted to using TeX as its typesetting
language: BoTeX.  The earliest BoTeX version seems to have been 0.02 on
October 31, 1984.

  BoTeX could only be used as a markup language for documents to be
printed, not for online documents.  Richard Stallman (RMS) worked on
both Bolio and BoTeX.  He also developed a nifty on-line help format
called Info, and then combined BoTeX and Info to create Texinfo, a mark
up language for text that is intended to be read both online and as
printed hard copy.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Texinfo Mode,  Next: Beginning a File,  Prev: Overview,  Up: Top

2 Using Texinfo Mode
********************

You may edit a Texinfo file with any text editor you choose.  A Texinfo
file is no different from any other ASCII file.  However, GNU Emacs
comes with a special mode, called Texinfo mode, that provides Emacs
commands and tools to help ease your work.

  This chapter describes features of GNU Emacs' Texinfo mode but not any
features of the Texinfo formatting language.  So if you are reading this
manual straight through from the beginning, you may want to skim through
this chapter briefly and come back to it after reading succeeding
chapters which describe the Texinfo formatting language in detail.

* Menu:

* Texinfo Mode Overview::       How Texinfo mode can help you.
* Emacs Editing::               Texinfo mode adds to GNU Emacs' general
                                  purpose editing features.
* Inserting::                   How to insert frequently used @-commands.
* Showing the Structure::       How to show the structure of a file.
* Updating Nodes and Menus::    How to update or create new nodes and menus.
* Info Formatting::             How to format for Info.
* Printing::                    How to format and print part or all of a file.
* Texinfo Mode Summary::        Summary of all the Texinfo mode commands.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Texinfo Mode Overview,  Next: Emacs Editing,  Up: Texinfo Mode

2.1 Texinfo Mode Overview
=========================

Texinfo mode provides special features for working with Texinfo files.
You can:

   * Insert frequently used @-commands.

   * Automatically create `@node' lines.

   * Show the structure of a Texinfo source file.

   * Automatically create or update the `Next', `Previous', and `Up'
     pointers of a node.

   * Automatically create or update menus.

   * Automatically create a master menu.

   * Format a part or all of a file for Info.

   * Typeset and print part or all of a file.

  Perhaps the two most helpful features are those for inserting
frequently used @-commands and for creating node pointers and menus.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Emacs Editing,  Next: Inserting,  Prev: Texinfo Mode Overview,  Up: Texinfo Mode

2.2 The Usual GNU Emacs Editing Commands
========================================

In most cases, the usual Text mode commands work the same in Texinfo
mode as they do in Text mode.  Texinfo mode adds new editing commands
and tools to GNU Emacs' general purpose editing features.  The major
difference concerns filling.  In Texinfo mode, the paragraph separation
variable and syntax table are redefined so that Texinfo commands that
should be on lines of their own are not inadvertently included in
paragraphs.  Thus, the `M-q' (`fill-paragraph') command will refill a
paragraph but not mix an indexing command on a line adjacent to it into
the paragraph.

  In addition, Texinfo mode sets the `page-delimiter' variable to the
value of `texinfo-chapter-level-regexp'; by default, this is a regular
expression matching the commands for chapters and their equivalents,
such as appendices.  With this value for the page delimiter, you can
jump from chapter title to chapter title with the `C-x ]'
(`forward-page') and `C-x [' (`backward-page') commands and narrow to a
chapter with the `C-x p' (`narrow-to-page') command.  (*Note Pages:
(emacs)Pages, for details about the page commands.)

  You may name a Texinfo file however you wish, but the convention is to
end a Texinfo file name with one of the extensions `.texinfo', `.texi',
`.txi', or `.tex'.  A longer extension is preferred, since it is
explicit, but a shorter extension may be necessary for operating
systems that limit the length of file names.  GNU Emacs automatically
enters Texinfo mode when you visit a file with a `.texinfo', `.texi' or
`.txi' extension.  Also, Emacs switches to Texinfo mode when you visit a
file that has `-*-texinfo-*-' in its first line.  If ever you are in
another mode and wish to switch to Texinfo mode, type `M-x
texinfo-mode'.

  Like all other Emacs features, you can customize or enhance Texinfo
mode as you wish.  In particular, the keybindings are very easy to
change.  The keybindings described here are the default or standard
ones.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Inserting,  Next: Showing the Structure,  Prev: Emacs Editing,  Up: Texinfo Mode

2.3 Inserting Frequently Used Commands
======================================

Texinfo mode provides commands to insert various frequently used
@-commands into the buffer.  You can use these commands to save
keystrokes.

  The insert commands are invoked by typing `C-c' twice and then the
first letter of the @-command:

`C-c C-c c'
`M-x texinfo-insert-@code'
     Insert `@code{}' and put the cursor between the braces.

`C-c C-c d'
`M-x texinfo-insert-@dfn'
     Insert `@dfn{}' and put the cursor between the braces.

`C-c C-c e'
`M-x texinfo-insert-@end'
     Insert `@end' and attempt to insert the correct following word,
     such as `example' or `table'.  (This command does not handle
     nested lists correctly, but inserts the word appropriate to the
     immediately preceding list.)

`C-c C-c i'
`M-x texinfo-insert-@item'
     Insert `@item' and put the cursor at the beginning of the next
     line.

`C-c C-c k'
`M-x texinfo-insert-@kbd'
     Insert `@kbd{}' and put the cursor between the braces.

`C-c C-c n'
`M-x texinfo-insert-@node'
     Insert `@node' and a comment line listing the sequence for the
     `Next', `Previous', and `Up' nodes.  Leave point after the `@node'.

`C-c C-c o'
`M-x texinfo-insert-@noindent'
     Insert `@noindent' and put the cursor at the beginning of the next
     line.

`C-c C-c s'
`M-x texinfo-insert-@samp'
     Insert `@samp{}' and put the cursor between the braces.

`C-c C-c t'
`M-x texinfo-insert-@table'
     Insert `@table' followed by a <SPC> and leave the cursor after the
     <SPC>.

`C-c C-c v'
`M-x texinfo-insert-@var'
     Insert `@var{}' and put the cursor between the braces.

`C-c C-c x'
`M-x texinfo-insert-@example'
     Insert `@example' and put the cursor at the beginning of the next
     line.

`C-c C-c {'
`M-x texinfo-insert-braces'
     Insert `{}' and put the cursor between the braces.

`C-c C-c }'
`C-c C-c ]'
`M-x up-list'
     Move from between a pair of braces forward past the closing brace.
     Typing `C-c C-c ]' is easier than typing `C-c C-c }', which is,
     however, more mnemonic; hence the two keybindings.  (Also, you can
     move out from between braces by typing `C-f'.)

  To put a command such as `@code{...}' around an _existing_ word,
position the cursor in front of the word and type `C-u 1 C-c C-c c'.
This makes it easy to edit existing plain text.  The value of the
prefix argument tells Emacs how many words following point to include
between braces--`1' for one word, `2' for two words, and so on.  Use a
negative argument to enclose the previous word or words.  If you do not
specify a prefix argument, Emacs inserts the @-command string and
positions the cursor between the braces.  This feature works only for
those @-commands that operate on a word or words within one line, such
as `@kbd' and `@var'.

  This set of insert commands was created after analyzing the frequency
with which different @-commands are used in the `GNU Emacs Manual' and
the `GDB Manual'.  If you wish to add your own insert commands, you can
bind a keyboard macro to a key, use abbreviations, or extend the code
in `texinfo.el'.

  `C-c C-c C-d' (`texinfo-start-menu-description') is an insert command
that works differently from the other insert commands.  It inserts a
node's section or chapter title in the space for the description in a
menu entry line.  (A menu entry has three parts, the entry name, the
node name, and the description.  Only the node name is required, but a
description helps explain what the node is about.  *Note The Parts of a
Menu: Menu Parts.)

  To use `texinfo-start-menu-description', position point in a menu
entry line and type `C-c C-c C-d'.  The command looks for and copies
the title that goes with the node name, and inserts the title as a
description; it positions point at beginning of the inserted text so you
can edit it.  The function does not insert the title if the menu entry
line already contains a description.

  This command is only an aid to writing descriptions; it does not do
the whole job.  You must edit the inserted text since a title tends to
use the same words as a node name but a useful description uses
different words.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Showing the Structure,  Next: Updating Nodes and Menus,  Prev: Inserting,  Up: Texinfo Mode

2.4 Showing the Section Structure of a File
===========================================

You can show the section structure of a Texinfo file by using the `C-c
C-s' command (`texinfo-show-structure').  This command shows the
section structure of a Texinfo file by listing the lines that begin
with the @-commands for `@chapter', `@section', and the like.  It
constructs what amounts to a table of contents.  These lines are
displayed in another buffer called the `*Occur*' buffer.  In that
buffer, you can position the cursor over one of the lines and use the
`C-c C-c' command (`occur-mode-goto-occurrence'), to jump to the
corresponding spot in the Texinfo file.

`C-c C-s'
`M-x texinfo-show-structure'
     Show the `@chapter', `@section', and such lines of a Texinfo file.

`C-c C-c'
`M-x occur-mode-goto-occurrence'
     Go to the line in the Texinfo file corresponding to the line under
     the cursor in the `*Occur*' buffer.

  If you call `texinfo-show-structure' with a prefix argument by typing
`C-u C-c C-s', it will list not only those lines with the @-commands
for `@chapter', `@section', and the like, but also the `@node' lines.
You can use `texinfo-show-structure' with a prefix argument to check
whether the `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers of an `@node' line
are correct.

  Often, when you are working on a manual, you will be interested only
in the structure of the current chapter.  In this case, you can mark
off the region of the buffer that you are interested in by using the
`C-x n n' (`narrow-to-region') command and `texinfo-show-structure'
will work on only that region.  To see the whole buffer again, use
`C-x n w' (`widen').  (*Note Narrowing: (emacs)Narrowing, for more
information about the narrowing commands.)

  In addition to providing the `texinfo-show-structure' command,
Texinfo mode sets the value of the page delimiter variable to match the
chapter-level @-commands.  This enables you to use the `C-x ]'
(`forward-page') and `C-x [' (`backward-page') commands to move forward
and backward by chapter, and to use the `C-x p' (`narrow-to-page')
command to narrow to a chapter.  *Note Pages: (emacs)Pages, for more
information about the page commands.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Updating Nodes and Menus,  Next: Info Formatting,  Prev: Showing the Structure,  Up: Texinfo Mode

2.5 Updating Nodes and Menus
============================

Texinfo mode provides commands for automatically creating or updating
menus and node pointers.  The commands are called "update" commands
because their most frequent use is for updating a Texinfo file after you
have worked on it; but you can use them to insert the `Next',
`Previous', and `Up' pointers into an `@node' line that has none and to
create menus in a file that has none.

  If you do not use the updating commands, you need to write menus and
node pointers by hand, which is a tedious task.

* Menu:

* Updating Commands::           Five major updating commands.
* Updating Requirements::       How to structure a Texinfo file for
                                  using the updating command.
* Other Updating Commands::     How to indent descriptions, insert
                                  missing nodes lines, and update
                                  nodes in sequence.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Updating Commands,  Next: Updating Requirements,  Up: Updating Nodes and Menus

2.5.1 The Updating Commands
---------------------------

You can use the updating commands to:

   * insert or update the `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers of a
     node,

   * insert or update the menu for a section, and

   * create a master menu for a Texinfo source file.

  You can also use the commands to update all the nodes and menus in a
region or in a whole Texinfo file.

  The updating commands work only with conventional Texinfo files, which
are structured hierarchically like books.  In such files, a structuring
command line must follow closely after each `@node' line, except for
the `Top' `@node' line.  (A "structuring command line" is a line
beginning with `@chapter', `@section', or other similar command.)

  You can write the structuring command line on the line that follows
immediately after an `@node' line or else on the line that follows
after a single `@comment' line or a single `@ifinfo' line.  You cannot
interpose more than one line between the `@node' line and the
structuring command line; and you may interpose only an `@comment' line
or an `@ifinfo' line.

  Commands which work on a whole buffer require that the `Top' node be
followed by a node with an `@chapter' or equivalent-level command.  The
menu updating commands will not create a main or master menu for a
Texinfo file that has only `@chapter'-level nodes!  The menu updating
commands only create menus _within_ nodes for lower level nodes.  To
create a menu of chapters, you must provide a `Top' node.

  The menu updating commands remove menu entries that refer to other
Info files since they do not refer to nodes within the current buffer.
This is a deficiency.  Rather than use menu entries, you can use cross
references to refer to other Info files.  None of the updating commands
affect cross references.

  Texinfo mode has five updating commands that are used most often: two
are for updating the node pointers or menu of a single node (or a
region); two are for updating every node pointer and menu in a file;
and one, the `texinfo-master-menu' command, is for creating a master
menu for a complete file, and optionally, for updating every node and
menu in the whole Texinfo file.

  The `texinfo-master-menu' command is the primary command:

`C-c C-u m'
`M-x texinfo-master-menu'
     Create or update a master menu that includes all the other menus
     (incorporating the descriptions from pre-existing menus, if any).

     With an argument (prefix argument, `C-u,' if interactive), first
     create or update all the nodes and all the regular menus in the
     buffer before constructing the master menu.  (*Note The Top Node
     and Master Menu: The Top Node, for more about a master menu.)

     For `texinfo-master-menu' to work, the Texinfo file must have a
     `Top' node and at least one subsequent node.

     After extensively editing a Texinfo file, you can type the
     following:

          C-u M-x texinfo-master-menu
     or
          C-u C-c C-u m

     This updates all the nodes and menus completely and all at once.

  The other major updating commands do smaller jobs and are designed for
the person who updates nodes and menus as he or she writes a Texinfo
file.

  The commands are:

`C-c C-u C-n'
`M-x texinfo-update-node'
     Insert the `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers for the node that
     point is within (i.e., for the `@node' line preceding point).  If
     the `@node' line has pre-existing `Next', `Previous', or `Up'
     pointers in it, the old pointers are removed and new ones inserted.
     With an argument (prefix argument, `C-u', if interactive), this
     command updates all `@node' lines in the region (which is the text
     between point and mark).

`C-c C-u C-m'
`M-x texinfo-make-menu'
     Create or update the menu in the node that point is within.  With
     an argument (`C-u' as prefix argument, if interactive), the
     command makes or updates menus for the nodes which are either
     within or a part of the region.

     Whenever `texinfo-make-menu' updates an existing menu, the
     descriptions from that menu are incorporated into the new menu.
     This is done by copying descriptions from the existing menu to the
     entries in the new menu that have the same node names.  If the
     node names are different, the descriptions are not copied to the
     new menu.

`C-c C-u C-e'
`M-x texinfo-every-node-update'
     Insert or update the `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers for
     every node in the buffer.

`C-c C-u C-a'
`M-x texinfo-all-menus-update'
     Create or update all the menus in the buffer.  With an argument
     (`C-u' as prefix argument, if interactive), first insert or update
     all the node pointers before working on the menus.

     If a master menu exists, the `texinfo-all-menus-update' command
     updates it; but the command does not create a new master menu if
     none already exists.  (Use the `texinfo-master-menu' command for
     that.)

     When working on a document that does not merit a master menu, you
     can type the following:

          C-u C-c C-u C-a
     or
          C-u M-x texinfo-all-menus-update

     This updates all the nodes and menus.

  The `texinfo-column-for-description' variable specifies the column to
which menu descriptions are indented.  By default, the value is 32
although it is often useful to reduce it to as low as 24.  You can set
the variable via customization (*note Changing an Option:
(emacs)Changing an Option.) or with the `M-x set-variable' command
(*note Examining and Setting Variables: (emacs)Examining.).

  Also, the `texinfo-indent-menu-description' command may be used to
indent existing menu descriptions to a specified column.  Finally, if
you wish, you can use the `texinfo-insert-node-lines' command to insert
missing `@node' lines into a file.  (*Note Other Updating Commands::,
for more information.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Updating Requirements,  Next: Other Updating Commands,  Prev: Updating Commands,  Up: Updating Nodes and Menus

2.5.2 Updating Requirements
---------------------------

To use the updating commands, you must organize the Texinfo file
hierarchically with chapters, sections, subsections, and the like.
When you construct the hierarchy of the manual, do not `jump down' more
than one level at a time: you can follow the `Top' node with a chapter,
but not with a section; you can follow a chapter with a section, but
not with a subsection.  However, you may `jump up' any number of levels
at one time--for example, from a subsection to a chapter.

  Each `@node' line, with the exception of the line for the `Top' node,
must be followed by a line with a structuring command such as
`@chapter', `@section', or `@unnumberedsubsec'.

  Each `@node' line/structuring-command line combination must look
either like this:

     @node     Comments,  Minimum, Conventions, Overview
     @comment  node-name, next,    previous,    up
     @section Comments

  or like this (without the `@comment' line):

     @node Comments, Minimum, Conventions, Overview
     @section Comments

  or like this (without the explicit node pointers):

     @node Comments
     @section Comments

In this example, `Comments' is the name of both the node and the
section.  The next node is called `Minimum' and the previous node is
called `Conventions'.  The `Comments' section is within the `Overview'
node, which is specified by the `Up' pointer.  (Instead of an
`@comment' line, you may also write an `@ifinfo' line.)

  If a file has a `Top' node, it must be called `top' or `Top' and be
the first node in the file.

  The menu updating commands create a menu of sections within a chapter,
a menu of subsections within a section, and so on.  This means that you
must have a `Top' node if you want a menu of chapters.

  Incidentally, the `makeinfo' command will create an Info file for a
hierarchically organized Texinfo file that lacks `Next', `Previous' and
`Up' pointers.  Thus, if you can be sure that your Texinfo file will be
formatted with `makeinfo', you have no need for the update node
commands.  (*Note Creating an Info File::, for more information about
`makeinfo'.)  However, both `makeinfo' and the `texinfo-format-...'
commands require that you insert menus in the file.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Other Updating Commands,  Prev: Updating Requirements,  Up: Updating Nodes and Menus

2.5.3 Other Updating Commands
-----------------------------

In addition to the five major updating commands, Texinfo mode possesses
several less frequently used updating commands:

`M-x texinfo-insert-node-lines'
     Insert `@node' lines before the `@chapter', `@section', and other
     sectioning commands wherever they are missing throughout a region
     in a Texinfo file.

     With an argument (`C-u' as prefix argument, if interactive), the
     `texinfo-insert-node-lines' command not only inserts `@node' lines
     but also inserts the chapter or section titles as the names of the
     corresponding nodes.  In addition, it inserts the titles as node
     names in pre-existing `@node' lines that lack names.  Since node
     names should be more concise than section or chapter titles, you
     must manually edit node names so inserted.

     For example, the following marks a whole buffer as a region and
     inserts `@node' lines and titles throughout:

          C-x h C-u M-x texinfo-insert-node-lines

     This command inserts titles as node names in `@node' lines; the
     `texinfo-start-menu-description' command (*note Inserting
     Frequently Used Commands: Inserting.) inserts titles as
     descriptions in menu entries, a different action.  However, in
     both cases, you need to edit the inserted text.

`M-x texinfo-multiple-files-update'
     Update nodes and menus in a document built from several separate
     files.  With `C-u' as a prefix argument, create and insert a
     master menu in the outer file.  With a numeric prefix argument,
     such as `C-u 2', first update all the menus and all the `Next',
     `Previous', and `Up' pointers of all the included files before
     creating and inserting a master menu in the outer file.  The
     `texinfo-multiple-files-update' command is described in the
     appendix on `@include' files.  *Note
     texinfo-multiple-files-update::.

`M-x texinfo-indent-menu-description'
     Indent every description in the menu following point to the
     specified column.  You can use this command to give yourself more
     space for descriptions.  With an argument (`C-u' as prefix
     argument, if interactive), the `texinfo-indent-menu-description'
     command indents every description in every menu in the region.
     However, this command does not indent the second and subsequent
     lines of a multi-line description.

`M-x texinfo-sequential-node-update'
     Insert the names of the nodes immediately following and preceding
     the current node as the `Next' or `Previous' pointers regardless
     of those nodes' hierarchical level.  This means that the `Next'
     node of a subsection may well be the next chapter.  Sequentially
     ordered nodes are useful for novels and other documents that you
     read through sequentially.  (However, in Info, the `g *' command
     lets you look through the file sequentially, so sequentially
     ordered nodes are not strictly necessary.)  With an argument
     (prefix argument, if interactive), the
     `texinfo-sequential-node-update' command sequentially updates all
     the nodes in the region.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Info Formatting,  Next: Printing,  Prev: Updating Nodes and Menus,  Up: Texinfo Mode

2.6 Formatting for Info
=======================

Texinfo mode provides several commands for formatting part or all of a
Texinfo file for Info.  Often, when you are writing a document, you
want to format only part of a file--that is, a region.

  You can use either the `texinfo-format-region' or the
`makeinfo-region' command to format a region:

`C-c C-e C-r'
`M-x texinfo-format-region'
`C-c C-m C-r'
`M-x makeinfo-region'
     Format the current region for Info.

  You can use either the `texinfo-format-buffer' or the
`makeinfo-buffer' command to format a whole buffer:

`C-c C-e C-b'
`M-x texinfo-format-buffer'
`C-c C-m C-b'
`M-x makeinfo-buffer'
     Format the current buffer for Info.

  For example, after writing a Texinfo file, you can type the following:

     C-u C-c C-u m
or
     C-u M-x texinfo-master-menu

This updates all the nodes and menus.  Then type the following to create
an Info file:

     C-c C-m C-b
or
     M-x makeinfo-buffer

  For TeX or the Info formatting commands to work, the file _must_
include a line that has `@setfilename' in its header.

  *Note Creating an Info File::, for details about Info formatting.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Printing,  Next: Texinfo Mode Summary,  Prev: Info Formatting,  Up: Texinfo Mode

2.7 Printing
============

Typesetting and printing a Texinfo file is a multi-step process in which
you first create a file for printing (called a DVI file), and then
print the file.  Optionally, you may also create indices.  To do this,
you must run the `texindex' command after first running the `tex'
typesetting command; and then you must run the `tex' command again.  Or
else run the `texi2dvi' command which automatically creates indices as
needed (*note Format with texi2dvi::).

  Often, when you are writing a document, you want to typeset and print
only part of a file to see what it will look like.  You can use the
`texinfo-tex-region' and related commands for this purpose.  Use the
`texinfo-tex-buffer' command to format all of a buffer.

`C-c C-t C-b'
`M-x texinfo-tex-buffer'
     Run `texi2dvi' on the buffer.  In addition to running TeX on the
     buffer, this command automatically creates or updates indices as
     needed.

`C-c C-t C-r'
`M-x texinfo-tex-region'
     Run TeX on the region.

`C-c C-t C-i'
`M-x texinfo-texindex'
     Run `texindex' to sort the indices of a Texinfo file formatted with
     `texinfo-tex-region'.  The `texinfo-tex-region' command does not
     run `texindex' automatically; it only runs the `tex' typesetting
     command.  You must run the `texinfo-tex-region' command a second
     time after sorting the raw index files with the `texindex'
     command.  (Usually, you do not format an index when you format a
     region, only when you format a buffer.  Now that the `texi2dvi'
     command exists, there is little or no need for this command.)

`C-c C-t C-p'
`M-x texinfo-tex-print'
     Print the file (or the part of the file) previously formatted with
     `texinfo-tex-buffer' or `texinfo-tex-region'.

  For `texinfo-tex-region' or `texinfo-tex-buffer' to work, the file
_must_ start with a `\input texinfo' line and must include an
`@settitle' line.  The file must end with `@bye' on a line by itself.
(When you use `texinfo-tex-region', you must surround the `@settitle'
line with start-of-header and end-of-header lines.)

  *Note Hardcopy::, for a description of the other TeX related
commands, such as `tex-show-print-queue'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Texinfo Mode Summary,  Prev: Printing,  Up: Texinfo Mode

2.8 Texinfo Mode Summary
========================

In Texinfo mode, each set of commands has default keybindings that
begin with the same keys.  All the commands that are custom-created for
Texinfo mode begin with `C-c'.  The keys are somewhat mnemonic.

Insert Commands
---------------

The insert commands are invoked by typing `C-c' twice and then the
first letter of the @-command to be inserted.  (It might make more
sense mnemonically to use `C-c C-i', for `custom insert', but `C-c C-c'
is quick to type.)

     C-c C-c c       Insert `@code'.
     C-c C-c d       Insert `@dfn'.
     C-c C-c e       Insert `@end'.
     C-c C-c i       Insert `@item'.
     C-c C-c n       Insert `@node'.
     C-c C-c s       Insert `@samp'.
     C-c C-c v       Insert `@var'.
     C-c C-c {       Insert braces.
     C-c C-c ]
     C-c C-c }       Move out of enclosing braces.

     C-c C-c C-d     Insert a node's section title
                    in the space for the description
                    in a menu entry line.

Show Structure
--------------

The `texinfo-show-structure' command is often used within a narrowed
region.

     C-c C-s         List all the headings.

The Master Update Command
-------------------------

The `texinfo-master-menu' command creates a master menu; and can be
used to update every node and menu in a file as well.

     C-c C-u m
     M-x texinfo-master-menu
                    Create or update a master menu.

     C-u C-c C-u m   With `C-u' as a prefix argument, first
                    create or update all nodes and regular
                    menus, and then create a master menu.

Update Pointers
---------------

The update pointer commands are invoked by typing `C-c C-u' and then
either `C-n' for `texinfo-update-node' or `C-e' for
`texinfo-every-node-update'.

     C-c C-u C-n     Update a node.
     C-c C-u C-e     Update every node in the buffer.

Update Menus
------------

Invoke the  update menu commands by typing `C-c C-u' and then either
`C-m' for `texinfo-make-menu' or `C-a' for `texinfo-all-menus-update'.
To update both nodes and menus at the same time, precede `C-c C-u C-a'
with `C-u'.

     C-c C-u C-m     Make or update a menu.

     C-c C-u C-a     Make or update all
                    menus in a buffer.

     C-u C-c C-u C-a With `C-u' as a prefix argument,
                    first create or update all nodes and
                    then create or update all menus.

Format for Info
---------------

The Info formatting commands that are written in Emacs Lisp are invoked
by typing `C-c C-e' and then either `C-r' for a region or `C-b' for the
whole buffer.

  The Info formatting commands that are written in C and based on the
`makeinfo' program are invoked by typing `C-c C-m' and then either
`C-r' for a region or `C-b' for the whole buffer.

Use the `texinfo-format...' commands:

     C-c C-e C-r     Format the region.
     C-c C-e C-b     Format the buffer.

Use `makeinfo':

     C-c C-m C-r     Format the region.
     C-c C-m C-b     Format the buffer.
     C-c C-m C-l     Recenter the `makeinfo' output buffer.
     C-c C-m C-k     Kill the `makeinfo' formatting job.

Typeset and Print
-----------------

The TeX typesetting and printing commands are invoked by typing `C-c
C-t' and then another control command: `C-r' for `texinfo-tex-region',
`C-b' for `texinfo-tex-buffer', and so on.

     C-c C-t C-r     Run TeX on the region.
     C-c C-t C-b     Run `texi2dvi' on the buffer.
     C-c C-t C-i     Run `texindex'.
     C-c C-t C-p     Print the DVI file.
     C-c C-t C-q     Show the print queue.
     C-c C-t C-d     Delete a job from the print queue.
     C-c C-t C-k     Kill the current TeX formatting job.
     C-c C-t C-x     Quit a currently stopped TeX formatting job.
     C-c C-t C-l     Recenter the output buffer.

Other Updating Commands
-----------------------

The remaining updating commands do not have standard keybindings because
they are rarely used.

     M-x texinfo-insert-node-lines
                    Insert missing `@node' lines in region.
                    With `C-u' as a prefix argument,
                    use section titles as node names.

     M-x texinfo-multiple-files-update
                    Update a multi-file document.
                    With `C-u 2' as a prefix argument,
                    create or update all nodes and menus
                    in all included files first.

     M-x texinfo-indent-menu-description
                    Indent descriptions.

     M-x texinfo-sequential-node-update
                    Insert node pointers in strict sequence.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Beginning a File,  Next: Ending a File,  Prev: Texinfo Mode,  Up: Top

3 Beginning a Texinfo File
**************************

Certain pieces of information must be provided at the beginning of a
Texinfo file, such as the name for the output file(s), the title of the
document, and the Top node.  A table of contents is also generally
produced here.

  This chapter expands on the minimal complete Texinfo source file
previously given (*note Six Parts::).  It describes the numerous
commands for handling the traditional frontmatter items in Texinfo.

  Straight text outside of any command before the Top node should be
avoided.  Such text is treated differently in the different output
formats: visible in TeX and HTML, by default not shown in Info readers,
and so on.

* Menu:

* Sample Beginning::            A sample beginning for a Texinfo file.
* Texinfo File Header::         The first lines.
* Document Permissions::        Ensuring your manual is free.
* Titlepage & Copyright Page::  Creating the title and copyright pages.
* Contents::                    How to create a table of contents.
* The Top Node::                Creating the `Top' node and master menu.
* Global Document Commands::    Affecting formatting throughout.
* Software Copying Permissions::  Ensure that you and others continue to
                                   have the right to use and share software.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Sample Beginning,  Next: Texinfo File Header,  Up: Beginning a File

3.1 Sample Texinfo File Beginning
=================================

The following sample shows what is needed.  The elements given here are
explained in more detail in the following sections.  Other commands are
often included at the beginning of Texinfo files, but the ones here are
the most critical.

  *Note GNU Sample Texts::, for the full texts to be used in GNU
manuals.

     \input texinfo   @c -*-texinfo-*-
     @c %**start of header
     @setfilename INFONAME.info
     @settitle NAME-OF-MANUAL VERSION
     @c %**end of header

     @copying
     This manual is for PROGRAM, version VERSION.

     Copyright @copyright{} YEARS COPYRIGHT-OWNER.

     @quotation
     Permission is granted to ...
     @end quotation
     @end copying

     @titlepage
     @title NAME-OF-MANUAL-WHEN-PRINTED
     @subtitle SUBTITLE-IF-ANY
     @subtitle SECOND-SUBTITLE
     @author AUTHOR

     @c  The following two commands
     @c  start the copyright page.
     @page
     @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
     @insertcopying

     Published by ...
     @end titlepage

     @c So the toc is printed at the start.
     @contents

     @ifnottex
     @node Top
     @top TITLE

     @insertcopying
     @end ifnottex

     @menu
     * First Chapter::    Getting started ...
     * Second Chapter::          ...
      ...
     * Copying::          Your rights and freedoms.
     @end menu

     @node First Chapter
     @chapter First Chapter

     @cindex first chapter
     @cindex chapter, first
     ...


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Texinfo File Header,  Next: Document Permissions,  Prev: Sample Beginning,  Up: Beginning a File

3.2 Texinfo File Header
=======================

Texinfo files start with at least three lines that provide Info and TeX
with necessary information.  These are the `\input texinfo' line, the
`@settitle' line, and the `@setfilename' line.

  Also, if you want to format just part of the Texinfo file, you must
write the `@settitle' and `@setfilename' lines between start-of-header
and end-of-header lines.  The start- and end-of-header lines are
optional, but they do no harm, so you might as well always include them.

  Any command that affects document formatting as a whole makes sense to
include in the header.  `@synindex' (*note synindex::), for instance,
is another command often included in the header.  *Note GNU Sample
Texts::, for complete sample texts.

  Thus, the beginning of a Texinfo file generally looks like this:

     \input texinfo   @c -*-texinfo-*-
     @c %**start of header
     @setfilename sample.info
     @settitle Sample Manual 1.0
     @c %**end of header

* Menu:

* First Line::                  The first line of a Texinfo file.
* Start of Header::             Formatting a region requires this.
* setfilename::                 Tell Info the name of the Info file.
* settitle::                    Create a title for the printed work.
* End of Header::               Formatting a region requires this.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: First Line,  Next: Start of Header,  Up: Texinfo File Header

3.2.1 The First Line of a Texinfo File
--------------------------------------

Every Texinfo file that is to be the top-level input to TeX must begin
with a line that looks like this:

     \input texinfo   @c -*-texinfo-*-

This line serves two functions:

  1. When the file is processed by TeX, the `\input texinfo' command
     tells TeX to load the macros needed for processing a Texinfo file.
     These are in a file called `texinfo.tex', which should have been
     installed on your system along with either the TeX or Texinfo
     software.  TeX uses the backslash, `\', to mark the beginning of a
     command, exactly as Texinfo uses `@'.  The `texinfo.tex' file
     causes the switch from `\' to `@'; before the switch occurs, TeX
     requires `\', which is why it appears at the beginning of the file.

  2. When the file is edited in GNU Emacs, the `-*-texinfo-*-' mode
     specification tells Emacs to use Texinfo mode.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Start of Header,  Next: setfilename,  Prev: First Line,  Up: Texinfo File Header

3.2.2 Start of Header
---------------------

A start-of-header line is a Texinfo comment that looks like this:

     @c %**start of header

  Write the start-of-header line on the second line of a Texinfo file.
Follow the start-of-header line with `@setfilename' and `@settitle'
lines and, optionally, with other commands that globally affect the
document formatting, such as `@synindex' or `@footnotestyle'; and then
by an end-of-header line (*note End of Header::).

  The start- and end-of-header lines allow you to format only part of a
Texinfo file for Info or printing.  *Note texinfo-format commands::.

  The odd string of characters, `%**', is to ensure that no other
comment is accidentally taken for a start-of-header line.  You can
change it if you wish by setting the `tex-start-of-header' and/or
`tex-end-of-header' Emacs variables.  *Note Texinfo Mode Printing::.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: setfilename,  Next: settitle,  Prev: Start of Header,  Up: Texinfo File Header

3.2.3 `@setfilename': Set the output file name
----------------------------------------------

In order to serve as the primary input file for either `makeinfo' or
TeX, a Texinfo file must contain a line that looks like this:

     @setfilename INFO-FILE-NAME

  Write the `@setfilename' command at the beginning of a line and
follow it on the same line by the Info file name.  Do not write anything
else on the line; anything on the line after the command is considered
part of the file name, including what would otherwise be a comment.

  The Info formatting commands ignore everything written before the
`@setfilename' line, which is why the very first line of the file (the
`\input' line) does not show up in the output.

  The `@setfilename' line specifies the name of the output file to be
generated.  This name must be different from the name of the Texinfo
file.  There are two conventions for choosing the name: you can either
remove the extension (such as `.texi') entirely from the input file
name, or, preferably, replace it with the `.info' extension.

  Although an explicit `.info' extension is preferable, some operating
systems cannot handle long file names.  You can run into a problem even
when the file name you specify is itself short enough.  This occurs
because the Info formatters split a long Info file into short indirect
subfiles, and name them by appending `-1', `-2', ..., `-10', `-11', and
so on, to the original file name.  (*Note Tag and Split Files::.)  The
subfile name `texinfo.info-10', for example, is too long for old
systems with a 14-character limit on filenames; so the Info file name
for this document is `texinfo' rather than `texinfo.info'.  When
`makeinfo' is running on operating systems such as MS-DOS which impose
severe limits on file names, it may remove some characters from the
original file name to leave enough space for the subfile suffix, thus
producing files named `texin-10', `gcc.i12', etc.

  When producing HTML output, `makeinfo' will replace any extension
with `html', or add `.html' if the given name has no extension.

  The `@setfilename' line produces no output when you typeset a manual
with TeX, but it is nevertheless essential: it opens the index,
cross-reference, and other auxiliary files used by Texinfo, and also
reads `texinfo.cnf' if that file is present on your system (*note
Preparing for TeX: Preparing for TeX.).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: settitle,  Next: End of Header,  Prev: setfilename,  Up: Texinfo File Header

3.2.4 `@settitle': Set the document title
-----------------------------------------

In order to be made into a printed manual, a Texinfo file must contain
a line that looks like this:

     @settitle TITLE

  Write the `@settitle' command at the beginning of a line and follow
it on the same line by the title.  This tells TeX the title to use in a
header or footer.  Do not write anything else on the line; anything on
the line after the command is considered part of the title, including
what would otherwise be a comment.

  The `@settitle' command should precede everything that generates
actual output.  The best place for it is right after the `@setfilename'
command (see the previous section).

  In the HTML file produced by `makeinfo', TITLE serves as the document
`<title>'.  It also becomes the default document description in the
`<head>' part (*note documentdescription::).

  The title in the `@settitle' command does not affect the title as it
appears on the title page.  Thus, the two do not need not match
exactly.  A practice we recommend is to include the version or edition
number of the manual in the `@settitle' title; on the title page, the
version number generally appears as a `@subtitle' so it would be
omitted from the `@title'.  *Note titlepage::.

  Conventionally, when TeX formats a Texinfo file for double-sided
output, the title is printed in the left-hand (even-numbered) page
headings and the current chapter title is printed in the right-hand
(odd-numbered) page headings.  (TeX learns the title of each chapter
from each `@chapter' command.)  By default, no page footer is printed.

  Even if you are printing in a single-sided style, TeX looks for an
`@settitle' command line, in case you include the manual title in the
heading.

  TeX prints page headings only for that text that comes after the
`@end titlepage' command in the Texinfo file, or that comes after an
`@headings' command that turns on headings.  (*Note The `@headings'
Command: headings on off, for more information.)

  You may, if you wish, create your own, customized headings and
footings.  *Note Headings::, for a detailed discussion of this.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: End of Header,  Prev: settitle,  Up: Texinfo File Header

3.2.5 End of Header
-------------------

Follow the header lines with an end-of-header line, which is a Texinfo
comment that looks like this:

     @c %**end of header

  *Note Start of Header::.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Document Permissions,  Next: Titlepage & Copyright Page,  Prev: Texinfo File Header,  Up: Beginning a File

3.3 Document Permissions
========================

The copyright notice and copying permissions for a document need to
appear in several places in the various Texinfo output formats.
Therefore, Texinfo provides a command (`@copying') to declare this text
once, and another command (`@insertcopying') to insert the text at
appropriate points.

* Menu:

* copying::                     Declare the document's copying permissions.
* insertcopying::               Where to insert the permissions.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: copying,  Next: insertcopying,  Up: Document Permissions

3.3.1 `@copying': Declare Copying Permissions
---------------------------------------------

The `@copying' command should be given very early in the document; the
recommended location is right after the header material (*note Texinfo
File Header::).  It conventionally consists of a sentence or two about
what the program is, identification of the documentation itself, the
legal copyright line, and the copying permissions.  Here is a skeletal
example:

     @copying
     This manual is for PROGRAM (version VERSION, updated
     DATE), which ...

     Copyright @copyright{} YEARS COPYRIGHT-OWNER.

     @quotation
     Permission is granted to ...
     @end quotation
     @end copying

  The `@quotation' has no legal significance; it's there to improve
readability in some contexts.

  *Note GNU Sample Texts::, for the full text to be used in GNU manuals.
*Note GNU Free Documentation License::, for the license itself under
which GNU and other free manuals are distributed.  You need to include
the license as an appendix to your document.

  The text of `@copying' is output as a comment at the beginning of
Info, HTML, and XML output files.  It is _not_ output implicitly in
plain text or TeX; it's up to you to use `@insertcopying' to emit the
copying information.  See the next section for details.

  The `@copyright{}' command generates a `c' inside a circle in output
formats that support this (print and HTML).  In the other formats (Info
and plain text), it generates `(C)'.  The copyright notice itself has
the following legally defined sequence:

     Copyright (C) YEARS COPYRIGHT-OWNER.

  The word `Copyright' must always be written in English, even if the
document is otherwise written in another language.  This is due to
international law.

  The list of years should include all years in which a version was
completed (even if it was released in a subsequent year).  Ranges are
not allowed; each year must be written out individually and in full,
separated by commas.

  The copyright owner (or owners) is whoever holds legal copyright on
the work.  In the case of works assigned to the FSF, the owner is `Free
Software Foundation, Inc.'.

  The copyright `line' may actually be split across multiple lines,
both in the source document and in the output.  This often happens for
documents with a long history, having many different years of
publication.

  *Note Copyright Notices: (maintain)Copyright Notices, for additional
information.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: insertcopying,  Prev: copying,  Up: Document Permissions

3.3.2 `@insertcopying': Include Permissions Text
------------------------------------------------

The `@insertcopying' command is simply written on a line by itself,
like this:

     @insertcopying

  This inserts the text previously defined by `@copying'.  To meet
legal requirements, it must be used on the copyright page in the printed
manual (*note Copyright::).

  We also strongly recommend using `@insertcopying' in the Top node of
your manual (*note The Top Node::), although it is not required
legally.  Here's why:

  The `@copying' command itself causes the permissions text to appear
in an Info file _before_ the first node.  The text is also copied into
the beginning of each split Info output file, as is legally necessary.
This location implies a human reading the manual using Info does _not_
see this text (except when using the advanced Info command `g *').
Therefore, an explicit `@insertcopying' in the Top node makes it
apparent to readers that the manual is free.

  Similarly, the `@copying' text is automatically included at the
beginning of each HTML output file, as an HTML comment.  Again, this
text is not visible (unless the reader views the HTML source).  And
therefore again, the `@insertcopying' in the Top node is valuable
because it makes the copying permissions visible and thus promotes
freedom.

  The permissions text defined by `@copying' also appears automatically
at the beginning of the XML output file.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Titlepage & Copyright Page,  Next: Contents,  Prev: Document Permissions,  Up: Beginning a File

3.4 Title and Copyright Pages
=============================

In hard copy output, the manual's name and author are usually printed on
a title page.  Copyright information is usually printed on the back of
the title page.

  The title and copyright pages appear in the printed manual, but not in
the Info file.  Because of this, it is possible to use several slightly
obscure TeX typesetting commands that cannot be used in an Info file.
In addition, this part of the beginning of a Texinfo file contains the
text of the copying permissions that appears in the printed manual.

  You may wish to include titlepage-like information for plain text
output.  Simply place any such leading material between `@ifplaintext'
and `@end ifplaintext'; `makeinfo' includes this when writing plain
text (`--no-headers'), along with an `@insertcopying'.

* Menu:

* titlepage::                   Create a title for the printed document.
* titlefont center sp::         The `@titlefont', `@center',
                                 and `@sp' commands.
* title subtitle author::       The `@title', `@subtitle',
                                 and `@author' commands.
* Copyright::                   How to write the copyright notice and
                                 include copying permissions.
* end titlepage::               Turn on page headings after the title and
                                 copyright pages.
* headings on off::             An option for turning headings on and off
                                 and double or single sided printing.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: titlepage,  Next: titlefont center sp,  Up: Titlepage & Copyright Page

3.4.1 `@titlepage'
------------------

Start the material for the title page and following copyright page with
`@titlepage' on a line by itself and end it with `@end titlepage' on a
line by itself.

  The `@end titlepage' command starts a new page and turns on page
numbering.  (*Note Page Headings: Headings, for details about how to
generate page headings.)  All the material that you want to appear on
unnumbered pages should be put between the `@titlepage' and `@end
titlepage' commands.  You can force the table of contents to appear
there with the `@setcontentsaftertitlepage' command (*note Contents::).

  By using the `@page' command you can force a page break within the
region delineated by the `@titlepage' and `@end titlepage' commands and
thereby create more than one unnumbered page.  This is how the
copyright page is produced.  (The `@titlepage' command might perhaps
have been better named the `@titleandadditionalpages' command, but that
would have been rather long!)

  When you write a manual about a computer program, you should write the
version of the program to which the manual applies on the title page.
If the manual changes more frequently than the program or is independent
of it, you should also include an edition number(1) for the manual.
This helps readers keep track of which manual is for which version of
the program.  (The `Top' node should also contain this information; see
*Note The Top Node::.)

  Texinfo provides two main methods for creating a title page.  One
method uses the `@titlefont', `@sp', and `@center' commands to generate
a title page in which the words on the page are centered.

  The second method uses the `@title', `@subtitle', and `@author'
commands to create a title page with black rules under the title and
author lines and the subtitle text set flush to the right hand side of
the page.  With this method, you do not specify any of the actual
formatting of the title page.  You specify the text you want, and
Texinfo does the formatting.

  You may use either method, or you may combine them; see the examples
in the sections below.

  For extremely simple documents, and for the bastard title page in
traditional book frontmatter, Texinfo also provides a command
`@shorttitlepage' which takes the rest of the line as the title.  The
argument is typeset on a page by itself and followed by a blank page.

  ---------- Footnotes ----------

  (1) We have found that it is helpful to refer to versions of
independent manuals as `editions' and versions of programs as
`versions'; otherwise, we find we are liable to confuse each other in
conversation by referring to both the documentation and the software
with the same words.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: titlefont center sp,  Next: title subtitle author,  Prev: titlepage,  Up: Titlepage & Copyright Page

3.4.2 `@titlefont', `@center', and `@sp'
----------------------------------------

You can use the `@titlefont', `@sp', and `@center' commands to create a
title page for a printed document.  (This is the first of the two
methods for creating a title page in Texinfo.)

  Use the `@titlefont' command to select a large font suitable for the
title itself.  You can use `@titlefont' more than once if you have an
especially long title.

  For HTML output, each `@titlefont' command produces an `<h1>'
heading, but the HTML document `<title>' is not affected.  For that,
you must put an `@settitle' command before the `@titlefont' command
(*note settitle::).

  For example:

     @titlefont{Texinfo}

  Use the `@center' command at the beginning of a line to center the
remaining text on that line.  Thus,

     @center @titlefont{Texinfo}

centers the title, which in this example is "Texinfo" printed in the
title font.

  Use the `@sp' command to insert vertical space.  For example:

     @sp 2

This inserts two blank lines on the printed page.  (*Note `@sp': sp,
for more information about the `@sp' command.)

  A template for this method looks like this:

     @titlepage
     @sp 10
     @center @titlefont{NAME-OF-MANUAL-WHEN-PRINTED}
     @sp 2
     @center SUBTITLE-IF-ANY
     @sp 2
     @center AUTHOR
     ...
     @end titlepage

  The spacing of the example fits an 8.5 by 11 inch manual.

  You can in fact use these commands anywhere, not just on a title page,
but since they are not logical markup commands, we don't recommend them.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: title subtitle author,  Next: Copyright,  Prev: titlefont center sp,  Up: Titlepage & Copyright Page

3.4.3 `@title', `@subtitle', and `@author'
------------------------------------------

You can use the `@title', `@subtitle', and `@author' commands to create
a title page in which the vertical and horizontal spacing is done for
you automatically.  This contrasts with the method described in the
previous section, in which the `@sp' command is needed to adjust
vertical spacing.

  Write the `@title', `@subtitle', or `@author' commands at the
beginning of a line followed by the title, subtitle, or author.  These
commands are only effective in TeX output; it's an error to use them
anywhere except within `@titlepage'.

  The `@title' command produces a line in which the title is set flush
to the left-hand side of the page in a larger than normal font.  The
title is underlined with a black rule.  Only a single line is allowed;
the `@*' command may not be used to break the title into two lines.  To
handle very long titles, you may find it profitable to use both
`@title' and `@titlefont'; see the final example in this section.

  The `@subtitle' command sets subtitles in a normal-sized font flush
to the right-hand side of the page.

  The `@author' command sets the names of the author or authors in a
middle-sized font flush to the left-hand side of the page on a line
near the bottom of the title page.  The names are underlined with a
black rule that is thinner than the rule that underlines the title.
(The black rule only occurs if the `@author' command line is followed
by an `@page' command line.)

  There are two ways to use the `@author' command: you can write the
name or names on the remaining part of the line that starts with an
`@author' command:

     @author by Jane Smith and John Doe

or you can write the names one above each other by using two (or more)
`@author' commands:

     @author Jane Smith
     @author John Doe

(Only the bottom name is underlined with a black rule.)

  A template for this method looks like this:

     @titlepage
     @title NAME-OF-MANUAL-WHEN-PRINTED
     @subtitle SUBTITLE-IF-ANY
     @subtitle SECOND-SUBTITLE
     @author AUTHOR
     @page
     ...
     @end titlepage

  You may also combine the `@titlefont' method described in the
previous section and `@title' method described in this one.  This may
be useful if you have a very long title.  Here is a real-life example:

     @titlepage
     @titlefont{GNU Software}
     @sp 1
     @title for MS-Windows and MS-DOS
     @subtitle Edition @value{e} for Release @value{cde}
     @author by Daniel Hagerty, Melissa Weisshaus
     @author and Eli Zaretskii

(The use of `@value' here is explained in *Note value Example::.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Copyright,  Next: end titlepage,  Prev: title subtitle author,  Up: Titlepage & Copyright Page

3.4.4 Copyright Page
--------------------

By international treaty, the copyright notice for a book must be either
on the title page or on the back of the title page.  When the copyright
notice is on the back of the title page, that page is customarily not
numbered.  Therefore, in Texinfo, the information on the copyright page
should be within `@titlepage' and `@end titlepage' commands.

  Use the `@page' command to cause a page break.  To push the copyright
notice and the other text on the copyright page towards the bottom of
the page, use the following incantantion after `@page':

     @vskip 0pt plus 1filll

This is a TeX command that is not supported by the Info formatting
commands.  The `@vskip' command inserts whitespace.  The `0pt plus
1filll' means to put in zero points of mandatory whitespace, and as
much optional whitespace as needed to push the following text to the
bottom of the page.  Note the use of three `l's in the word `filll';
this is correct.

  To insert the copyright text itself, write `@insertcopying' next
(*note Document Permissions::):

     @insertcopying

  Follow the copying text by the publisher, ISBN numbers, cover art
credits, and other such information.

  Here is an example putting all this together:

     @titlepage
     ...
     @page
     @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
     @insertcopying

     Published by ...

     Cover art by ...
     @end titlepage


File: texinfo.info,  Node: end titlepage,  Next: headings on off,  Prev: Copyright,  Up: Titlepage & Copyright Page

3.4.5 Heading Generation
------------------------

Like all `@end' commands (*note Quotations and Examples::), the `@end
titlepage' command must be written at the beginning of a line by
itself, with only one space between the `@end' and the `titlepage'.  It
not only marks the end of the title and copyright pages, but also
causes TeX to start generating page headings and page numbers.

  To repeat what is said elsewhere,  Texinfo has two standard page
heading formats, one for documents which are printed on one side of
each sheet of paper (single-sided printing), and the other for
documents which are printed on both sides of each sheet (double-sided
printing).  You can specify these formats in different ways:

   * The conventional way is to write an `@setchapternewpage' command
     before the title page commands, and then have the `@end titlepage'
     command start generating page headings in the manner desired.
     (*Note setchapternewpage::.)

   * Alternatively, you can use the `@headings' command to prevent page
     headings from being generated or to start them for either single or
     double-sided printing.  (Write an `@headings' command immediately
     after the `@end titlepage' command.  *Note The `@headings'
     Command: headings on off, for more information.)

   * Or, you may specify your own page heading and footing format.
     *Note Page Headings: Headings, for detailed information about page
     headings and footings.

  Most documents are formatted with the standard single-sided or
double-sided format, using `@setchapternewpage odd' for double-sided
printing and no `@setchapternewpage' command for single-sided printing.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: headings on off,  Prev: end titlepage,  Up: Titlepage & Copyright Page

3.4.6 The `@headings' Command
-----------------------------

The `@headings' command is rarely used.  It specifies what kind of page
headings and footings to print on each page.  Usually, this is
controlled by the `@setchapternewpage' command.  You need the
`@headings' command only if the `@setchapternewpage' command does not
do what you want, or if you want to turn off pre-defined page headings
prior to defining your own.  Write an `@headings' command immediately
after the `@end titlepage' command.

  You can use `@headings' as follows:

`@headings off'
     Turn off printing of page headings.

`@headings single'
     Turn on page headings appropriate for single-sided printing.

`@headings double'
`@headings on'
     Turn on page headings appropriate for double-sided printing.  The
     two commands, `@headings on' and `@headings double', are
     synonymous.

`@headings singleafter'
`@headings doubleafter'
     Turn on `single' or `double' headings, respectively, after the
     current page is output.

`@headings on'
     Turn on page headings: `single' if `@setchapternewpage on',
     `double' otherwise.

  For example, suppose you write `@setchapternewpage off' before the
`@titlepage' command to tell TeX to start a new chapter on the same
page as the end of the last chapter.  This command also causes TeX to
typeset page headers for single-sided printing.  To cause TeX to
typeset for double sided printing, write `@headings double' after the
`@end titlepage' command.

  You can stop TeX from generating any page headings at all by writing
`@headings off' on a line of its own immediately after the line
containing the `@end titlepage' command, like this:

     @end titlepage
     @headings off

The `@headings off' command overrides the `@end titlepage' command,
which would otherwise cause TeX to print page headings.

  You can also specify your own style of page heading and footing.
*Note Page Headings: Headings, for more information.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Contents,  Next: The Top Node,  Prev: Titlepage & Copyright Page,  Up: Beginning a File

3.5 Generating a Table of Contents
==================================

The `@chapter', `@section', and other structuring commands (*note
Structuring::) supply the information to make up a table of contents,
but they do not cause an actual table to appear in the manual.  To do
this, you must use the `@contents' and/or `@summarycontents' command(s).

`@contents'
     Generates a table of contents in a printed manual, including all
     chapters, sections, subsections, etc., as well as appendices and
     unnumbered chapters.  Headings generated by `@majorheading',
     `@chapheading', and the other `@...heading' commands do not appear
     in the table of contents (*note Structuring Command Types::).

`@shortcontents'
`@summarycontents'
     (`@summarycontents' is a synonym for `@shortcontents'.)

     Generates a short or summary table of contents that lists only the
     chapters, appendices, and unnumbered chapters.  Sections,
     subsections and subsubsections are omitted.  Only a long manual
     needs a short table of contents in addition to the full table of
     contents.


  Both contents commands should be written on a line by themselves, and
are best placed near the beginning of the file, after the `@end
titlepage' (*note titlepage::).  The contents commands automatically
generate a chapter-like heading at the top of the first table of
contents page, so don't include any sectioning command such as
`@unnumbered' before them.

  Since an Info file uses menus instead of tables of contents, the Info
formatting commands ignore the contents commands.  But the contents are
included in plain text output (generated by `makeinfo --no-headers'),
unless `makeinfo' is writing its output to standard output.

  When `makeinfo' writes a short table of contents while producing html
output, the links in the short table of contents point to corresponding
entries in the full table of contents rather than the text of the
document. The links in the full table of contents point to the main
text of the document.

  In the past, the contents commands were sometimes placed at the end of
the file, after any indices and just before the `@bye', but we no
longer recommend this.

  However, since many existing Texinfo documents still do have the
`@contents' at the end of the manual, if you are a user printing a
manual, you may wish to force the contents to be printed after the
title page.  You can do this by specifying `@setcontentsaftertitlepage'
and/or `@setshortcontentsaftertitlepage'.  The first prints only the
main contents after the `@end titlepage'; the second prints both the
short contents and the main contents.  In either case, any subsequent
`@contents' or `@shortcontents' is ignored (unless, erroneously, no
`@end titlepage' is ever encountered).

  You need to include the `@set...contentsaftertitlepage' commands
early in the document (just after `@setfilename', for example).  We
recommend using `texi2dvi' (*note Format with texi2dvi::) to specify
this without altering the source file at all.  For example:
     texi2dvi --texinfo=@setcontentsaftertitlepage foo.texi


File: texinfo.info,  Node: The Top Node,  Next: Global Document Commands,  Prev: Contents,  Up: Beginning a File

3.6 The `Top' Node and Master Menu
==================================

The `Top' node is the node in which a reader enters an Info manual.  As
such, it should begin with the `@insertcopying' command (*note Document
Permissions::) to provide a brief description of the manual (including
the version number) and copying permissions, and end with a master menu
for the whole manual.  Of course you should include any other general
information you feel a reader would find helpful.

  It is also conventional to write an `@top' sectioning command line
containing the title of the document immediately after the `@node Top'
line (*note The `@top' Sectioning Command: makeinfo top command.).

  The contents of the `Top' node should appear only in the online
output; none of it should appear in printed output, so enclose it
between `@ifnottex' and `@end ifnottex' commands.  (TeX does not print
either an `@node' line or a menu; they appear only in Info; strictly
speaking, you are not required to enclose these parts between
`@ifnottex' and `@end ifnottext', but it is simplest to do so.  *Note
Conditionally Visible Text: Conditionals.)

* Menu:

* Top Node Example::
* Master Menu Parts::


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Top Node Example,  Next: Master Menu Parts,  Up: The Top Node

3.6.1 Top Node Example
----------------------

Here is an example of a Top node.

     @ifnottex
     @node Top
     @top Sample Title

     @insertcopying

     Additional general information.

     @menu
     * First Chapter::
     * Second Chapter::
     ...
     * Index::
     @end menu


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Master Menu Parts,  Prev: Top Node Example,  Up: The Top Node

3.6.2 Parts of a Master Menu
----------------------------

A "master menu" is a detailed main menu listing all the nodes in a file.

  A master menu is enclosed in `@menu' and `@end menu' commands and
does not appear in the printed document.

  Generally, a master menu is divided into parts.

   * The first part contains the major nodes in the Texinfo file: the
     nodes for the chapters, chapter-like sections, and the appendices.

   * The second part contains nodes for the indices.

   * The third and subsequent parts contain a listing of the other,
     lower level nodes, often ordered by chapter.  This way, rather
     than go through an intermediary menu, an inquirer can go directly
     to a particular node when searching for specific information.
     These menu items are not required; add them if you think they are a
     convenience.  If you do use them, put `@detailmenu' before the
     first one, and `@end detailmenu' after the last; otherwise,
     `makeinfo' will get confused.

  Each section in the menu can be introduced by a descriptive line.  So
long as the line does not begin with an asterisk, it will not be
treated as a menu entry.  (*Note Writing a Menu::, for more
information.)

  For example, the master menu for this manual looks like the following
(but has many more entries):

     @menu
     * Copying Conditions::  Your rights.
     * Overview::            Texinfo in brief.
     ...
     * Command and Variable Index::
     * Concept Index::

     @detailmenu
     --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

     Overview of Texinfo

     * Reporting Bugs:: ...
     ...

     Beginning a Texinfo File

     * Sample Beginning:: ...
     ...
     @end detailmenu
     @end menu


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Global Document Commands,  Next: Software Copying Permissions,  Prev: The Top Node,  Up: Beginning a File

3.7 Global Document Commands
============================

Besides the basic commands mentioned in the previous sections, here are
additional commands which affect the document as a whole.  They are
generally all given before the Top node, if they are given at all.

* Menu:

* documentdescription::         Document summary for the HTML output.
* setchapternewpage::           Start chapters on right-hand pages.
* paragraphindent::             Specify paragraph indentation.
* firstparagraphindent::        Suppress indentation of the first paragraph.
* exampleindent::               Specify environment indentation.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: documentdescription,  Next: setchapternewpage,  Up: Global Document Commands

3.7.1 `@documentdescription': Summary Text
------------------------------------------

When producing HTML output for a document, `makeinfo' writes a `<meta>'
element in the `<head>' to give some idea of the content of the
document.  By default, this "description" is the title of the document,
taken from the `@settitle' command (*note settitle::).  To change this,
use the `@documentdescription' environment, as in:

     @documentdescription
     descriptive text.
     @end documentdescription

This will produce the following output in the `<head>' of the HTML:

     <meta name=description content="descriptive text.">

  `@documentdescription' must be specified before the first node of the
document.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: setchapternewpage,  Next: paragraphindent,  Prev: documentdescription,  Up: Global Document Commands

3.7.2 `@setchapternewpage':
---------------------------

In an officially bound book, text is usually printed on both sides of
the paper, chapters start on right-hand pages, and right-hand pages have
odd numbers.  But in short reports, text often is printed only on one
side of the paper.  Also in short reports, chapters sometimes do not
start on new pages, but are printed on the same page as the end of the
preceding chapter, after a small amount of vertical whitespace.

  You can use the `@setchapternewpage' command with various arguments
to specify how TeX should start chapters and whether it should format
headers for printing on one or both sides of the paper (single-sided or
double-sided printing).

  Write the `@setchapternewpage' command at the beginning of a line
followed by its argument.

  For example, you would write the following to cause each chapter to
start on a fresh odd-numbered page:

     @setchapternewpage odd

  You can specify one of three alternatives with the
`@setchapternewpage' command:

`@setchapternewpage off'
     Cause TeX to typeset a new chapter on the same page as the last
     chapter, after skipping some vertical whitespace.  Also, cause TeX
     to format page headers for single-sided printing.

`@setchapternewpage on'
     Cause TeX to start new chapters on new pages and to format page
     headers for single-sided printing.  This is the form most often
     used for short reports or personal printing. This is the default.

`@setchapternewpage odd'
     Cause TeX to start new chapters on new, odd-numbered pages
     (right-handed pages) and to typeset for double-sided printing.
     This is the form most often used for books and manuals.

  Texinfo does not have an `@setchapternewpage even' command, because
there is no printing tradition of starting chapters or books on an
even-numbered page.

  If you don't like the default headers that `@setchapternewpage' sets,
you can explicit control them with the `@headings' command.  *Note The
`@headings' Command: headings on off.

  At the beginning of a manual or book, pages are not numbered--for
example, the title and copyright pages of a book are not numbered.  By
convention, table of contents and frontmatter pages are numbered with
roman numerals and not in sequence with the rest of the document.

  Since an Info file does not have pages, the `@setchapternewpage'
command has no effect on it.

  We recommend not including any `@setchapternewpage' command in your
manual sources at all, since the desired output is not intrinsic to the
document.  For a particular hard copy run, if you don't want the
default option (no blank pages, same headers on all pages) use the
`--texinfo' option to `texi2dvi' to specify the output you want.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: paragraphindent,  Next: firstparagraphindent,  Prev: setchapternewpage,  Up: Global Document Commands

3.7.3 `@paragraphindent': Paragraph Indenting
---------------------------------------------

The Texinfo processors may insert whitespace at the beginning of the
first line of each paragraph, thereby indenting that paragraph.  You can
use the `@paragraphindent' command to specify this indentation.  Write
an `@paragraphindent' command at the beginning of a line followed by
either `asis' or a number:

     @paragraphindent INDENT

  The indentation is according to the value of INDENT:

`asis'
     Do not change the existing indentation (not implemented in TeX).

`none'
0
     Omit all indentation.

N
     Indent by N space characters in Info output, by N ems in TeX.


  The default value of INDENT is 3.  `@paragraphindent' is ignored for
HTML output.

  It is best to write the `@paragraphindent' command before the
end-of-header line at the beginning of a Texinfo file, so the region
formatting commands indent paragraphs as specified.  *Note Start of
Header::.

  A peculiarity of the `texinfo-format-buffer' and
`texinfo-format-region' commands is that they do not indent (nor fill)
paragraphs that contain `@w' or `@*' commands.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: firstparagraphindent,  Next: exampleindent,  Prev: paragraphindent,  Up: Global Document Commands

3.7.4 `@firstparagraphindent': Indenting After Headings
-------------------------------------------------------

As you can see in the present manual, the first paragraph in any
section is not indented by default.  Typographically, indentation is a
paragraph separator, which means that it is unnecessary when a new
section begins.  This indentation is controlled with the
`@firstparagraphindent' command:

     @firstparagraphindent WORD

  The first paragraph after a heading is indented according to the value
of WORD:

`none'
     Prevents the first paragraph from being indented (default).  This
     option is ignored by `makeinfo' if `@paragraphindent asis' is in
     effect.

`insert'
     Include normal paragraph indentation.  This respects the paragraph
     indentation set by a `@paragraphindent' command (*note
     paragraphindent::).

  For HTML and XML output, the `@firstparagraphindent' setting is
ignored.

  It is best to write the `@paragraphindent' command before the
end-of-header line at the beginning of a Texinfo file, so the region
formatting commands indent paragraphs as specified.  *Note Start of
Header::.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: exampleindent,  Prev: firstparagraphindent,  Up: Global Document Commands

3.7.5 `@exampleindent': Environment Indenting
---------------------------------------------

The Texinfo processors indent each line of `@example' and similar
environments.  You can use the `@exampleindent' command to specify this
indentation.  Write an `@exampleindent' command at the beginning of a
line followed by either `asis' or a number:

     @exampleindent INDENT

  `@exampleindent' is ignored for HTML output.  Otherwise, the
indentation is according to the value of INDENT:

`asis'
     Do not change the existing indentation (not implemented in TeX).

0
     Omit all indentation.

N
     Indent environments by N space characters in Info output, by N ems
     in TeX.


  The default value of INDENT is 5 spaces in Info, and 0.4in in TeX,
which is somewhat less.  (The reduction is to help TeX fit more
characters onto physical lines.)

  It is best to write the `@exampleindent' command before the
end-of-header line at the beginning of a Texinfo file, so the region
formatting commands indent paragraphs as specified.  *Note Start of
Header::.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Software Copying Permissions,  Prev: Global Document Commands,  Up: Beginning a File

3.8 Software Copying Permissions
================================

If the Texinfo file has a section containing the "General Public
License" and the distribution information and a warranty disclaimer for
the software that is documented, we recommend placing this right after
the `Top' node.  The General Public License is very important to Project
GNU software.  It ensures that you and others will continue to have a
right to use and share the software.

  The copying and distribution information and the disclaimer are
followed by an introduction or else by the first chapter of the manual.

  Although an introduction is not a required part of a Texinfo file, it
is very helpful.  Ideally, it should state clearly and concisely what
the file is about and who would be interested in reading it.  In
general, an introduction would follow the licensing and distribution
information, although sometimes people put it earlier in the document.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Ending a File,  Next: Structuring,  Prev: Beginning a File,  Up: Top

4 Ending a Texinfo File
***********************

The end of a Texinfo file should include commands to create indices,
and the `@bye' command to mark the last line to be processed.

  For example:

     @node Index
     @unnumbered Index

     @printindex cp

     @bye

* Menu:

* Printing Indices & Menus::    How to print an index in hardcopy and
                                 generate index menus in Info.
* File End::                    How to mark the end of a file.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Printing Indices & Menus,  Next: File End,  Up: Ending a File

4.1 Printing Indices and Menus
==============================

To print an index means to include it as part of a manual or Info file.
This does not happen automatically just because you use `@cindex' or
other index-entry generating commands in the Texinfo file; those just
cause the raw data for the index to be accumulated.  To generate an
index, you must include the `@printindex' command at the place in the
document where you want the index to appear.  Also, as part of the
process of creating a printed manual, you must run a program called
`texindex' (*note Hardcopy::) to sort the raw data to produce a sorted
index file.  The sorted index file is what is actually used to print
the index.

  Texinfo offers six separate types of predefined index, which suffice
in most cases.  *Note Indices::, for information on this, as well
defining your own new indices, combining indices, and, most importantly
advice on writing the actual index entries.  This section focuses on
printing indices, which is done with the `@printindex' command.

  `@printindex' takes one argument, a two-letter index abbreviation.
It reads the corresponding sorted index file (for printed output), and
formats it appropriately into an index.

  The `@printindex' command does not generate a chapter heading for the
index, since different manuals have different needs.  Consequently, you
should precede the `@printindex' command with a suitable section or
chapter command (usually `@appendix' or `@unnumbered') to supply the
chapter heading and put the index into the table of contents.  Precede
the chapter heading with an `@node' line as usual.

  For example:

     @node Variable Index
     @unnumbered Variable Index

     @printindex vr

     @node Concept Index
     @unnumbered Concept Index

     @printindex cp

  If you have more than one index, we recommend placing the concept
index last.

   * In printed output, `@printindex' produces a traditional two-column
     index, with dot leaders between the index terms and page numbers.

   * In Info output, `@printindex' produces a special menu containing
     the line number of the entry, relative to the start of the node.
     Info readers can use this to go to the exact line of an entry, not
     just the containing node.  (Older Info readers will just go to the
     node.)  Here's an example:

          * First index entry:   Top.   (line  7)

     The actual number of spaces is variable, to right-justify the line
     number; it's been reduced here to make the line fit in the printed
     manual.

   * In plain text output, `@printindex' produces the same menu, but
     the line numbers are relative to the start of the file, since
     that's more convenient for that format.

   * In HTML and Docbook output, `@printindex' produces links to the
     index entries.

   * In XML output, it simply records the index to be printed.

  It's not possible to generate an index when writing to standard
output; `makeinfo' generates a warning in this case.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: File End,  Prev: Printing Indices & Menus,  Up: Ending a File

4.2 `@bye' File Ending
======================

An `@bye' command terminates Texinfo processing.  None of the
formatters read anything following `@bye'.  The `@bye' command should
be on a line by itself.

  If you wish, you may follow the `@bye' line with notes. These notes
will not be formatted and will not appear in either Info or a printed
manual; it is as if text after `@bye' were within `@ignore' ... `@end
ignore'.  Also, you may follow the `@bye' line with a local variables
list for Emacs.  *Note Using Local Variables and the Compile Command:
Compile-Command, for more information.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Structuring,  Next: Nodes,  Prev: Ending a File,  Up: Top

5 Chapter Structuring
*********************

The "chapter structuring" commands divide a document into a hierarchy of
chapters, sections, subsections, and subsubsections.  These commands
generate large headings; they also provide information for the table of
contents of a printed manual (*note Generating a Table of Contents:
Contents.).

  The chapter structuring commands do not create an Info node structure,
so normally you should put an `@node' command immediately before each
chapter structuring command (*note Nodes::).  The only time you are
likely to use the chapter structuring commands without using the node
structuring commands is if you are writing a document that contains no
cross references and will never be transformed into Info format.

  It is unlikely that you will ever write a Texinfo file that is
intended only as an Info file and not as a printable document.  If you
do, you might still use chapter structuring commands to create a
heading at the top of each node--but you don't need to.

* Menu:

* Tree Structuring::            A manual is like an upside down tree ...
* Structuring Command Types::   How to divide a manual into parts.
* makeinfo top::                The `@top' command, part of the `Top' node.
* chapter::
* unnumbered & appendix::
* majorheading & chapheading::
* section::
* unnumberedsec appendixsec heading::
* subsection::
* unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading::
* subsubsection::               Commands for the lowest level sections.
* Raise/lower sections::        How to change commands' hierarchical level.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Tree Structuring,  Next: Structuring Command Types,  Up: Structuring

5.1 Tree Structure of Sections
==============================

A Texinfo file is usually structured like a book with chapters,
sections, subsections, and the like.  This structure can be visualized
as a tree (or rather as an upside-down tree) with the root at the top
and the levels corresponding to chapters, sections, subsection, and
subsubsections.

  Here is a diagram that shows a Texinfo file with three chapters, each
of which has two sections.

                              Top
                               |
             -------------------------------------
            |                  |                  |
         Chapter 1          Chapter 2          Chapter 3
            |                  |                  |
         --------           --------           --------
        |        |         |        |         |        |
     Section  Section   Section  Section   Section  Section
       1.1      1.2       2.1      2.2       3.1      3.2

  In a Texinfo file that has this structure, the beginning of Chapter 2
looks like this:

     @node    Chapter 2,  Chapter 3, Chapter 1, top
     @chapter Chapter 2

  The chapter structuring commands are described in the sections that
follow; the `@node' and `@menu' commands are described in following
chapters. (*Note Nodes::, and see *Note Menus::.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Structuring Command Types,  Next: makeinfo top,  Prev: Tree Structuring,  Up: Structuring

5.2 Structuring Command Types
=============================

The chapter structuring commands fall into four groups or series, each
of which contains structuring commands corresponding to the
hierarchical levels of chapters, sections, subsections, and
subsubsections.

  The four groups are the `@chapter' series, the `@unnumbered' series,
the `@appendix' series, and the `@heading' series.

  Each command produces titles that have a different appearance on the
printed page or Info file; only some of the commands produce titles
that are listed in the table of contents of a printed book or manual.

   * The `@chapter' and `@appendix' series of commands produce numbered
     or lettered entries both in the body of a printed work and in its
     table of contents.

   * The `@unnumbered' series of commands produce unnumbered entries
     both in the body of a printed work and in its table of contents.
     The `@top' command, which has a special use, is a member of this
     series (*note `@top': makeinfo top.).  An `@unnumbered' section
     should be associated with a node and be a normal part of the
     document structure.

   * The `@heading' series of commands produce simple unnumbered
     headings that do not appear in a table of contents, are not
     associated with nodes, and cannot be cross-referenced.  The
     heading commands never start a new page.

   * The `@majorheading' command is similar to `@chapheading', except
     that it generates a larger vertical whitespace before the heading.

   * When an `@setchapternewpage' command says to do so, the
     `@chapter', `@unnumbered', and `@appendix' commands start new
     pages in the printed manual; the `@heading' commands do not.

  Here are the four groups of chapter structuring commands:

                                                            No new page
Numbered       Unnumbered             Lettered/numbered     Unnumbered
In contents    In contents            In contents           Not in contents
               `@top'                                       `@majorheading'
`@chapter'     `@unnumbered'          `@appendix'           `@chapheading'
`@section'     `@unnumberedsec'       `@appendixsec'        `@heading'
`@subsection'  `@unnumberedsubsec'    `@appendixsubsec'     `@subheading'
`@subsubsection'`@unnumberedsubsubsec' `@appendixsubsubsec'  `@subsubheading'


File: texinfo.info,  Node: makeinfo top,  Next: chapter,  Prev: Structuring Command Types,  Up: Structuring

5.3 `@top'
==========

The `@top' command is a special sectioning command that you use only
after an `@node Top' line at the beginning of a Texinfo file.  The
`@top' command tells the `makeinfo' formatter which node is the `Top'
node, so it can use it as the root of the node tree if your manual uses
implicit node pointers.  It has the same typesetting effect as
`@unnumbered' (*note `@unnumbered' and `@appendix': unnumbered &
appendix.).  For detailed information, see *Note The `@top' Command:
makeinfo top command.

  The `@top' node and its menu (if any) is conventionally wrapped in an
`@ifnottex' conditional so that it will appear only in Info and HTML
output, not TeX.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: chapter,  Next: unnumbered & appendix,  Prev: makeinfo top,  Up: Structuring

5.4 `@chapter'
==============

`@chapter' identifies a chapter in the document.  Write the command at
the beginning of a line and follow it on the same line by the title of
the chapter.

  For example, this chapter in this manual is entitled "Chapter
Structuring"; the `@chapter' line looks like this:

     @chapter Chapter Structuring

  In TeX, the `@chapter' command creates a chapter in the document,
specifying the chapter title.  The chapter is numbered automatically.

  In Info, the `@chapter' command causes the title to appear on a line
by itself, with a line of asterisks inserted underneath.  Thus, in
Info, the above example produces the following output:

     Chapter Structuring
     *******************

  Texinfo also provides a command `@centerchap', which is analogous to
`@unnumbered', but centers its argument in the printed output.  This
kind of stylistic choice is not usually offered by Texinfo.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: unnumbered & appendix,  Next: majorheading & chapheading,  Prev: chapter,  Up: Structuring

5.5 `@unnumbered' and `@appendix'
=================================

Use the `@unnumbered' command to create a chapter that appears in a
printed manual without chapter numbers of any kind.  Use the
`@appendix' command to create an appendix in a printed manual that is
labelled by letter instead of by number.

  For Info file output, the `@unnumbered' and `@appendix' commands are
equivalent to `@chapter': the title is printed on a line by itself with
a line of asterisks underneath.  (*Note `@chapter': chapter.)

  To create an appendix or an unnumbered chapter, write an `@appendix'
or `@unnumbered' command at the beginning of a line and follow it on
the same line by the title, as you would if you were creating a chapter.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: majorheading & chapheading,  Next: section,  Prev: unnumbered & appendix,  Up: Structuring

5.6 `@majorheading', `@chapheading'
===================================

The `@majorheading' and `@chapheading' commands put chapter-like
headings in the body of a document.

  However, neither command causes TeX to produce a numbered heading or
an entry in the table of contents; and neither command causes TeX to
start a new page in a printed manual.

  In TeX, an `@majorheading' command generates a larger vertical
whitespace before the heading than an `@chapheading' command but is
otherwise the same.

  In Info, the `@majorheading' and `@chapheading' commands are
equivalent to `@chapter': the title is printed on a line by itself with
a line of asterisks underneath.  (*Note `@chapter': chapter.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: section,  Next: unnumberedsec appendixsec heading,  Prev: majorheading & chapheading,  Up: Structuring

5.7 `@section'
==============

In a printed manual, an `@section' command identifies a numbered
section within a chapter.  The section title appears in the table of
contents.  In Info, an `@section' command provides a title for a
segment of text, underlined with `='.

  This section is headed with an `@section' command and looks like this
in the Texinfo file:

     @section @code{@@section}

  To create a section, write the `@section' command at the beginning of
a line and follow it on the same line by the section title.

  Thus,

     @section This is a section

produces

     This is a section
     =================

in Info.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: unnumberedsec appendixsec heading,  Next: subsection,  Prev: section,  Up: Structuring

5.8 `@unnumberedsec', `@appendixsec', `@heading'
================================================

The `@unnumberedsec', `@appendixsec', and `@heading' commands are,
respectively, the unnumbered, appendix-like, and heading-like
equivalents of the `@section' command.  (*Note `@section': section.)

`@unnumberedsec'
     The `@unnumberedsec' command may be used within an unnumbered
     chapter or within a regular chapter or appendix to provide an
     unnumbered section.

`@appendixsec'
`@appendixsection'
     `@appendixsection' is a longer spelling of the `@appendixsec'
     command; the two are synonymous.  

     Conventionally, the `@appendixsec' or `@appendixsection' command
     is used only within appendices.

`@heading'
     You may use the `@heading' command anywhere you wish for a
     section-style heading that will not appear in the table of
     contents.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: subsection,  Next: unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading,  Prev: unnumberedsec appendixsec heading,  Up: Structuring

5.9 The `@subsection' Command
=============================

Subsections are to sections as sections are to chapters.  (*Note
`@section': section.)  In Info, subsection titles are underlined with
`-'.  For example,

     @subsection This is a subsection

produces

     This is a subsection
     --------------------

  In a printed manual, subsections are listed in the table of contents
and are numbered three levels deep.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading,  Next: subsubsection,  Prev: subsection,  Up: Structuring

5.10 The `@subsection'-like Commands
====================================

The `@unnumberedsubsec', `@appendixsubsec', and `@subheading' commands
are, respectively, the unnumbered, appendix-like, and heading-like
equivalents of the `@subsection' command.  (*Note `@subsection':
subsection.)

  In Info, the `@subsection'-like commands generate a title underlined
with hyphens.  In a printed manual, an `@subheading' command produces a
heading like that of a subsection except that it is not numbered and
does not appear in the table of contents.  Similarly, an
`@unnumberedsubsec' command produces an unnumbered heading like that of
a subsection and an `@appendixsubsec' command produces a
subsection-like heading labelled with a letter and numbers; both of
these commands produce headings that appear in the table of contents.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: subsubsection,  Next: Raise/lower sections,  Prev: unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading,  Up: Structuring

5.11 The `subsub' Commands
==========================

The fourth and lowest level sectioning commands in Texinfo are the
`subsub' commands.  They are:

`@subsubsection'
     Subsubsections are to subsections as subsections are to sections.
     (*Note `@subsection': subsection.)  In a printed manual,
     subsubsection titles appear in the table of contents and are
     numbered four levels deep.

`@unnumberedsubsubsec'
     Unnumbered subsubsection titles appear in the table of contents of
     a printed manual, but lack numbers.  Otherwise, unnumbered
     subsubsections are the same as subsubsections.  In Info, unnumbered
     subsubsections look exactly like ordinary subsubsections.

`@appendixsubsubsec'
     Conventionally, appendix commands are used only for appendices and
     are lettered and numbered appropriately in a printed manual.  They
     also appear in the table of contents.  In Info, appendix
     subsubsections look exactly like ordinary subsubsections.

`@subsubheading'
     The `@subsubheading' command may be used anywhere that you need a
     small heading that will not appear in the table of contents.  In
     Info, subsubheadings look exactly like ordinary subsubsection
     headings.

  In Info,  `subsub' titles are underlined with periods.  For example,

     @subsubsection This is a subsubsection

produces

     This is a subsubsection
     .......................


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Raise/lower sections,  Prev: subsubsection,  Up: Structuring

5.12 `@raisesections' and `@lowersections'
==========================================

The `@raisesections' and `@lowersections' commands implicitly raise and
lower the hierarchical level of following chapters, sections and the
other sectioning commands.

  That is, the `@raisesections' command changes sections to chapters,
subsections to sections, and so on.  Conversely, the `@lowersections'
command changes chapters to sections, sections to subsections, and so
on.  Thus, an `@lowersections' command cancels an `@raisesections'
command, and vice versa.

  You can use `@lowersections' to include text written as an outer or
standalone Texinfo file in another Texinfo file as an inner, included
file.  Typical usage looks like this:

     @lowersections
     @include somefile.texi
     @raisesections

(Without the `@raisesections', all the subsequent sections in the
document would be lowered.)

  If the included file being lowered has a `@top' node, you'll need to
conditionalize its inclusion with a flag (*note set value::).

  Another difficulty can arise with documents that use the (recommended)
feature of `makeinfo' for implicitly determining node pointers.  Since
`makeinfo' must assume a hierarchically organized document to determine
the pointers, you cannot just arbitrarily sprinkle `@raisesections' and
`@lowersections' commands in the document.  The final result has to
have menus that take the raising and lowering into account.  Therefore,
as a practical matter, you generally only want to raise or lower large
chunks, usually in external files as shown above.

  Repeated use of the commands continue to raise or lower the
hierarchical level a step at a time.  An attempt to raise above
`chapter' reproduces chapter commands; an attempt to lower below
`subsubsection' reproduces subsubsection commands.  Also, lowered
subsubsections and raised chapters will not work with `makeinfo''s
feature of implicitly determining node pointers, since the menu
structure won't be correct.

  Write each `@raisesections' and `@lowersections' command on a line of
its own.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Nodes,  Next: Menus,  Prev: Structuring,  Up: Top

6 Nodes
*******

"Nodes" are the primary segments of a Texinfo file.  They do not in and
of themselves impose a hierarchical or any other kind of structure on a
file.  Nodes contain "node pointers" that name other nodes, and can
contain "menus" which are lists of nodes.  In Info, the movement
commands can carry you to a pointed-to node or to a node listed in a
menu.

  Node pointers and menus provide structure for Info files just as
chapters, sections, subsections, and the like, provide structure for
printed books.

  Because node names are used in cross-references, it is not desirable
to casually change them.  Such name changes invalidate references from
other manuals, from mail archives, and so on.

* Menu:

* Two Paths::                   Different commands to structure
                                 Info output and printed output.
* Node Menu Illustration::      A diagram, and sample nodes and menus.
* node::                        Creating nodes, in detail.
* makeinfo Pointer Creation::   Letting makeinfo determine node pointers.
* anchor::                      Defining arbitrary cross-reference targets.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Two Paths,  Next: Node Menu Illustration,  Up: Nodes

6.1 Two Paths
=============

The node and menu commands and the chapter structuring commands are
technically independent of each other:

   * In Info, node and menu commands provide structure.  The chapter
     structuring commands generate headings with different kinds of
     underlining--asterisks for chapters, hyphens for sections, and so
     on; they do nothing else.

   * In TeX, the chapter structuring commands generate chapter and
     section numbers and tables of contents.  The node and menu
     commands provide information for cross references; they do nothing
     else.

  You can use node pointers and menus to structure an Info file any way
you want; and you can write a Texinfo file so that its Info output has a
different structure than its printed output.  However, virtually all
Texinfo files are written such that the structure for the Info output
corresponds to the structure for the printed output.  It is neither
convenient nor understandable to the reader to do otherwise.

  Generally, printed output is structured in a tree-like hierarchy in
which the chapters are the major limbs from which the sections branch
out.  Similarly, node pointers and menus are organized to create a
matching structure in the Info output.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Node Menu Illustration,  Next: node,  Prev: Two Paths,  Up: Nodes

6.2 Node and Menu Illustration
==============================

Here is a copy of the diagram shown earlier that illustrates a Texinfo
file with three chapters, each of which contains two sections.

  The "root" is at the top of the diagram and the "leaves" are at the
bottom.  This is how such a diagram is drawn conventionally; it
illustrates an upside-down tree.  For this reason, the root node is
called the `Top' node, and `Up' node pointers carry you closer to the
root.

                              Top
                               |
             -------------------------------------
            |                  |                  |
         Chapter 1          Chapter 2          Chapter 3
            |                  |                  |
         --------           --------           --------
        |        |         |        |         |        |
     Section  Section   Section  Section   Section  Section
       1.1      1.2       2.1      2.2       3.1      3.2

  The fully-written command to start Chapter 2 would be this:

     @node     Chapter 2,  Chapter 3, Chapter 1, Top
     @comment  node-name,  next,      previous,  up

This `@node' line says that the name of this node is "Chapter 2", the
name of the `Next' node is "Chapter 3", the name of the `Previous' node
is "Chapter 1", and the name of the `Up' node is "Top".  You can omit
writing out these node names if your document is hierarchically
organized (*note makeinfo Pointer Creation::), but the pointer
relationships still obtain.

     Note: *Please Note:* `Next' refers to the next node at the same
     hierarchical level in the manual, not necessarily to the next node
     within the Texinfo file.  In the Texinfo file, the subsequent node
     may be at a lower level--a section-level node most often follows a
     chapter-level node, for example.  `Next' and `Previous' refer to
     nodes at the _same_ hierarchical level.  (The `Top' node contains
     the exception to this rule.  Since the `Top' node is the only node
     at that level, `Next' refers to the first following node, which is
     almost always a chapter or chapter-level node.)

  To go to Sections 2.1 and 2.2 using Info, you need a menu inside
Chapter 2.  (*Note Menus::.)  You would write the menu just before the
beginning of Section 2.1, like this:

        @menu
        * Sect. 2.1::    Description of this section.
        * Sect. 2.2::
        @end menu

  Write the node for Sect. 2.1 like this:

        @node     Sect. 2.1, Sect. 2.2, Chapter 2, Chapter 2
        @comment  node-name, next,      previous,  up

  In Info format, the `Next' and `Previous' pointers of a node usually
lead to other nodes at the same level--from chapter to chapter or from
section to section (sometimes, as shown, the `Previous' pointer points
up); an `Up' pointer usually leads to a node at the level above (closer
to the `Top' node); and a `Menu' leads to nodes at a level below (closer
to `leaves').  (A cross reference can point to a node at any level; see
*Note Cross References::.)

  Usually, an `@node' command and a chapter structuring command are
used in sequence, along with indexing commands.  (You may follow the
`@node' line with a comment line that reminds you which pointer is
which.)

  Here is the beginning of the chapter in this manual called "Ending a
Texinfo File".  This shows an `@node' line followed by a comment line,
an `@chapter' line, and then by indexing lines.

     @node    Ending a File, Structuring, Beginning a File, Top
     @comment node-name,     next,        previous,         up
     @chapter Ending a Texinfo File
     @cindex Ending a Texinfo file
     @cindex Texinfo file ending
     @cindex File ending


File: texinfo.info,  Node: node,  Next: makeinfo Pointer Creation,  Prev: Node Menu Illustration,  Up: Nodes

6.3 The `@node' Command
=======================

A "node" is a segment of text that begins at an `@node' command and
continues until the next `@node' command.  The definition of node is
different from that for chapter or section.  A chapter may contain
sections and a section may contain subsections; but a node cannot
contain subnodes; the text of a node continues only until the next
`@node' command in the file.  A node usually contains only one chapter
structuring command, the one that follows the `@node' line.  On the
other hand, in printed output nodes are used only for cross references,
so a chapter or section may contain any number of nodes.  Indeed, a
chapter usually contains several nodes, one for each section,
subsection, and subsubsection.

  To create a node, write an `@node' command at the beginning of a
line, and follow it with up to four arguments, separated by commas, on
the rest of the same line.  The first argument is required; it is the
name of this node.  The subsequent arguments are the names of the
`Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers, in that order, and may be omitted
if your Texinfo document is hierarchically organized (*note makeinfo
Pointer Creation::).

  You may insert spaces before each name if you wish; the spaces are
ignored.  You must write the name of the node and (if present) the names
of the `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers all on the same line.
Otherwise, the formatters fail.  (*note info: (info)Top, for more
information about nodes in Info.)

  Usually, you write one of the chapter-structuring command lines
immediately after an `@node' line--for example, an `@section' or
`@subsection' line.  (*Note Structuring Command Types::.)

     Note: The GNU Emacs Texinfo mode updating commands work only with
     Texinfo files in which `@node' lines are followed by chapter
     structuring lines.  *Note Updating Requirements::.

  TeX uses `@node' lines to identify the names to use for cross
references.  For this reason, you must write `@node' lines in a Texinfo
file that you intend to format for printing, even if you do not intend
to format it for Info.  (Cross references, such as the one at the end
of this sentence, are made with `@xref' and related commands; see *Note
Cross References::.)

* Menu:

* Node Names::                  How to choose node and pointer names.
* Writing a Node::              How to write an `@node' line.
* Node Line Tips::              Keep names short.
* Node Line Requirements::      Keep names unique, without @-commands.
* First Node::                  How to write a `Top' node.
* makeinfo top command::        How to use the `@top' command.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Node Names,  Next: Writing a Node,  Up: node

6.3.1 Choosing Node and Pointer Names
-------------------------------------

The name of a node identifies the node.  The pointers enable you to
reach other nodes and consist simply of the names of those nodes.

  Normally, a node's `Up' pointer contains the name of the node whose
menu mentions that node.  The node's `Next' pointer contains the name
of the node that follows that node in that menu and its `Previous'
pointer contains the name of the node that precedes it in that menu.
When a node's `Previous' node is the same as its `Up' node, both node
pointers name the same node.

  Usually, the first node of a Texinfo file is the `Top' node, and its
`Up' and `Previous' pointers point to the `dir' file, which contains
the main menu for all of Info.

  The `Top' node itself contains the main or master menu for the manual.
Also, it is helpful to include a brief description of the manual in the
`Top' node.  *Note First Node::, for information on how to write the
first node of a Texinfo file.

  Even when you explicitly specify all pointers, that does not mean you
can write the nodes in the Texinfo source file in an arbitrary order!
Because TeX processes the file sequentially, irrespective of node
pointers, you must write the nodes in the order you wish them to appear
in the printed output.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Writing a Node,  Next: Node Line Tips,  Prev: Node Names,  Up: node

6.3.2 How to Write an `@node' Line
----------------------------------

The easiest way to write an `@node' line is to write `@node' at the
beginning of a line and then the name of the node, like this:

     @node NODE-NAME

  If you are using GNU Emacs, you can use the update node commands
provided by Texinfo mode to insert the names of the pointers; or you
can leave the pointers out of the Texinfo file and let `makeinfo'
insert node pointers into the Info file it creates.  (*Note Texinfo
Mode::, and *Note makeinfo Pointer Creation::.)

  Alternatively, you can insert the `Next', `Previous', and `Up'
pointers yourself.  If you do this, you may find it helpful to use the
Texinfo mode keyboard command `C-c C-c n'.  This command inserts
`@node' and a comment line listing the names of the pointers in their
proper order.  The comment line helps you keep track of which arguments
are for which pointers.  This comment line is especially useful if you
are not familiar with Texinfo.

  The template for a fully-written-out node line with `Next',
`Previous', and `Up' pointers looks like this:

     @node NODE-NAME, NEXT, PREVIOUS, UP

  If you wish, you can ignore `@node' lines altogether in your first
draft and then use the `texinfo-insert-node-lines' command to create
`@node' lines for you.  However, we do not recommend this practice.  It
is better to name the node itself at the same time that you write a
segment so you can easily make cross references.  A large number of
cross references are an especially important feature of a good Info
file.

  After you have inserted an `@node' line, you should immediately write
an @-command for the chapter or section and insert its name.  Next (and
this is important!), put in several index entries.  Usually, you will
find at least two and often as many as four or five ways of referring
to the node in the index.  Use them all.  This will make it much easier
for people to find the node.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Node Line Tips,  Next: Node Line Requirements,  Prev: Writing a Node,  Up: node

6.3.3 `@node' Line Tips
-----------------------

Here are three suggestions:

   * Try to pick node names that are informative but short.

     In the Info file, the file name, node name, and pointer names are
     all inserted on one line, which may run into the right edge of the
     window.  (This does not cause a problem with Info, but is ugly.)

   * Try to pick node names that differ from each other near the
     beginnings of their names.  This way, it is easy to use automatic
     name completion in Info.

   * By convention, node names are capitalized just as they would be for
     section or chapter titles--initial and significant words are
     capitalized; others are not.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Node Line Requirements,  Next: First Node,  Prev: Node Line Tips,  Up: node

6.3.4 `@node' Line Requirements
-------------------------------

Here are several requirements for `@node' lines:

   * All the node names for a single Info file must be unique.

     Duplicates confuse the Info movement commands.  This means, for
     example, that if you end every chapter with a summary, you must
     name each summary node differently.  You cannot just call each one
     "Summary".  You may, however, duplicate the titles of chapters,
     sections, and the like.  Thus you can end each chapter in a book
     with a section called "Summary", so long as the node names for
     those sections are all different.

   * A pointer name must be the name of a node.

     The node to which a pointer points may come before or after the
     node containing the pointer.

   * @-commands in node names are not allowed.  This includes
     punctuation characters that are escaped with a `@', such as `@' and
     `{', and accent commands such as `@''.  (For a few cases when this
     is useful, Texinfo has limited support for using @-commands in
     node names; see *Note Pointer Validation::.)  Perhaps this
     limitation will be removed some day.

   * Unfortunately, you cannot use periods, commas, colons or
     parentheses within a node name; these confuse the Texinfo
     processors.  Perhaps this limitation will be removed some day, too.

     For example, the following is a section title in this manual:

          @code{@@unnumberedsec}, @code{@@appendixsec}, @code{@@heading}

     But the corresponding node name lacks the commas and the @'s:

          unnumberedsec appendixsec heading

   * Case is significant in node names.

     Spaces before and after names on the `@node' line are ignored, but
     spaces "inside" a name are significant.  For example:

          @node  foo bar,
          @node foo bar ,
          @node  foo bar ,

     all define the same node, `foo bar'.  References to the node
     should all use that name, without the leading or trailing spaces,
     but with the internal spaces.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: First Node,  Next: makeinfo top command,  Prev: Node Line Requirements,  Up: node

6.3.5 The First Node
--------------------

The first node of a Texinfo file is the "Top" node, except in an
included file (*note Include Files::).  The Top node should contain a
short summary, copying permissions, and a master menu.  *Note The Top
Node::, for more information on the Top node contents and examples.

  Here is a description of the node pointers to be used in the Top node:

   * The Top node (which must be named `top' or `Top') should have as
     its `Up' node the name of a node in another file, where there is a
     menu that leads to this file.  Specify the file name in
     parentheses.

     Usually, all Info files are installed in the same Info directory
     tree; in this case, use `(dir)' as the parent of the Top node;
     this is short for `(dir)top', and specifies the Top node in the
     `dir' file, which contains the main menu for the Info system as a
     whole.

   * On the other hand, do not define the `Previous' node of the Top
     node to be `(dir)', as it causes confusing behavior for users: if
     you are in the Top node and hits <DEL> to go backwards, you wind
     up in the middle of the some other entry in the `dir' file, which
     has nothing to do with what you were reading.

   * The `Next' node of the Top node should be the first chapter in your
     document.


  *Note Installing an Info File::, for more information about installing
an Info file in the `info' directory.

  For concreteness, here is an example with explicit pointers (which you
can maintain automatically with the texinfo mode commands):

  Or you can leave the pointers off entirely and let the tools
implicitly define them.  This is recommended.  Thus:

     @node Top


File: texinfo.info,  Node: makeinfo top command,  Prev: First Node,  Up: node

6.3.6 The `@top' Sectioning Command
-----------------------------------

A special sectioning command, `@top' should be used with the `@node
Top' line.  The `@top' sectioning command tells `makeinfo' that it
marks the `Top' node in the file.  It provides the information that
`makeinfo' needs to insert node pointers automatically.  Write the
`@top' command at the beginning of the line immediately following the
`@node Top' line.  Write the title on the remaining part of the same
line as the `@top' command.

  In Info, the `@top' sectioning command causes the title to appear on
a line by itself, with a line of asterisks inserted underneath, as
other sectioning commands do.

  In TeX and `texinfo-format-buffer', the `@top' sectioning command is
merely a synonym for `@unnumbered'.  Neither of these formatters
require an `@top' command, and do nothing special with it.  You can use
`@chapter' or `@unnumbered' after the `@node Top' line when you use
these formatters.  Also, you can use `@chapter' or `@unnumbered' when
you use the Texinfo updating commands to create or update pointers and
menus.

  Thus, in practice, a Top node starts like this:

     @node Top
     @top Your Manual Title


File: texinfo.info,  Node: makeinfo Pointer Creation,  Next: anchor,  Prev: node,  Up: Nodes

6.4 Creating Pointers with `makeinfo'
=====================================

The `makeinfo' program has a feature for automatically determining node
pointers for a hierarchically organized document.

  When you take advantage of this feature, you do not need to write the
`Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers after the name of a node.
However, you must write a sectioning command, such as `@chapter' or
`@section', on the line immediately following each truncated `@node'
line (except that comment lines may intervene).

  In addition, you must follow the `Top' `@node' line with a line
beginning with `@top' to mark the `Top' node in the file.  *Note
`@top': makeinfo top.

  Finally, you must write the name of each node (except for the `Top'
node) in a menu that is one or more hierarchical levels above the
node's hierarchical level.

  This implicit node pointer insertion feature in `makeinfo' relieves
you from the need to update menus and pointers manually or with Texinfo
mode commands.  (*Note Updating Nodes and Menus::.)

  In most cases, you will want to take advantage of this feature and not
redundantly specify node pointers.  However, Texinfo documents are not
required to be organized hierarchically or in fact to contain
sectioning commands at all (for example, if you never intend the
document to be printed).  The special procedure for handling the short
text before a menu (*note Menus::) also disables this feature, for that
group of nodes.  In those cases, you will need to explicitly specify
the pointers.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: anchor,  Prev: makeinfo Pointer Creation,  Up: Nodes

6.5 `@anchor': Defining Arbitrary Cross-reference Targets
=========================================================

An "anchor" is a position in your document, labeled so that
cross-references can refer to it, just as they can to nodes.  You create
an anchor with the `@anchor' command, and give the label as a normal
brace-delimited argument.  For example:

     This marks the @anchor{x-spot}spot.
     ...
     @xref{x-spot,,the spot}.

produces:

     This marks the spot.
     ...
     See [the spot], page 1.

  As you can see, the `@anchor' command itself produces no output.
This example defines an anchor `x-spot' just before the word `spot'.
You can refer to it later with an `@xref' or other cross-reference
command, as shown.  *Note Cross References::, for details on the
cross-reference commands.

  It is best to put `@anchor' commands just before the position you
wish to refer to; that way, the reader's eye is led on to the correct
text when they jump to the anchor.  You can put the `@anchor' command
on a line by itself if that helps readability of the source.  Spaces
are always ignored after `@anchor'.

  Anchor names and node names may not conflict.  Anchors and nodes are
given similar treatment in some ways; for example, the `goto-node'
command in standalone Info takes either an anchor name or a node name as
an argument.  (*Note goto-node: (info-stnd)goto-node.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Menus,  Next: Cross References,  Prev: Nodes,  Up: Top

7 Menus
*******

"Menus" contain pointers to subordinate nodes.  In online output, you
use menus to go to such nodes.  Menus have no effect in printed manuals
and do not appear in them.

  A node with a menu should not contain much text.  If you find yourself
writing a lot of before a menu, we generally recommend moving most of
the text into a new subnode--all but a paragraph or two.  Otherwise, a
reader with a terminal that displays only a few lines may miss the menu
and its associated text.  As a practical matter, it is best to locate a
menu within 20 or so lines of the beginning of the node.

* Menu:

* Menu Location::               Menus go at the ends of short nodes.
* Writing a Menu::              What is a menu?
* Menu Parts::                  A menu entry has three parts.
* Less Cluttered Menu Entry::   Two part menu entry.
* Menu Example::                Two and three part menu entries.
* Other Info Files::            How to refer to a different Info file.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Menu Location,  Next: Writing a Menu,  Up: Menus

7.1 Menu Location
=================

A menu must be located at the end of a node, without any regular text
or additional commands between the `@end menu' and the beginning of the
next node.  (As a consequence, there may be at most one menu in a node.)

  This is actually a useful restriction, since a reader who uses the
menu could easily miss any such text.  Technically, it is necessary
because in Info format, there is no marker for the end of a menu, so
Info-reading programs would have no way to know when the menu ends and
normal text resumes.

  Technically, menus can carry you to any node, regardless of the
structure of the document; even to nodes in a different Info file.
However, we do not recommend ever making use of this, because the
`makeinfo' implicit pointer creation feature (*note makeinfo Pointer
Creation::) and GNU Emacs Texinfo mode updating commands work only to
create menus of subordinate nodes in a hierarchically structured
document.  Instead, use cross references to refer to arbitrary nodes.

  In the past, we recommended using a `@heading' command within an
`@ifinfo' conditional instead of the normal sectioning commands after a
very short node with a menu.  This had the advantage of making the
printed output look better, because there was no very short text
between two headings on the page.  But aside from not working with
`makeinfo''s implicit pointer creation, it also makes the XML output
incorrect, since it does not reflect the true document structure.  So,
unfortunately we can no longer recommend this.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Writing a Menu,  Next: Menu Parts,  Prev: Menu Location,  Up: Menus

7.2 Writing a Menu
==================

A menu consists of an `@menu' command on a line by itself followed by
menu entry lines or menu comment lines and then by an `@end menu'
command on a line by itself.

  A menu looks like this:

     @menu
     Larger Units of Text

     * Files::                       All about handling files.
     * Multiples: Buffers.           Multiple buffers; editing
                                      several files at once.
     @end menu

  In a menu, every line that begins with an `* ' is a "menu entry".
(Note the space after the asterisk.)  A line that does not start with
an `* ' may also appear in a menu.  Such a line is not a menu entry but
is a menu comment line that appears in the Info file.  In the example
above, the line `Larger Units of Text' is a menu comment line; the two
lines starting with `* ' are menu entries.  Space characters in a menu
are preserved as-is; this allows you to format the menu as you wish.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Menu Parts,  Next: Less Cluttered Menu Entry,  Prev: Writing a Menu,  Up: Menus

7.3 The Parts of a Menu
=======================

A menu entry has three parts, only the second of which is required:

  1. The menu entry name (optional).

  2. The name of the node (required).

  3. A description of the item (optional).

  The template for a menu entry looks like this:

     * MENU-ENTRY-NAME: NODE-NAME.   DESCRIPTION

  Follow the menu entry name with a single colon and follow the node
name with tab, comma, period, or newline.

  In Info, a user selects a node with the `m' (`Info-menu') command.
The menu entry name is what the user types after the `m' command.

  The third part of a menu entry is a descriptive phrase or sentence.
Menu entry names and node names are often short; the description
explains to the reader what the node is about.  A useful description
complements the node name rather than repeats it.  The description,
which is optional, can spread over two or more lines; if it does, some
authors prefer to indent the second line while others prefer to align it
with the first (and all others).  It's up to you.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Less Cluttered Menu Entry,  Next: Menu Example,  Prev: Menu Parts,  Up: Menus

7.4 Less Cluttered Menu Entry
=============================

When the menu entry name and node name are the same, you can write the
name immediately after the asterisk and space at the beginning of the
line and follow the name with two colons.

  For example, write

     * Name::                                    DESCRIPTION

instead of

     * Name: Name.                               DESCRIPTION

  You should use the node name for the menu entry name whenever
possible, since it reduces visual clutter in the menu.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Menu Example,  Next: Other Info Files,  Prev: Less Cluttered Menu Entry,  Up: Menus

7.5 A Menu Example
==================

A menu looks like this in Texinfo:

     @menu
     * menu entry name: Node name.   A short description.
     * Node name::                   This form is preferred.
     @end menu

This produces:

     * menu:

     * menu entry name: Node name.   A short description.
     * Node name::                   This form is preferred.

  Here is an example as you might see it in a Texinfo file:

     @menu
     Larger Units of Text

     * Files::                       All about handling files.
     * Multiples: Buffers.           Multiple buffers; editing
                                      several files at once.
     @end menu

This produces:

     * menu:
     Larger Units of Text

     * Files::                       All about handling files.
     * Multiples: Buffers.           Multiple buffers; editing
                                      several files at once.

  In this example, the menu has two entries.  `Files' is both a menu
entry name and the name of the node referred to by that name.
`Multiples' is the menu entry name; it refers to the node named
`Buffers'. The line `Larger Units of Text' is a comment; it appears in
the menu, but is not an entry.

  Since no file name is specified with either `Files' or `Buffers',
they must be the names of nodes in the same Info file (*note Referring
to Other Info Files: Other Info Files.).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Other Info Files,  Prev: Menu Example,  Up: Menus

7.6 Referring to Other Info Files
=================================

You can create a menu entry that enables a reader in Info to go to a
node in another Info file by writing the file name in parentheses just
before the node name.  In this case, you should use the three-part menu
entry format, which saves the reader from having to type the file name.

  The format looks like this:

     @menu
     * FIRST-ENTRY-NAME:(FILENAME)NODENAME.     DESCRIPTION
     * SECOND-ENTRY-NAME:(FILENAME)SECOND-NODE. DESCRIPTION
     @end menu

  For example, to refer directly to the `Outlining' and `Rebinding'
nodes in the `Emacs Manual', you would write a menu like this:

     @menu
     * Outlining: (emacs)Outline Mode. The major mode for
                                      editing outlines.
     * Rebinding: (emacs)Rebinding.    How to redefine the
                                      meaning of a key.
     @end menu

  If you do not list the node name, but only name the file, then Info
presumes that you are referring to the `Top' node.

  The `dir' file that contains the main menu for Info has menu entries
that list only file names.  These take you directly to the `Top' nodes
of each Info document.  (*Note Installing an Info File::.)

  For example:

     * Info: (info).         Documentation browsing system.
     * Emacs: (emacs).       The extensible, self-documenting
                            text editor.

(The `dir' top level directory for the Info system is an Info file, not
a Texinfo file, but a menu entry looks the same in both types of file.)

  The GNU Emacs Texinfo mode menu updating commands only work with nodes
within the current buffer, so you cannot use them to create menus that
refer to other files.  You must write such menus by hand.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Cross References,  Next: Marking Text,  Prev: Menus,  Up: Top

8 Cross References
******************

"Cross references" are used to refer the reader to other parts of the
same or different Texinfo files.  In Texinfo, nodes and anchors are the
places to which cross references can refer.

* Menu:

* References::                  What cross references are for.
* Cross Reference Commands::    A summary of the different commands.
* Cross Reference Parts::       A cross reference has several parts.
* xref::                        Begin a reference with `See' ...
* Top Node Naming::             How to refer to the beginning of another file.
* ref::                         A reference for the last part of a sentence.
* pxref::                       How to write a parenthetical cross reference.
* inforef::                     How to refer to an Info-only file.
* uref::                        How to refer to a uniform resource locator.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: References,  Next: Cross Reference Commands,  Up: Cross References

8.1 What References Are For
===========================

Often, but not always, a printed document should be designed so that it
can be read sequentially.  People tire of flipping back and forth to
find information that should be presented to them as they need it.

  However, in any document, some information will be too detailed for
the current context, or incidental to it; use cross references to
provide access to such information.  Also, an online help system or a
reference manual is not like a novel; few read such documents in
sequence from beginning to end.  Instead, people look up what they
need.  For this reason, such creations should contain many cross
references to help readers find other information that they may not
have read.

  In a printed manual, a cross reference results in a page reference,
unless it is to another manual altogether, in which case the cross
reference names that manual.

  In Info, a cross reference results in an entry that you can follow
using the Info `f' command.  (*note Following cross-references:
(info)Help-Xref.)

  The various cross reference commands use nodes (or anchors, *note
`@anchor': anchor.) to define cross reference locations.  This is
evident in Info, in which a cross reference takes you to the specified
location.  TeX also uses nodes to define cross reference locations, but
the action is less obvious.  When TeX generates a DVI file, it records
each node's page number and uses the page numbers in making references.
Thus, if you are writing a manual that will only be printed, and will
not be used online, you must nonetheless write `@node' lines to name
the places to which you make cross references.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Cross Reference Commands,  Next: Cross Reference Parts,  Prev: References,  Up: Cross References

8.2 Different Cross Reference Commands
======================================

There are four different cross reference commands:

`@xref'
     Used to start a sentence in the printed manual saying `See ...'
     or an Info cross-reference saying `*Note NAME: NODE.'.

`@ref'
     Used within or, more often, at the end of a sentence; same as
     `@xref' for Info; produces just the reference in the printed
     manual without a preceding `See'.

`@pxref'
     Used within parentheses to make a reference that suits both an Info
     file and a printed book.  Starts with a lower case `see' within the
     printed manual. (`p' is for `parenthesis'.)

`@inforef'
     Used to make a reference to an Info file for which there is no
     printed manual.

(The `@cite' command is used to make references to books and manuals
for which there is no corresponding Info file and, therefore, no node
to which to point.   *Note `@cite': cite.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Cross Reference Parts,  Next: xref,  Prev: Cross Reference Commands,  Up: Cross References

8.3 Parts of a Cross Reference
==============================

A cross reference command requires only one argument, which is the name
of the node to which it refers.  But a cross reference command may
contain up to four additional arguments.  By using these arguments, you
can provide a cross reference name for Info, a topic description or
section title for the printed output, the name of a different Info
file, and the name of a different printed manual.

  Here is a simple cross reference example:

     @xref{Node name}.

which produces

     *Note Node name::.

and

     See Section NNN [Node name], page PPP.

  Here is an example of a full five-part cross reference:

     @xref{Node name, Cross Reference Name, Particular Topic,
     info-file-name, A Printed Manual}, for details.

which produces

     *Note Cross Reference Name: (info-file-name)Node name,
     for details.

in Info and

     See section "Particular Topic" in A Printed Manual, for details.

in a printed book.

  The five possible arguments for a cross reference are:

  1. The node or anchor name (required).  This is the location to which
     the cross reference takes you.  In a printed document, the
     location of the node provides the page reference only for
     references within the same document.

  2. The cross reference name for the Info reference, if it is to be
     different from the node name.  If you include this argument, it
     becomes the first part of the cross reference.  It is usually
     omitted.

  3. A topic description or section name.  Often, this is the title of
     the section.  This is used as the name of the reference in the
     printed manual.  If omitted, the node name is used.

  4. The name of the Info file in which the reference is located, if it
     is different from the current file.  You need not include any
     `.info' suffix on the file name, since Info readers try appending
     it automatically.

  5. The name of a printed manual from a different Texinfo file.

  The template for a full five argument cross reference looks like this:

     @xref{NODE-NAME, CROSS-REFERENCE-NAME, TITLE-OR-TOPIC,
     INFO-FILE-NAME, PRINTED-MANUAL-TITLE}.

  Cross references with one, two, three, four, and five arguments are
described separately following the description of `@xref'.

  Write a node name in a cross reference in exactly the same way as in
the `@node' line, including the same capitalization; otherwise, the
formatters may not find the reference.

  You can write cross reference commands within a paragraph, but note
how Info and TeX format the output of each of the various commands:
write `@xref' at the beginning of a sentence; write `@pxref' only
within parentheses, and so on.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: xref,  Next: Top Node Naming,  Prev: Cross Reference Parts,  Up: Cross References

8.4 `@xref'
===========

The `@xref' command generates a cross reference for the beginning of a
sentence.  The Info formatting commands convert it into an Info cross
reference, which the Info `f' command can use to bring you directly to
another node.  The TeX typesetting commands convert it into a page
reference, or a reference to another book or manual.

* Menu:

* Reference Syntax::            What a reference looks like and requires.
* One Argument::                `@xref' with one argument.
* Two Arguments::               `@xref' with two arguments.
* Three Arguments::             `@xref' with three arguments.
* Four and Five Arguments::     `@xref' with four and five arguments.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Reference Syntax,  Next: One Argument,  Up: xref

8.4.1 What a Reference Looks Like and Requires
----------------------------------------------

Most often, an Info cross reference looks like this:

     *Note NODE-NAME::.

or like this

     *Note CROSS-REFERENCE-NAME: NODE-NAME.

In TeX, a cross reference looks like this:

     See Section SECTION-NUMBER [NODE-NAME], page PAGE.

or like this

     See Section SECTION-NUMBER [TITLE-OR-TOPIC], page PAGE.

  The `@xref' command does not generate a period or comma to end the
cross reference in either the Info file or the printed output.  You
must write that period or comma yourself; otherwise, Info will not
recognize the end of the reference.  (The `@pxref' command works
differently.  *Note `@pxref': pxref.)

     Caution: A period or comma *must* follow the closing brace of an
     `@xref'.  It is required to terminate the cross reference.  This
     period or comma will appear in the output, both in the Info file
     and in the printed manual.

  `@xref' must refer to an Info node by name.  Use `@node' to define
the node (*note Writing a Node::).

  `@xref' is followed by several arguments inside braces, separated by
commas.  Whitespace before and after these commas is ignored.

  A cross reference requires only the name of a node; but it may contain
up to four additional arguments.  Each of these variations produces a
cross reference that looks somewhat different.

     Note: Commas separate arguments in a cross reference; avoid
     including them in the title or other part lest the formatters
     mistake them for separators.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: One Argument,  Next: Two Arguments,  Prev: Reference Syntax,  Up: xref

8.4.2 `@xref' with One Argument
-------------------------------

The simplest form of `@xref' takes one argument, the name of another
node in the same Info file.    The Info formatters produce output that
the Info readers can use to jump to the reference; TeX produces output
that specifies the page and section number for you.

For example,

     @xref{Tropical Storms}.

produces

     *Note Tropical Storms::.

and

     See Section 3.1 [Tropical Storms], page 24.

(Note that in the preceding example the closing brace is followed by a
period.)

  You can write a clause after the cross reference, like this:

     @xref{Tropical Storms}, for more info.

which produces

     *Note Tropical Storms::, for more info.

and

     See Section 3.1 [Tropical Storms], page 24, for more info.

(Note that in the preceding example the closing brace is followed by a
comma, and then by the clause, which is followed by a period.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Two Arguments,  Next: Three Arguments,  Prev: One Argument,  Up: xref

8.4.3 `@xref' with Two Arguments
--------------------------------

With two arguments, the second is used as the name of the Info cross
reference, while the first is still the name of the node to which the
cross reference points.

The template is like this:

     @xref{NODE-NAME, CROSS-REFERENCE-NAME}.

For example,

     @xref{Electrical Effects, Lightning}.

produces:

     *Note Lightning: Electrical Effects.

and

     See Section 5.2 [Electrical Effects], page 57.

(Note that in the preceding example the closing brace is followed by a
period; and that the node name is printed, not the cross reference
name.)

  You can write a clause after the cross reference, like this:

     @xref{Electrical Effects, Lightning}, for more info.

which produces
     *Note Lightning: Electrical Effects, for more info.

and

     See Section 5.2 [Electrical Effects], page 57, for more info.

(Note that in the preceding example the closing brace is followed by a
comma, and then by the clause, which is followed by a period.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Three Arguments,  Next: Four and Five Arguments,  Prev: Two Arguments,  Up: xref

8.4.4 `@xref' with Three Arguments
----------------------------------

A third argument replaces the node name in the TeX output.  The third
argument should be the name of the section in the printed output, or
else state the topic discussed by that section.  Often, you will want to
use initial upper case letters so it will be easier to read when the
reference is printed.  Use a third argument when the node name is
unsuitable because of syntax or meaning.

  Remember to avoid placing a comma within the title or topic section of
a cross reference, or within any other section.  The formatters divide
cross references into arguments according to the commas; a comma within
a title or other section will divide it into two arguments.  In a
reference, you need to write a title such as "Clouds, Mist, and Fog"
without the commas.

  Also, remember to write a comma or period after the closing brace of
an `@xref' to terminate the cross reference.  In the following
examples, a clause follows a terminating comma.

The template is like this:

     @xref{NODE-NAME, CROSS-REFERENCE-NAME, TITLE-OR-TOPIC}.

For example,

     @xref{Electrical Effects, Lightning, Thunder and Lightning},
     for details.

produces

     *Note Lightning: Electrical Effects, for details.

and

     See Section 5.2 [Thunder and Lightning], page 57, for details.

  If a third argument is given and the second one is empty, then the
third argument serves both.  (Note how two commas, side by side, mark
the empty second argument.)

     @xref{Electrical Effects, , Thunder and Lightning},
     for details.

produces

     *Note Thunder and Lightning: Electrical Effects, for details.

and

     See Section 5.2 [Thunder and Lightning], page 57, for details.

  As a practical matter, it is often best to write cross references with
just the first argument if the node name and the section title are the
same, and with the first and third arguments if the node name and title
are different.

  Here are several examples from `The GNU Awk User's Guide':

     @xref{Sample Program}.
     @xref{Glossary}.
     @xref{Case-sensitivity, ,Case-sensitivity in Matching}.
     @xref{Close Output, , Closing Output Files and Pipes},
       for more information.
     @xref{Regexp, , Regular Expressions as Patterns}.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Four and Five Arguments,  Prev: Three Arguments,  Up: xref

8.4.5 `@xref' with Four and Five Arguments
------------------------------------------

In a cross reference, a fourth argument specifies the name of another
Info file, different from the file in which the reference appears, and
a fifth argument specifies its title as a printed manual.

  Remember that a comma or period must follow the closing brace of an
`@xref' command to terminate the cross reference.  In the following
examples, a clause follows a terminating comma.

The template is:

     @xref{NODE-NAME, CROSS-REFERENCE-NAME, TITLE-OR-TOPIC,
     INFO-FILE-NAME, PRINTED-MANUAL-TITLE}.

For example,

     @xref{Electrical Effects, Lightning, Thunder and Lightning,
     weather, An Introduction to Meteorology}, for details.

produces

     *Note Lightning: (weather)Electrical Effects, for details.

The name of the Info file is enclosed in parentheses and precedes the
name of the node.

In a printed manual, the reference looks like this:

     See section "Thunder and Lightning" in An Introduction to
     Meteorology, for details.

The title of the printed manual is typeset in italics; and the
reference lacks a page number since TeX cannot know to which page a
reference refers when that reference is to another manual.

  Often, you will leave out the second argument when you use the long
version of `@xref'.  In this case, the third argument, the topic
description, will be used as the cross reference name in Info.

The template looks like this:

     @xref{NODE-NAME, , TITLE-OR-TOPIC, INFO-FILE-NAME,
     PRINTED-MANUAL-TITLE}, for details.

which produces

     *Note TITLE-OR-TOPIC: (INFO-FILE-NAME)NODE-NAME, for details.

and

     See section TITLE-OR-TOPIC in PRINTED-MANUAL-TITLE, for details.

For example,

     @xref{Electrical Effects, , Thunder and Lightning,
     weather, An Introduction to Meteorology}, for details.

produces

     *Note Thunder and Lightning: (weather)Electrical Effects,
     for details.

and

     See section "Thunder and Lightning" in An Introduction to
     Meteorology, for details.

  On rare occasions, you may want to refer to another Info file that is
within a single printed manual--when multiple Texinfo files are
incorporated into the same TeX run but make separate Info files.  In
this case, you need to specify only the fourth argument, and not the
fifth.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Top Node Naming,  Next: ref,  Prev: xref,  Up: Cross References

8.5 Naming a `Top' Node
=======================

In a cross reference, you must always name a node.  This means that in
order to refer to a whole manual, you must identify the `Top' node by
writing it as the first argument to the `@xref' command.  (This is
different from the way you write a menu entry; see *Note Referring to
Other Info Files: Other Info Files.)  At the same time, to provide a
meaningful section topic or title in the printed cross reference
(instead of the word `Top'), you must write an appropriate entry for
the third argument to the `@xref' command.

Thus, to make a cross reference to `The GNU Make Manual', write:

     @xref{Top, , Overview, make, The GNU Make Manual}.

which produces

     *Note Overview: (make)Top.

and

     See section "Overview" in The GNU Make Manual.

In this example, `Top' is the name of the first node, and `Overview' is
the name of the first section of the manual.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: ref,  Next: pxref,  Prev: Top Node Naming,  Up: Cross References

8.6 `@ref'
==========

`@ref' is nearly the same as `@xref' except that it does not generate a
`See' in the printed output, just the reference itself.  This makes it
useful as the last part of a sentence.

For example,

     For more information, see @ref{Hurricanes}.

produces (in Info):

     For more information, see *Note Hurricanes::.

and (in printed output):

     For more information, see Section 8.2 [Hurricanes], page 123.

  The `@ref' command sometimes tempts writers to express themselves in
a manner that is suitable for a printed manual but looks awkward in the
Info format.  Bear in mind that your audience will be using both the
printed and the Info format.  For example:

     Sea surges are described in @ref{Hurricanes}.

looks ok in the printed output:

     Sea surges are described in Section 6.7 [Hurricanes], page 72.

but is awkward to read in Info:

     Sea surges are described in *Note Hurricanes::.

  As a general rule, you should write a period or comma immediately
after an `@ref' command with two or more arguments.

  If there is no such following punctuation, `makeinfo' will generate a
(grammatically incorrect) period in the Info output; otherwise, the
cross-reference would fail completely, due to the current syntax of
Info format.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: pxref,  Next: inforef,  Prev: ref,  Up: Cross References

8.7 `@pxref'
============

The parenthetical reference command, `@pxref', is nearly the same as
`@xref', but you use it _only_ inside parentheses and you do _not_ type
a comma or period (or anything else) after the command's closing brace.
The command differs from `@xref' in two ways:

  1. TeX typesets the reference for the printed manual with a lower case
     `see' rather than an upper case `See'.

  2. The Info formatting commands automatically end the reference with a
     closing colon or period.

  Because one type of formatting automatically inserts closing
punctuation and the other does not, you should use `@pxref' _only_
inside parentheses as part of another sentence.  Also, you yourself
should not insert punctuation after the reference (or any other text),
as you do with `@xref'.  In the Info output, such text would follow a
period, which is grammatically wrong.

  `@pxref' is designed so that the output looks right and works right
between parentheses both in printed output and in an Info file.  In a
printed manual, a closing comma or period should not follow a cross
reference within parentheses; such punctuation is wrong.  But in an
Info file, suitable closing punctuation must follow the cross reference
so Info can recognize its end.  `@pxref' spares you the need to use
complicated methods to put a terminator into one form of the output and
not the other.

With one argument, a parenthetical cross reference looks like this:

     ... storms cause flooding (@pxref{Hurricanes}) ...

which produces

     ... storms cause flooding (*Note Hurricanes::) ...

and

     ... storms cause flooding (see Section 6.7 [Hurricanes], page 72)
     ...

  With two arguments, a parenthetical cross reference has this template:

     ... (@pxref{NODE-NAME, CROSS-REFERENCE-NAME}) ...

which produces

     ... (*Note CROSS-REFERENCE-NAME: NODE-NAME.) ...

and

     ... (see Section NNN [NODE-NAME], page PPP) ...

  `@pxref' can be used with up to five arguments just like `@xref'
(*note `@xref': xref.).

     Caution: Use `@pxref' only as a parenthetical reference.  Do not
     try to use `@pxref' as a clause in a sentence.  It will look bad
     in either the Info file, the printed output, or both.

  Parenthetical cross references look best at the ends of sentences.
Although they technically work in the middle of a sentence, that
location breaks up the flow of reading.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: inforef,  Next: uref,  Prev: pxref,  Up: Cross References

8.8 `@inforef'
==============

`@inforef' is used for making cross references to Info documents--even
from a printed manual.  This might be because you want to refer to
conditional `@ifinfo' text (*note Conditionals::), or because printed
output is not available (perhaps because there is no Texinfo source),
among other possibilities.

  The command takes either two or three arguments, in the following
order:

  1. The node name.

  2. The cross reference name (optional).

  3. The Info file name.

Separate the arguments with commas, as with `@xref'.  Also, you must
terminate the reference with a comma or period after the `}', as you do
with `@xref'.

The template is:

     @inforef{NODE-NAME, CROSS-REFERENCE-NAME, INFO-FILE-NAME},

For example,

     @inforef{Advanced, Advanced Info commands, info},
     for more information.

produces (in Info):

     *Note Advanced Info commands: (info)Advanced,
     for more information.

and (in the printed output):

     See Info file `info', node `Advanced', for more information.

  (This particular example is not realistic, since the Info manual is
written in Texinfo, so all formats are available.)

  The converse of `@inforef' is `@cite', which is used to refer to
printed works for which no Info form exists.  *Note `@cite': cite.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: uref,  Prev: inforef,  Up: Cross References

8.9 `@url', `@uref{URL[, TEXT][, REPLACEMENT]}'
===============================================

`@uref' produces a reference to a uniform resource locator (url).  It
takes one mandatory argument, the url, and two optional arguments which
control the text that is displayed.  In HTML output, `@uref' produces a
link you can follow.

  `@url' is a synonym for `@uref'.  Originally, `@url' had the meaning
of `@indicateurl' (*note `@indicateurl': indicateurl.), but in actual
practice it was misused the vast majority of the time.  So we've
changed the definitions.

  The second argument, if specified, is the text to display (the default
is the url itself); in Info and DVI output, but not in HTML output, the
url is also output.

  The third argument, if specified, is the text to display, but in this
case the url is _not_ output in any format.  This is useful when the
text is already sufficiently referential, as in a man page.  If the
third argument is given, the second argument is ignored.

  If the url is long enough to cause problems with line breaking, you
may find it useful to insert `@/' at places where a line break would be
acceptable (after `/' characters, for instance).  This tells TeX to
allow (but not force) a line break at those places.  *Note Line
Breaks::.

  Here is an example of the simple one argument form, where the url is
both the target and the text of the link:

     The official GNU ftp site is @uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu}.

produces:
     The official GNU ftp site is `ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu'.

  An example of the two-argument form:
     The official @uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu, GNU ftp site}
     holds programs and texts.

produces:
     The official GNU ftp site (ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu)
     holds programs and texts.

that is, the Info output is this:
     The official GNU ftp site (ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu)
     holds programs and texts.

and the HTML output is this:
     The official <a href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu">GNU ftp site</a>
     holds programs and texts.

  An example of the three-argument form:
     The @uref{/man.cgi/1/ls,,ls(1)} program ...

produces:
     The ls(1) program ...

but with HTML:
     The <a href="/man.cgi/1/ls">ls(1)</a> program ...

  To merely indicate a url without creating a link people can follow,
use `@indicateurl' (*note `@indicateurl': indicateurl.).

  Some people prefer to display url's in the unambiguous format:

     <URL:http://HOST/PATH>

You can use this form in the input file if you wish.  We feel it's not
necessary to include the `<URL:' and `>' in the output, since any
software that tries to detect url's in text already has to detect them
without the `<URL:' to be useful.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Marking Text,  Next: Quotations and Examples,  Prev: Cross References,  Up: Top

9 Marking Words and Phrases
***************************

In Texinfo, you can mark words and phrases in a variety of ways.  The
Texinfo formatters use this information to determine how to highlight
the text.  You can specify, for example, whether a word or phrase is a
defining occurrence, a metasyntactic variable, or a symbol used in a
program.  Also, you can emphasize text, in several different ways.

* Menu:

* Indicating::                  How to indicate definitions, files, etc.
* Emphasis::                    How to emphasize text.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Indicating,  Next: Emphasis,  Up: Marking Text

9.1 Indicating Definitions, Commands, etc.
==========================================

Texinfo has commands for indicating just what kind of object a piece of
text refers to.  For example, metasyntactic variables are marked by
`@var', and code by `@code'.  Since the pieces of text are labelled by
commands that tell what kind of object they are, it is easy to change
the way the Texinfo formatters prepare such text.  (Texinfo is an
_intentional_ formatting language rather than a _typesetting_
formatting language.)

  For example, in a printed manual, code is usually illustrated in a
typewriter font; `@code' tells TeX to typeset this text in this font.
But it would be easy to change the way TeX highlights code to use
another font, and this change would not affect how keystroke examples
are highlighted.  If straight typesetting commands were used in the body
of the file and you wanted to make a change, you would need to check
every single occurrence to make sure that you were changing code and
not something else that should not be changed.

* Menu:

* Useful Highlighting::         Highlighting provides useful information.
* code::                        Indicating program code.
* kbd::                         Showing keyboard input.
* key::                         Specifying keys.
* samp::                        Indicating a literal sequence of characters.
* verb::                        Indicating a verbatim sequence of characters.
* var::                         Indicating metasyntactic variables.
* env::                         Indicating environment variables.
* file::                        Indicating file names.
* command::                     Indicating command names.
* option::                      Indicating option names.
* dfn::                         Specifying definitions.
* cite::                        Referring to books not in the Info system.
* abbr::                        Indicating abbreviations.
* acronym::                     Indicating acronyms.
* indicateurl::                 Indicating an example URL.
* email::                       Indicating an electronic mail address.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Useful Highlighting,  Next: code,  Up: Indicating

9.1.1 Highlighting Commands are Useful
--------------------------------------

The highlighting commands can be used to extract useful information
from the file, such as lists of functions or file names.  It is
possible, for example, to write a program in Emacs Lisp (or a keyboard
macro) to insert an index entry after every paragraph that contains
words or phrases marked by a specified command.  You could do this to
construct an index of functions if you had not already made the entries.

  The commands serve a variety of purposes:

`@code{SAMPLE-CODE}'
     Indicate text that is a literal example of a piece of a program.
     *Note `@code': code.

`@kbd{KEYBOARD-CHARACTERS}'
     Indicate keyboard input.  *Note `@kbd': kbd.

`@key{KEY-NAME}'
     Indicate the conventional name for a key on a keyboard.  *Note
     `@key': key.

`@samp{TEXT}'
     Indicate text that is a literal example of a sequence of
     characters.  *Note `@samp': samp.

`@verb{TEXT}'
     Write a verbatim sequence of characters.  *Note `@verb': verb.

`@var{METASYNTACTIC-VARIABLE}'
     Indicate a metasyntactic variable.  *Note `@var': var.

`@env{ENVIRONMENT-VARIABLE}'
     Indicate an environment variable.  *Note `@kenv': env.

`@file{FILE-NAME}'
     Indicate the name of a file.  *Note `@file': file.

`@command{COMMAND-NAME}'
     Indicate the name of a command.  *Note `@command': command.

`@option{OPTION}'
     Indicate a command-line option.  *Note `@option': option.

`@dfn{TERM}'
     Indicate the introductory or defining use of a term.  *Note
     `@dfn': dfn.

`@cite{REFERENCE}'
     Indicate the name of a book.  *Note `@cite': cite.

`@abbr{ABBREVIATION}'
     Indicate an abbreviation.

`@acronym{ACRONYM}'
     Indicate an acronym.  *Note `@acronym': acronym.

`@indicateurl{UNIFORM-RESOURCE-LOCATOR}'
     Indicate an example (that is, nonfunctional) uniform resource
     locator.  *Note `@indicateurl': indicateurl.  (Use `@url' (*note
     `@url': uref.) for live url's.)

`@email{EMAIL-ADDRESS[, DISPLAYED-TEXT]}'
     Indicate an electronic mail address.  *Note `@email': email.



File: texinfo.info,  Node: code,  Next: kbd,  Prev: Useful Highlighting,  Up: Indicating

9.1.2 `@code'{SAMPLE-CODE}
--------------------------

Use the `@code' command to indicate text that is a piece of a program
and which consists of entire syntactic tokens.  Enclose the text in
braces.

  Thus, you should use `@code' for an expression in a program, for the
name of a variable or function used in a program, or for a keyword in a
programming language.

  Use `@code' for command names in languages that resemble programming
languages, such as Texinfo.  For example, `@code' and `@samp' are
produced by writing `@code{@@code}' and `@code{@@samp}' in the Texinfo
source, respectively.

  It is incorrect to alter the case of a word inside an `@code' command
when it appears at the beginning of a sentence.  Most computer
languages are case sensitive.  In C, for example, `Printf' is different
from the identifier `printf', and most likely is a misspelling of it.
Even in languages which are not case sensitive, it is confusing to a
human reader to see identifiers spelled in different ways.  Pick one
spelling and always use that.  If you do not want to start a sentence
with a command name written all in lower case, you should rearrange the
sentence.

  In the printed manual, `@code' causes TeX to typeset the argument in
a typewriter face.  In the Info file, it causes the Info formatting
commands to use single quotation marks around the text.

  For example,

     The function returns @code{nil}.

produces this in the printed manual:

     The function returns `nil'.

  Here are some cases for which it is preferable not to use `@code':

   * For shell command names such as `ls' (use `@command').

   * For shell options such as `-c' when such options stand alone (use
     `@option').

   * Also, an entire shell command often looks better if written using
     `@samp' rather than `@code'.  In this case, the rule is to choose
     the more pleasing format.

   * For environment variable such as `TEXINPUTS' (use `@env').

   * For a string of characters shorter than a syntactic token.  For
     example, if you are writing about `goto-ch', which is just a part
     of the name for the `goto-char' Emacs Lisp function, you should use
     `@samp'.

   * In general, when writing about the characters used in a token; for
     example, do not use `@code' when you are explaining what letters
     or printable symbols can be used in the names of functions.  (Use
     `@samp'.)  Also, you should not use `@code' to mark text that is
     considered input to programs unless the input is written in a
     language that is like a programming language.  For example, you
     should not use `@code' for the keystroke commands of GNU Emacs (use
     `@kbd' instead) although you may use `@code' for the names of the
     Emacs Lisp functions that the keystroke commands invoke.


  Since `@command', `@option', and `@env' were introduced relatively
recently, it is acceptable to use `@code' or `@samp' for command names,
options, and environment variables.  The new commands allow you to
express the markup more precisely, but there is no real harm in using
the older commands, and of course the long-standing manuals do so.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: kbd,  Next: key,  Prev: code,  Up: Indicating

9.1.3 `@kbd'{KEYBOARD-CHARACTERS}
---------------------------------

Use the `@kbd' command for characters of input to be typed by users.
For example, to refer to the characters `M-a', write:

     @kbd{M-a}

and to refer to the characters `M-x shell', write:

     @kbd{M-x shell}

  By default, the `@kbd' command produces a different font (slanted
typewriter instead of normal typewriter) in the printed manual, so
users can distinguish the characters that they are supposed to type
from those that the computer outputs.

  In Info output, `@kbd' is usually the same as `@code', producing
`quotes' around its argument.  However, in typewriter-like contexts
such as the `@example' environment (*note example::) and `@code'
command itself, the quotes are omitted, since Info format cannot use
distinguishing fonts.

  Since the usage of `@kbd' varies from manual to manual, you can
control the font switching with the `@kbdinputstyle' command.  This
command has no effect on Info output.  Write this command at the
beginning of a line with a single word as an argument, one of the
following:

`code'
     Always use the same font for `@kbd' as `@code'.

`example'
     Use the distinguishing font for `@kbd' only in `@example' and
     similar environments.

`distinct'
     (the default) Always use the distinguishing font for `@kbd'.

  You can embed another @-command inside the braces of an `@kbd'
command.  Here, for example, is the way to describe a command that
would be described more verbosely as "press the `r' key and then press
the <RETURN> key":

     @kbd{r @key{RET}}

This produces: `r <RET>'.  (The present manual accepts the default for
`@kbdinputstyle'.)

  You also use the `@kbd' command if you are spelling out the letters
you type; for example:

     To give the @code{logout} command,
     type the characters @kbd{l o g o u t @key{RET}}.

This produces:

     To give the `logout' command, type the characters `l o g o u t
     <RET>'.

  (Also, this example shows that you can add spaces for clarity.  If you
explicitly want to mention a space character as one of the characters of
input, write `@key{SPC}' for it.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: key,  Next: samp,  Prev: kbd,  Up: Indicating

9.1.4 `@key'{KEY-NAME}
----------------------

Use the `@key' command for the conventional name for a key on a
keyboard, as in:

     @key{RET}

  You can use the `@key' command within the argument of an `@kbd'
command when the sequence of characters to be typed includes one or
more keys that are described by name.

  For example, to produce `C-x <ESC>' you would type:

     @kbd{C-x @key{ESC}}

  Here is a list of the recommended names for keys: 

    SPC
          Space

    RET
          Return

    LFD
          Linefeed (however, since most keyboards nowadays do not have
          a Linefeed key, it might be better to call this character
          `C-j'.

    TAB
          Tab

    BS
          Backspace

    ESC
          Escape

    DEL
          Delete

    SHIFT
          Shift

    CTRL
          Control

    META
          Meta

  There are subtleties to handling words like `meta' or `ctrl' that are
names of modifier keys.  When mentioning a character in which the
modifier key is used, such as `Meta-a', use the `@kbd' command alone;
do not use the `@key' command; but when you are referring to the
modifier key in isolation, use the `@key' command.  For example, write
`@kbd{Meta-a}' to produce `Meta-a' and `@key{META}' to produce <META>.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: samp,  Next: verb,  Prev: key,  Up: Indicating

9.1.5 `@samp'{TEXT}
-------------------

Use the `@samp' command to indicate text that is a literal example or
`sample' of a sequence of characters in a file, string, pattern, etc.
Enclose the text in braces.  The argument appears within single
quotation marks in both the Info file and the printed manual; in
addition, it is printed in a fixed-width font.

     To match @samp{foo} at the end of the line,
     use the regexp @samp{foo$}.

produces

     To match `foo' at the end of the line, use the regexp `foo$'.

  Any time you are referring to single characters, you should use
`@samp' unless `@kbd' or `@key' is more appropriate.  Also, you may use
`@samp' for entire statements in C and for entire shell commands--in
this case, `@samp' often looks better than `@code'.  Basically, `@samp'
is a catchall for whatever is not covered by `@code', `@kbd', or `@key'.

  Only include punctuation marks within braces if they are part of the
string you are specifying.  Write punctuation marks outside the braces
if those punctuation marks are part of the English text that surrounds
the string.  In the following sentence, for example, the commas and
period are outside of the braces:

     In English, the vowels are @samp{a}, @samp{e},
     @samp{i}, @samp{o}, @samp{u}, and sometimes
     @samp{y}.

This produces:

     In English, the vowels are `a', `e', `i', `o', `u',  and sometimes
     `y'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: verb,  Next: var,  Prev: samp,  Up: Indicating

9.1.6 `@verb'{<char>TEXT<char>}
-------------------------------

Use the `@verb' command to print a verbatim sequence of characters.

  Like LaTeX's `\verb' command, the verbatim text can be quoted using
any unique delimiter character.  Enclose the verbatim text, including
the delimiters, in braces.  Text is printed in a fixed-width font:

     How many @verb{|@|}-escapes does one need to print this
     @verb{.@a @b @c.} string or @verb{+@'e?`!`{}\+} this?

produces

     How many @-escapes does one need to print this
     @a @b @c string or these @'e?`{}!`\ this?

  This is in contrast to `@samp' (see the previous section), `@code',
and similar commands; in those cases, the argument is normal Texinfo
text, where the three characters `@{}' are special.  With `@verb',
nothing is special except the delimiter character you choose.

  It is not reliable to use `@verb' inside other Texinfo constructs.
In particular, it does not work to use `@verb' in anything related to
cross-referencing, such as section titles or figure captions.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: var,  Next: env,  Prev: verb,  Up: Indicating

9.1.7 `@var'{METASYNTACTIC-VARIABLE}
------------------------------------

Use the `@var' command to indicate metasyntactic variables.  A
"metasyntactic variable" is something that stands for another piece of
text.  For example, you should use a metasyntactic variable in the
documentation of a function to describe the arguments that are passed
to that function.

  Do not use `@var' for the names of particular variables in
programming languages.  These are specific names from a program, so
`@code' is correct for them (*note code::).  For example, the Emacs
Lisp variable `texinfo-tex-command' is not a metasyntactic variable; it
is properly formatted using `@code'.

  Do not use `@var' for environment variables either; `@env' is correct
for them (see the next section).

  The effect of `@var' in the Info file is to change the case of the
argument to all upper case.  In the printed manual and HTML output, the
argument is printed in slanted type.

  For example,

     To delete file @var{filename},
     type @samp{rm @var{filename}}.

produces

     To delete file FILENAME, type `rm FILENAME'.

(Note that `@var' may appear inside `@code', `@samp', `@file', etc.)

  Write a metasyntactic variable all in lower case without spaces, and
use hyphens to make it more readable.  Thus, the Texinfo source for the
illustration of how to begin a Texinfo manual looks like this:

     \input texinfo
     @@setfilename @var{info-file-name}
     @@settitle @var{name-of-manual}

This produces:

     \input texinfo
     @setfilename INFO-FILE-NAME
     @settitle NAME-OF-MANUAL

  In some documentation styles, metasyntactic variables are shown with
angle brackets, for example:

     ..., type rm <filename>

However, that is not the style that Texinfo uses.  (You can, of course,
modify the sources to `texinfo.tex' and the Info formatting commands to
output the `<...>' format if you wish.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: env,  Next: file,  Prev: var,  Up: Indicating

9.1.8 `@env'{ENVIRONMENT-VARIABLE}
----------------------------------

Use the `@env' command to indicate environment variables, as used by
many operating systems, including GNU.  Do not use it for metasyntactic
variables; use `@var' instead (see the previous section).

  `@env' is equivalent to `@code' in its effects.  For example:

     The @env{PATH} environment variable ...
  produces

     The `PATH' environment variable ...


File: texinfo.info,  Node: file,  Next: command,  Prev: env,  Up: Indicating

9.1.9 `@file'{FILE-NAME}
------------------------

Use the `@file' command to indicate text that is the name of a file,
buffer, or directory, or is the name of a node in Info.  You can also
use the command for file name suffixes.  Do not use `@file' for symbols
in a programming language; use `@code'.

  Currently, `@file' is equivalent to `@samp' in its effects.  For
example,

     The @file{.el} files are in
     the @file{/usr/local/emacs/lisp} directory.

produces

     The `.el' files are in the `/usr/local/emacs/lisp' directory.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: command,  Next: option,  Prev: file,  Up: Indicating

9.1.10 `@command'{COMMAND-NAME}
-------------------------------

Use the `@command' command to indicate command names, such as `ls' or
`cc'.

  `@command' is equivalent to `@code' in its effects.  For example:

     The command @command{ls} lists directory contents.
  produces

     The command `ls' lists directory contents.

  You should write the name of a program in the ordinary text font,
rather than using `@command', if you regard it as a new English word,
such as `Emacs' or `Bison'.

  When writing an entire shell command invocation, as in `ls -l', you
should use either `@samp' or `@code' at your discretion.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: option,  Next: dfn,  Prev: command,  Up: Indicating

9.1.11 `@option'{OPTION-NAME}
-----------------------------

Use the `@option' command to indicate a command-line option; for
example, `-l' or `--version' or `--output=FILENAME'.

  `@option' is equivalent to `@samp' in its effects.  For example:

     The option @option{-l} produces a long listing.
  produces

     The option `-l' produces a long listing.

  In tables, putting options inside `@code' produces a more pleasing
effect.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: dfn,  Next: cite,  Prev: option,  Up: Indicating

9.1.12 `@dfn'{TERM}
-------------------

Use the `@dfn' command to identify the introductory or defining use of
a technical term.  Use the command only in passages whose purpose is to
introduce a term which will be used again or which the reader ought to
know.  Mere passing mention of a term for the first time does not
deserve `@dfn'.  The command generates italics in the printed manual,
and double quotation marks in the Info file.  For example:

     Getting rid of a file is called @dfn{deleting} it.

produces

     Getting rid of a file is called "deleting" it.

  As a general rule, a sentence containing the defining occurrence of a
term should be a definition of the term.  The sentence does not need to
say explicitly that it is a definition, but it should contain the
information of a definition--it should make the meaning clear.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: cite,  Next: abbr,  Prev: dfn,  Up: Indicating

9.1.13 `@cite'{REFERENCE}
-------------------------

Use the `@cite' command for the name of a book that lacks a companion
Info file.  The command produces italics in the printed manual, and
quotation marks in the Info file.

  If a book is written in Texinfo, it is better to use a cross reference
command since a reader can easily follow such a reference in Info.
*Note `@xref': xref.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: abbr,  Next: acronym,  Prev: cite,  Up: Indicating

9.1.14 `@abbr'{ABBREVIATION[, MEANING]}
---------------------------------------

You can use the `@abbr' command for general abbreviations.  The
abbreviation is given as the single argument in braces, as in
`@abbr{Comput.}'.  As a matter of style, or for particular
abbreviations, you may prefer to omit periods, as in `@abbr{Mr}
Stallman'.

  `@abbr' accepts an optional second argument, intended to be used for
the meaning of the abbreviation.

  If the abbreviation ends with a lowercase letter and a period, and is
not at the end of a sentence, and has no second argument, remember to
use the `@.' command (*note Not Ending a Sentence::) to get the correct
spacing.  However, you do not have to use `@.' within the abbreviation
itself; Texinfo automatically assumes periods within the abbreivation
do not end a sentence.

  In TeX and in the Info output, the first argument is printed as-is;
if the second argument is present, it is printed in parentheses after
the abbreviation.  In HTML and XML, the `<abbr>' tag is used; in
Docbook, the `<abbrev>' tag is used.  For instance:

     @abbr{Comput. J., Computer Journal}

produces:

     Comput. J. (Computer Journal)

  For abbreviations consisting of all capital letters, you may prefer to
use the `@acronym' command instead.  See the next section for more on
the usage of these two commands.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: acronym,  Next: indicateurl,  Prev: abbr,  Up: Indicating

9.1.15 `@acronym'{ACRONYM[, MEANING]}
-------------------------------------

Use the `@acronym' command for abbreviations written in all capital
letters, such as `NASA'.  The abbreviation is given as the single
argument in braces, as in `@acronym{NASA}'.  As a matter of style, or
for particular acronyms, you may prefer to use periods, as in
`@acronym{N.A.S.A.}'.

  `@acronym' accepts an optional second argument, intended to be used
for the meaning of the acronym.

  If the acronym is at the end of a sentence, and if there is no second
argument, remember to use the `@.' or similar command (*note Ending a
Sentence::) to get the correct spacing.

  In TeX, the acronym is printed in slightly smaller font.  In the Info
output, the argument is printed as-is.  In either format, if the second
argument is present, it is printed in parentheses after the acronym.
In HTML, Docbook, and XML, the `<acronym>' tag is used.

  For instance (since GNU is a recursive acronym, we use `@acronym'
recursively):

     @acronym{GNU, @acronym{GNU}'s Not Unix}

produces:

     GNU (@acronym{GNU}'s Not Unix)

  In some circumstances, it is conventional to print family names in all
capitals.  Don't use `@acronym' for this, since a name is not an
acronym.  Use `@sc' instead (*note Smallcaps::).

  `@abbr' and `@acronym' are closely related commands: they both signal
to the reader that a shortened form is being used, and possibly give a
meaning.  When choosing whether to use these two commands, please bear
the following in mind.

   - In standard English usage, acronyms are a subset of abbreviations:
     they include pronounceable words like `NATO', `radar', and
     `snafu', and some sources also include syllable acronyms like
     `Usenet', hybrids like `SIGGRAPH', and unpronounceable initialisms
     like `FBI'.

   - In Texinfo, an acronym (but not an abbreviation) should consist
     only of capital letters and periods, no lowercase.

   - In TeX, an acronym (but not an abbreviation) is printed in a
     slightly smaller font.

   - Some browsers place a dotted bottom border under abbreviations but
     not acronyms.

   - It's not essential to use these commands for all abbreviations.
     Text is perfectly readable without them, and for common
     abbreviations like `etc.', we consider them to be overkill.



File: texinfo.info,  Node: indicateurl,  Next: email,  Prev: acronym,  Up: Indicating

9.1.16 `@indicateurl'{UNIFORM-RESOURCE-LOCATOR}
-----------------------------------------------

Use the `@indicateurl' command to indicate a uniform resource locator
on the World Wide Web.  This is analogous to `@file', `@var', etc., and
is purely for markup purposes.  It does not produce a link you can
follow in HTML output (use the `@uref' command for that, *note `@uref':
uref.).  It is useful for url's which do not actually exist.  For
example:

     For example, the url might be @indicateurl{http://example.org/path}.

which produces:

     For example, the url might be <http://example.org/path>.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: email,  Prev: indicateurl,  Up: Indicating

9.1.17 `@email'{EMAIL-ADDRESS[, DISPLAYED-TEXT]}
------------------------------------------------

Use the `@email' command to indicate an electronic mail address.  It
takes one mandatory argument, the address, and one optional argument,
the text to display (the default is the address itself).

  In Info, the address is shown in angle brackets, preceded by the text
to display if any.  In TeX, the angle brackets are omitted.  In HTML
output, `@email' produces a `mailto' link that usually brings up a mail
composition window.  For example:

     Send bug reports to @email{bug-texinfo@@gnu.org},
     suggestions to the @email{bug-texinfo@@gnu.org, same place}.
  produces
     Send bug reports to <bug-texinfo@gnu.org>,
     suggestions to the same place <bug-texinfo@gnu.org>.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Emphasis,  Prev: Indicating,  Up: Marking Text

9.2 Emphasizing Text
====================

Usually, Texinfo changes the font to mark words in the text according to
what category the words belong to; an example is the `@code' command.
Most often, this is the best way to mark words.  However, sometimes you
will want to emphasize text without indicating a category.  Texinfo has
two commands to do this.  Also, Texinfo has several commands that
specify the font in which TeX will typeset text.  These commands have
no effect on Info and only one of them, the `@r' command, has any
regular use.

* Menu:

* emph & strong::               How to emphasize text in Texinfo.
* Smallcaps::                   How to use the small caps font.
* Fonts::                       Various font commands for printed output.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: emph & strong,  Next: Smallcaps,  Up: Emphasis

9.2.1 `@emph'{TEXT} and `@strong'{TEXT}
---------------------------------------

The `@emph' and `@strong' commands are for emphasis; `@strong' is
stronger.  In printed output, `@emph' produces _italics_ and `@strong'
produces *bold*.

  For example,

     @strong{Caution:} @samp{rm * .[^.]*}
     removes @emph{all} files in the directory.

produces the following in printed output and HTML:

     *Caution*: `rm * .[^.]*' removes _all_ files in the directory.

and the following in Info:

     *Caution:* `rm * .[^.]*' removes _all_
     files in the directory.

  The `@strong' command is seldom used except to mark what is, in
effect, a typographical element, such as the word `Caution' in the
preceding example.

  In the Info output, `@emph' surrounds the text with underscores
(`_'), and `@strong' puts asterisks around the text.

     Caution: Do not use `@strong' with the word `Note'; Info will
     mistake the combination for a cross reference.  (It's usually
     redundant, anyway.)  Use a phrase such as *Please notice* or
     *Caution* instead, or the optional argument to
     `@quotation'--`Note' is allowable there.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Smallcaps,  Next: Fonts,  Prev: emph & strong,  Up: Emphasis

9.2.2 `@sc'{TEXT}: The Small Caps Font
--------------------------------------

Use the `@sc' command to set text in A SMALL CAPS FONT (where
possible).  Write the text you want to be in small caps between braces
in lower case, like this:

     Richard @sc{Stallman} founded @acronym{GNU}.

This produces:

     Richard STALLMAN founded GNU.

  As shown here, we recommend using `@acronym' for actual acronyms
(*note acronym::), and reserving `@sc' for special cases where you want
small caps.  The output is not the same (`@acronym' prints in a smaller
text font, not the small caps font), but more importantly it describes
the actual text more accurately.

  Family names are one case where small capitals are sometimes
desirable, also as shown here.

  TeX typesets any uppercase letters between the braces of an `@sc'
command in full-size capitals; only lowercase letters are printed in
the small caps font.  In the Info output, the argument to `@sc' is
printed in all upper case.  In HTML, the argument is uppercased and the
output marked with the `<small>' tag to reduce the font size.

  Since it's redundant to mark all-uppercase text with `@sc',
`makeinfo' warns about such usage.

  We recommend using regular mixed case wherever possible.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Fonts,  Prev: Smallcaps,  Up: Emphasis

9.2.3 Fonts for Printing, Not Info
----------------------------------

Texinfo provides a number of font commands that specify font changes in
the printed manual and (where possible) in the HTML output, but have no
effect in the Info file.  All the commands apply to an argument that
follows, surrounded by braces.

`@b'
     selects bold face;

`@i'
     selects an italic font;

`@r'
     selects a roman font, which is the usual font in which text is
     printed.  It may or may not be seriffed.

`@sansserif'
     selects a sans serif font;

`@slanted'
     rselects a slanted font;

`@t'
     selects the fixed-width, typewriter-style font used by `@code';


  (The commands with longer names were invented much later than the
others, when it did not seem desirable to use very short names for such
an infrequently needed feature.)

  Only the `@r' command has much use: in example-like environments, you
can use the `@r' command to write comments in the standard roman font
instead of the fixed-width font.  This looks better in printed output,
and produces a `<lineannotation>' tag in Docbook output.

  For example,

     @lisp
     (+ 2 2)    ; @r{Add two plus two.}
     @end lisp

produces

     (+ 2 2)    ; Add two plus two.

  In general, you should avoid using the other font commands.  Some of
them are only useful when documenting functionality with specific font
effects, such as in \TeX\ and related packages.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Quotations and Examples,  Next: Lists and Tables,  Prev: Marking Text,  Up: Top

10 Quotations and Examples
**************************

Quotations and examples are blocks of text consisting of one or more
whole paragraphs that are set off from the bulk of the text and treated
differently.  They are usually indented in the output.

  In Texinfo, you always begin a quotation or example by writing an
@-command at the beginning of a line by itself, and end it by writing
an `@end' command that is also at the beginning of a line by itself.
For instance, you begin an example by writing `@example' by itself at
the beginning of a line and end the example by writing `@end example'
on a line by itself, at the beginning of that line, and with only one
space between the `@end' and the `example'.

* Menu:

* Block Enclosing Commands::    Different constructs for different purposes.
* quotation::                   Writing a quotation.
* example::                     Writing an example in a fixed-width font.
* verbatim::                    Writing a verbatim example.
* verbatiminclude::             Including a file verbatim.
* lisp::                        Illustrating Lisp code.
* small::                       Examples in a smaller font.
* display::                     Writing an example in the current font.
* format::                      Writing an example without narrowed margins.
* exdent::                      Undo indentation on a line.
* flushleft & flushright::      Pushing text flush left or flush right.
* noindent::                    Preventing paragraph indentation.
* indent::                      Forcing paragraph indentation.
* cartouche::                   Drawing rounded rectangles around examples.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Block Enclosing Commands,  Next: quotation,  Up: Quotations and Examples

10.1 Block Enclosing Commands
=============================

Here are commands for quotations and examples, explained further in the
following sections:

`@quotation'
     Indicate text that is quoted. The text is filled, indented (from
     both margins), and printed in a roman font by default.

`@example'
     Illustrate code, commands, and the like. The text is printed in a
     fixed-width font, and indented but not filled.

`@verbatim'
     Mark a piece of text that is to be printed verbatim; no character
     substitutions are made and all commands are ignored, until the next
     `@end verbatim'.  The text is printed in a fixed-width font, and
     not indented or filled.  Extra spaces and blank lines are
     significant, and tabs are expanded.

`@smallexample'
     Same as `@example', except that in TeX this command typesets text
     in a smaller font.

`@lisp'
     Like `@example', but specifically for illustrating Lisp code. The
     text is printed in a fixed-width font, and indented but not filled.

`@smalllisp'
     Is to `@lisp' as `@smallexample' is to `@example'.

`@display'
     Display illustrative text.  The text is indented but not filled,
     and no font is selected (so, by default, the font is roman).

`@smalldisplay'
     Is to `@display' as `@smallexample' is to `@example'.

`@format'
     Like `@display' (the text is not filled and no font is selected),
     but the text is not indented.

`@smallformat'
     Is to `@format' as `@smallexample' is to `@example'.

  The `@exdent' command is used within the above constructs to undo the
indentation of a line.

  The `@flushleft' and `@flushright' commands are used to line up the
left or right margins of unfilled text.

  The `@noindent' command may be used after one of the above constructs
to prevent the following text from being indented as a new paragraph.

  You can use the `@cartouche' environment around one of the above
constructs to highlight the example or quotation by drawing a box with
rounded corners around it.  *Note Drawing Cartouches Around Examples:
cartouche.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: quotation,  Next: example,  Prev: Block Enclosing Commands,  Up: Quotations and Examples

10.2 `@quotation': Block quotations
===================================

The text of a quotation is processed normally (regular font, text is
filled) except that:

   * the margins are closer to the center of the page, so the whole of
     the quotation is indented;

   * and the first lines of paragraphs are indented no more than other
     lines.


     This is an example of text written between an `@quotation' command
     and an `@end quotation' command.  An `@quotation' command is most
     often used to indicate text that is excerpted from another (real
     or hypothetical) printed work.

  Write an `@quotation' command as text on a line by itself.  This line
will disappear from the output.  Mark the end of the quotation with a
line beginning with and containing only `@end quotation'.  The `@end
quotation' line will likewise disappear from the output.

  `@quotation' takes one optional argument, given on the remainder of
the line.  This text, if present, is included at the beginning of the
quotation in bold or otherwise emphasized, and followed with a `:'.
For example:

     @quotation Note
     This is
     a foo.
     @end quotation

produces

     Note: This is a foo.

  If the `@quotation' argument is exactly one of these words:

     Caution  Important  Note  Tip  Warning

then the Docbook output uses corresponding special tags (`<note>',
etc.) instead of the default `<blockquote>'.  HTML output always uses
`<blockquote>'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: example,  Next: verbatim,  Prev: quotation,  Up: Quotations and Examples

10.3 `@example': Example Text
=============================

The `@example' environment is used to indicate an example that is not
part of the running text, such as computer input or output.  Write an
`@example' command at the beginning of a line by itself.  Mark the end
of the example with an `@end example' command, also written at the
beginning of a line by itself.

  An `@example' environment has the following characteristics:

   * Each line in the input file is a line in the output; that is, the
     source text is not filled as it normally is.

   * Extra spaces and blank lines are significant.

   * The output is indented.

   * The output uses a fixed-width font.

   * Texinfo commands _are_ expanded; if you want the output to be the
     input verbatim, use the `@verbatim' environment instead (*note
     `@verbatim': verbatim.).

  For example,

     @example
     cp foo @var{dest1}; \
      cp foo @var{dest2}
     @end example

produces

     cp foo DEST1; \
      cp foo DEST2

  The lines containing `@example' and `@end example' will disappear
from the output.  To make the output look good, you should put a blank
line before the `@example' and another blank line after the `@end
example'.  Blank lines inside the beginning `@example' and the ending
`@end example', on the other hand, do appear in the output.

     Caution: Do not use tabs in the lines of an example!  (Or anywhere
     else in Texinfo, except in verbatim environments.)  TeX treats
     tabs as single spaces, and that is not what they look like.  In
     Emacs, you can use `M-x untabify' to convert tabs in a region to
     multiple spaces.

  Examples are often, logically speaking, "in the middle" of a
paragraph, and the text that continues afterwards should not be
indented, as in the example above.  The `@noindent' command prevents a
piece of text from being indented as if it were a new paragraph (*note
`@noindent': noindent.

  If you want to embed code fragments within sentences, instead of
displaying them, use the `@code' command or its relatives (*note
`@code': code.).

  If you wish to write a "comment" on a line of an example in the
normal roman font, you can use the `@r' command (*note Fonts::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: verbatim,  Next: verbatiminclude,  Prev: example,  Up: Quotations and Examples

10.4 `@verbatim': Literal Text
==============================

Use the `@verbatim' environment for printing of text that may contain
special characters or commands that should not be interpreted, such as
computer input or output (`@example' interprets its text as regular
Texinfo commands).  This is especially useful for including
automatically generated output in a Texinfo manual.  Here is an example;
the output you see is just the same as the input, with a line
`@verbatim' before and a line `@end verbatim' after.


This is an example of text written in a @verbatim
block.  No character substitutions are made.  All commands
are ignored, until `<at>end verbatim'.

In the printed manual, the text is typeset in a
fixed-width font, and not indented or filled.  All
spaces and blank lines are significant, including tabs.

  Write a `@verbatim' command at the beginning of a line by itself.
This line will disappear from the output.  Mark the end of the verbatim
block with a `@end verbatim' command, also written at the beginning of
a line by itself.  The `@end verbatim' will also disappear from the
output.

  For example:

@verbatim
{
<TAB>@command with strange characters: @'e
expand<TAB>me
}
@end verbatim


produces


{
        @command with strange characters: @'e
expand	me
}

  Since the lines containing `@verbatim' and `@end verbatim' produce no
output, typically you should put a blank line before the `@verbatim'
and another blank line after the `@end verbatim'.  Blank lines between
the beginning `@verbatim' and the ending `@end verbatim' will appear in
the output.

  It is not reliable to use `@verbatim' inside other Texinfo constructs.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: verbatiminclude,  Next: lisp,  Prev: verbatim,  Up: Quotations and Examples

10.5 `@verbatiminclude' FILE: Include a File Verbatim
=====================================================

You can include the exact contents of a file in the document with the
`@verbatiminclude' command:

     @verbatiminclude FILENAME

  The contents of FILENAME is printed in a verbatim environment (*note
`@verbatim': verbatim.).  Generally, the file is printed exactly as it
is, with all special characters and white space retained.  No
indentation is added; if you want indentation, enclose the
`@verbatiminclude' within `@example' (*note `@example': example.).

  The name of the file is taken literally, with a single exception:
`@value{VAR}' references are expanded.  This makes it possible to
reliably include files in other directories in a distribution, for
instance:

     @include @value{top_srcdir}/NEWS

(You still have to get `top_srcdir' defined in the first place.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: lisp,  Next: small,  Prev: verbatiminclude,  Up: Quotations and Examples

10.6 `@lisp': Marking a Lisp Example
====================================

The `@lisp' command is used for Lisp code.  It is synonymous with the
`@example' command.

     This is an example of text written between an
     `@lisp' command and an `@end lisp' command.

  Use `@lisp' instead of `@example' to preserve information regarding
the nature of the example.  This is useful, for example, if you write a
function that evaluates only and all the Lisp code in a Texinfo file.
Then you can use the Texinfo file as a Lisp library.(1)

  Mark the end of `@lisp' with `@end lisp' on a line by itself.

  ---------- Footnotes ----------

  (1) It would be straightforward to extend Texinfo to work in a
similar fashion for C, Fortran, or other languages.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: small,  Next: display,  Prev: lisp,  Up: Quotations and Examples

10.7 `@small...' Block Commands
===============================

In addition to the regular `@example' and `@lisp' commands, Texinfo has
"small" example-style commands.  These are `@smalldisplay',
`@smallexample', `@smallformat', and `@smalllisp'.

  In Info, the `@small...' commands are equivalent to their non-small
companion commands.

  In TeX, however, the `@small...' commands typeset text in a smaller
font than the non-small example commands.  Consequently, many examples
containing long lines fit on a page without needing to be shortened.

  Mark the end of an `@small...' block with a corresponding `@end
small...'.  For example, pair `@smallexample' with `@end smallexample'.

  Here is an example of the font used by the `@small...' commands (in
Info, the output will be the same as usual):

     ... to make sure that you have the freedom to
     distribute copies of free software (and charge for
     this service if you wish), that you receive source
     code or can get it if you want it, that you can
     change the software or use pieces of it in new free
     programs; and that you know you can do these things.

  The `@small...' commands make it easier to prepare manuals without
forcing you to edit examples by hand to fit them onto narrower pages.

  As a general rule, a printed document looks much better if you use
only one of (for instance) `@example' or `@smallexample' consistently
within a chapter.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: display,  Next: format,  Prev: small,  Up: Quotations and Examples

10.8 `@display' and `@smalldisplay'
===================================

The `@display' command begins a kind of example, where each line of
input produces a line of output, and the output is indented.  It is
thus like the `@example' command except that, in a printed manual,
`@display' does not select the fixed-width font.  In fact, it does not
specify the font at all, so that the text appears in the same font it
would have appeared in without the `@display' command.

     This is an example of text written between an `@display' command
     and an `@end display' command.  The `@display' command
     indents the text, but does not fill it.

  Texinfo also provides a command `@smalldisplay', which is like
`@display' but uses a smaller font in `@smallbook' format.  *Note
small::.

  The `@table' command (*note table::) does not work inside `@display'.
Since `@display' is line-oriented, it doesn't make sense to use them
together.  If you want to indent a table, try `@quotation' (*note
quotation::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: format,  Next: exdent,  Prev: display,  Up: Quotations and Examples

10.9 `@format' and `@smallformat'
=================================

The `@format' command is similar to `@example' except that, in the
printed manual, `@format' does not select the fixed-width font and does
not narrow the margins.

This is an example of text written between an `@format' command
and an `@end format' command.  As you can see
from this example,
the `@format' command does not fill the text.

  Texinfo also provides a command `@smallformat', which is like
`@format' but uses a smaller font in `@smallbook' format.  *Note
small::.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: exdent,  Next: flushleft & flushright,  Prev: format,  Up: Quotations and Examples

10.10 `@exdent': Undoing a Line's Indentation
=============================================

The `@exdent' command removes any indentation a line might have.  The
command is written at the beginning of a line and applies only to the
text that follows the command that is on the same line.  Do not use
braces around the text.  In a printed manual, the text on an `@exdent'
line is printed in the roman font.

  `@exdent' is usually used within examples.  Thus,

     @example
     This line follows an @@example command.
     @exdent This line is exdented.
     This line follows the exdented line.
     The @@end example comes on the next line.
     @end group

produces

     This line follows an @example command.
This line is exdented.
     This line follows the exdented line.
     The @end example comes on the next line.

  In practice, the `@exdent' command is rarely used.  Usually, you
un-indent text by ending the example and returning the page to its
normal width.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: flushleft & flushright,  Next: noindent,  Prev: exdent,  Up: Quotations and Examples

10.11 `@flushleft' and `@flushright'
====================================

The `@flushleft' and `@flushright' commands line up the ends of lines
on the left and right margins of a page, but do not fill the text.  The
commands are written on lines of their own, without braces.  The
`@flushleft' and `@flushright' commands are ended by `@end flushleft'
and `@end flushright' commands on lines of their own.

  For example,

     @flushleft
     This text is
     written flushleft.
     @end flushleft

produces

     This text is
     written flushleft.

  `@flushright' produces the type of indentation often used in the
return address of letters.  For example,

     @flushright
     Here is an example of text written
     flushright.  The @code{@flushright} command
     right justifies every line but leaves the
     left end ragged.
     @end flushright

produces

                                     Here is an example of text written
                                 flushright.  The `@flushright' command
                              right justifies every line but leaves the
                                                       left end ragged.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: noindent,  Next: indent,  Prev: flushleft & flushright,  Up: Quotations and Examples

10.12 `@noindent': Omitting Indentation
=======================================

An example or other inclusion can break a paragraph into segments.
Ordinarily, the formatters indent text that follows an example as a new
paragraph.  You can prevent this on a case-by-case basis by writing
`@noindent' at the beginning of a line, preceding the continuation
text.  You can also disable indentation for all paragraphs globally with
`@paragraphindent' (*note Paragraph Indenting: paragraphindent.).

  It is best to write `@noindent' on a line by itself, since in most
environments, spaces following the command will not be ignored.  It's ok
to use it at the beginning of a line, with text following, outside of
any environment.

  For example:

     @example
     This is an example
     @end example

     @noindent
     This line is not indented.  As you can see, the
     beginning of the line is fully flush left with the line
     that follows after it.  (This whole example is between
     @code{@@display} and @code{@@end display}.)

produces:


          This is an example

     This line is not indented.  As you can see, the
     beginning of the line is fully flush left with the line
     that follows after it.  (This whole example is between
     `@display' and `@end display'.)

  To adjust the number of blank lines properly in the Info file output,
remember that the line containing `@noindent' does not generate a blank
line, and neither does the `@end example' line.

  In the Texinfo source file for this manual, each line that says
`produces' is preceded by `@noindent'.

  Do not put braces after an `@noindent' command; they are not
necessary, since `@noindent' is a command used outside of paragraphs
(*note Command Syntax::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: indent,  Next: cartouche,  Prev: noindent,  Up: Quotations and Examples

10.13 `@indent': Forcing Indentation
====================================

  To complement the `@noindent' command (see the previous section),
Texinfo provides the `@indent' command that forces a paragraph to be
indented.  This paragraph, for instance, is indented using an `@indent'
command.  The first paragraph of a section is the most likely place to
use `@indent', to override the normal behavior of no indentation there
(*note paragraphindent::).

  It is best to write `@indent' on a line by itself, since in most
environments, spaces following the command will not be ignored.  The
`@indent' line will not generate a blank line in the Info output within
an environment.

  However, it is ok to use it at the beginning of a line, with text
following, outside of any environment.

  Do not put braces after an `@indent' command; they are not necessary,
since `@indent' is a command used outside of paragraphs (*note Command
Syntax::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: cartouche,  Prev: indent,  Up: Quotations and Examples

10.14 `@cartouche': Rounded Rectangles Around Examples
======================================================

In a printed manual, the `@cartouche' command draws a box with rounded
corners around its contents.  In HTML, a normal rectangle is drawn
(that's the best HTML can do).  `@cartouche' has no effect in Info
output.

  You can use this command to further highlight an example or quotation.
For instance, you could write a manual in which one type of example is
surrounded by a cartouche for emphasis.

  For example,

     @cartouche
     @example
     % pwd
     /usr/local/share/emacs
     @end example
     @end cartouche

surrounds the two-line example with a box with rounded corners, in the
printed manual.

  The output from the example looks like this (if you're reading this in
Info, you'll see the `@cartouche' had no effect):

     % pwd
     /usr/local/info

  For proper output in HTML, it's necessary to put the `@cartouche'
around the `@example', and not the other way around.  This limitation
of `makeinfo' may be removed one day.

  `@cartouche' also implies `@group' (*note group::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Lists and Tables,  Next: Special Displays,  Prev: Quotations and Examples,  Up: Top

11 Lists and Tables
*******************

Texinfo has several ways of making lists and tables.  Lists can be
bulleted or numbered; two-column tables can highlight the items in the
first column; multi-column tables are also supported.

* Menu:

* Introducing Lists::           Texinfo formats lists for you.
* itemize::                     How to construct a simple list.
* enumerate::                   How to construct a numbered list.
* Two-column Tables::           How to construct a two-column table.
* Multi-column Tables::         How to construct generalized tables.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Introducing Lists,  Next: itemize,  Up: Lists and Tables

11.1 Introducing Lists
======================

Texinfo automatically indents the text in lists or tables, and numbers
an enumerated list.  This last feature is useful if you modify the
list, since you do not need to renumber it yourself.

  Numbered lists and tables begin with the appropriate @-command at the
beginning of a line, and end with the corresponding `@end' command on a
line by itself.  The table and itemized-list commands also require that
you write formatting information on the same line as the beginning
@-command.

  Begin an enumerated list, for example, with an `@enumerate' command
and end the list with an `@end enumerate' command.  Begin an itemized
list with an `@itemize' command, followed on the same line by a
formatting command such as `@bullet', and end the list with an `@end
itemize' command.  

  Precede each element of a list with an `@item' or `@itemx' command.


Here is an itemized list of the different kinds of table and lists:

   * Itemized lists with and without bullets.

   * Enumerated lists, using numbers or letters.

   * Two-column tables with highlighting.


Here is an enumerated list with the same items:

  1. Itemized lists with and without bullets.

  2. Enumerated lists, using numbers or letters.

  3. Two-column tables with highlighting.


And here is a two-column table with the same items and their @-commands:

`@itemize'
     Itemized lists with and without bullets.

`@enumerate'
     Enumerated lists, using numbers or letters.

`@table'
`@ftable'
`@vtable'
     Two-column tables, optionally with indexing.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: itemize,  Next: enumerate,  Prev: Introducing Lists,  Up: Lists and Tables

11.2 `@itemize': Making an Itemized List
========================================

The `@itemize' command produces sequences of indented paragraphs, with
a bullet or other mark inside the left margin at the beginning of each
paragraph for which such a mark is desired.

  Begin an itemized list by writing `@itemize' at the beginning of a
line.  Follow the command, on the same line, with a character or a
Texinfo command that generates a mark.  Usually, you will write
`@bullet' after `@itemize', but you can use `@minus', or any command or
character that results in a single character in the Info file.  If you
don't want any mark at all, use `@w'.  (When you write the mark command
such as `@bullet' after an `@itemize' command, you may omit the `{}'.)
If you don't specify a mark command, the default is `@bullet'.

  Write the text of the indented paragraphs themselves after the
`@itemize', up to another line that says `@end itemize'.

  At the beginning of each paragraph for which a mark in the margin is
desired, write a line that starts with `@item'.  It is ok to have text
following the `@item'.

  Usually, you should put a blank line before an `@item'.  This puts a
blank line in the Info file. (TeX inserts the proper interline
whitespace in either case.)  Except when the entries are very brief,
these blank lines make the list look better.

  Here is an example of the use of `@itemize', followed by the output
it produces.  `@bullet' produces an `*' in Info and a round dot in TeX.

     @itemize @bullet
     @item
     Some text for foo.

     @item
     Some text
     for bar.
     @end itemize

This produces:

        * Some text for foo.

        * Some text for bar.

  Itemized lists may be embedded within other itemized lists.  Here is a
list marked with dashes embedded in a list marked with bullets:

     @itemize @bullet
     @item
     First item.

     @itemize @minus
     @item
     Inner item.

     @item
     Second inner item.
     @end itemize

     @item
     Second outer item.
     @end itemize

This produces:

        * First item.

             - Inner item.

             - Second inner item.

        * Second outer item.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: enumerate,  Next: Two-column Tables,  Prev: itemize,  Up: Lists and Tables

11.3 `@enumerate': Making a Numbered or Lettered List
=====================================================

`@enumerate' is like `@itemize' (*note `@itemize': itemize.), except
that the labels on the items are successive integers or letters instead
of bullets.

  Write the `@enumerate' command at the beginning of a line.  The
command does not require an argument, but accepts either a number or a
letter as an option.  Without an argument, `@enumerate' starts the list
with the number `1'.  With a numeric argument, such as `3', the command
starts the list with that number.  With an upper or lower case letter,
such as `a' or `A', the command starts the list with that letter.

  Write the text of the enumerated list in the same way as an itemized
list: write a line starting with `@item' at the beginning of each
paragraph that you want enumerated.  It is ok to have text following
the `@item'.

  You should put a blank line between entries in the list.  This
generally makes it easier to read the Info file.

  Here is an example of `@enumerate' without an argument:

     @enumerate
     @item
     Underlying causes.

     @item
     Proximate causes.
     @end enumerate

This produces:

  1. Underlying causes.

  2. Proximate causes.


  Here is an example with an argument of `3':

     @enumerate 3
     @item
     Predisposing causes.

     @item
     Precipitating causes.

     @item
     Perpetuating causes.
     @end enumerate

This produces:

  3. Predisposing causes.

  4. Precipitating causes.

  5. Perpetuating causes.


  Here is a brief summary of the alternatives.  The summary is
constructed using `@enumerate' with an argument of `a'.

  a. `@enumerate'

     Without an argument, produce a numbered list, starting with the
     number 1.

  b. `@enumerate POSITIVE-INTEGER'

     With a (positive) numeric argument, start a numbered list with that
     number.  You can use this to continue a list that you interrupted
     with other text.

  c. `@enumerate UPPER-CASE-LETTER'

     With an upper case letter as argument, start a list in which each
     item is marked by a letter, beginning with that upper case letter.

  d. `@enumerate LOWER-CASE-LETTER'

     With a lower case letter as argument, start a list in which each
     item is marked by a letter, beginning with that lower case letter.

  You can also nest enumerated lists, as in an outline.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Two-column Tables,  Next: Multi-column Tables,  Prev: enumerate,  Up: Lists and Tables

11.4 Making a Two-column Table
==============================

`@table' is similar to `@itemize' (*note `@itemize': itemize.), but
allows you to specify a name or heading line for each item.  The
`@table' command is used to produce two-column tables, and is
especially useful for glossaries, explanatory exhibits, and
command-line option summaries.

* Menu:

* table::                       How to construct a two-column table.
* ftable vtable::               Automatic indexing for two-column tables.
* itemx::                       How to put more entries in the first column.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: table,  Next: ftable vtable,  Up: Two-column Tables

11.4.1 Using the `@table' Command
---------------------------------

Use the `@table' command to produce two-column tables.  It is usually
listed for "definition lists" of various sorts, where you have a list
of terms and a brief text with each one.

  Write the `@table' command at the beginning of a line, after a blank
line, and follow it on the same line with an argument that is a Texinfo
"indicating" command such as `@code', `@samp', `@var', `@option', or
`@kbd' (*note Indicating::).

  This command will be applied to the text that goes into the first
column of each item and thus determines how it will be highlighted.
For example, `@table @code' will cause the text in the first column to
be output as if it `@code' command.

  You may also use the `@asis' command as an argument to `@table'.
`@asis' is a command that does nothing; if you use this command after
`@table', the first column entries are output without added
highlighting ("as is").

  The `@table' command works with other commands besides those
explicitly mentioned here.  However, you can only use commands that
normally take arguments in braces.  (In this case, however, you use the
command name without an argument, because the subsequent `@item''s will
supply the argument.)

  Begin each table entry with an `@item' command at the beginning of a
line.  Write the first column text on the same line as the `@item'
command.  Write the second column text on the line following the
`@item' line and on subsequent lines.  (You do not need to type
anything for an empty second column entry.)  You may write as many
lines of supporting text as you wish, even several paragraphs.  But
only the text on the same line as the `@item' will be placed in the
first column (including any footnotes).

  Normally, you should put a blank line before an `@item' line.  This
puts a blank line in the Info file.  Except when the entries are very
brief, a blank line looks better.

  End the table with a line consisting of `@end table', followed by a
blank line.  TeX will always start a new paragraph after the table, so
the blank line is needed for the Info output to be analogous.

  The following table, for example, highlights the text in the first
column with an `@samp' command:

     @table @samp
     @item foo
     This is the text for
     @samp{foo}.

     @item bar
     Text for @samp{bar}.
     @end table

This produces:

`foo'
     This is the text for `foo'.

`bar'
     Text for `bar'.

  If you want to list two or more named items with a single block of
text, use the `@itemx' command.  (*Note `@itemx': itemx.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: ftable vtable,  Next: itemx,  Prev: table,  Up: Two-column Tables

11.4.2 `@ftable' and `@vtable'
------------------------------

The `@ftable' and `@vtable' commands are the same as the `@table'
command except that `@ftable' automatically enters each of the items in
the first column of the table into the index of functions and `@vtable'
automatically enters each of the items in the first column of the table
into the index of variables.  This simplifies the task of creating
indices.  Only the items on the same line as the `@item' commands are
indexed, and they are indexed in exactly the form that they appear on
that line.  *Note Indices::, for more information about indices.

  Begin a two-column table using `@ftable' or `@vtable' by writing the
@-command at the beginning of a line, followed on the same line by an
argument that is a Texinfo command such as `@code', exactly as you
would for an `@table' command; and end the table with an `@end ftable'
or `@end vtable' command on a line by itself.

  See the example for `@table' in the previous section.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: itemx,  Prev: ftable vtable,  Up: Two-column Tables

11.4.3 `@itemx'
---------------

Use the `@itemx' command inside a table when you have two or more first
column entries for the same item, each of which should appear on a line
of its own.

  Use `@item' for the first entry, and `@itemx' for all subsequent
entries; `@itemx' must always follow an `@item' command, with no blank
line intervening.

  The `@itemx' command works exactly like `@item' except that it does
not generate extra vertical space above the first column text.  If you
have multiple consecutive `@itemx' commands, do not insert any blank
lines between them.

  For example,

     @table @code
     @item upcase
     @itemx downcase
     These two functions accept a character or a string as
     argument, and return the corresponding upper case (lower
     case) character or string.
     @end table

This produces:

`upcase'
`downcase'
     These two functions accept a character or a string as argument,
     and return the corresponding upper case (lower case) character or
     string.

(Note also that this example illustrates multi-line supporting text in
a two-column table.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Multi-column Tables,  Prev: Two-column Tables,  Up: Lists and Tables

11.5 `@multitable': Multi-column Tables
=======================================

`@multitable' allows you to construct tables with any number of
columns, with each column having any width you like.

  You define the column widths on the `@multitable' line itself, and
write each row of the actual table following an `@item' command, with
columns separated by an `@tab' command.  Finally, `@end multitable'
completes the table.  Details in the sections below.

* Menu:

* Multitable Column Widths::    Defining multitable column widths.
* Multitable Rows::             Defining multitable rows, with examples.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Multitable Column Widths,  Next: Multitable Rows,  Up: Multi-column Tables

11.5.1 Multitable Column Widths
-------------------------------

You can define the column widths for a multitable in two ways: as
fractions of the line length; or with a prototype row.  Mixing the two
methods is not supported.  In either case, the widths are defined
entirely on the same line as the `@multitable' command.

  1. To specify column widths as fractions of the line length, write
     `@columnfractions' and the decimal numbers (presumably less than
     1; a leading zero is allowed and ignored) after the `@multitable'
     command, as in:

          @multitable @columnfractions .33 .33 .33

     The fractions need not add up exactly to 1.0, as these do not.
     This allows you to produce tables that do not need the full line
     length.

  2. To specify a prototype row, write the longest entry for each column
     enclosed in braces after the `@multitable' command.  For example:

          @multitable {some text for column one} {for column two}

     The first column will then have the width of the typeset `some
     text for column one', and the second column the width of `for
     column two'.

     The prototype entries need not appear in the table itself.

     Although we used simple text in this example, the prototype
     entries can contain Texinfo commands; markup commands such as
     `@code' are particularly likely to be useful.



File: texinfo.info,  Node: Multitable Rows,  Prev: Multitable Column Widths,  Up: Multi-column Tables

11.5.2 Multitable Rows
----------------------

After the `@multitable' command defining the column widths (see the
previous section), you begin each row in the body of a multitable with
`@item', and separate the column entries with `@tab'.  Line breaks are
not special within the table body, and you may break input lines in
your source file as necessary.

  You can also use `@headitem' instead of `@item' to produce a "heading
row".  The TeX output for such a row is in bold, and the HTML, XML, and
Docbook output uses the `<thead>' tag.

  Here is a complete example of a multi-column table (the text is from
`The GNU Emacs Manual', *note Splitting Windows: (emacs)Split Window.):

     @multitable @columnfractions .15 .45 .4
     @headitem Key @tab Command @tab Description
     @item C-x 2
     @tab @code{split-window-vertically}
     @tab Split the selected window into two windows,
     with one above the other.
     @item C-x 3
     @tab @code{split-window-horizontally}
     @tab Split the selected window into two windows
     positioned side by side.
     @item C-Mouse-2
     @tab
     @tab In the mode line or scroll bar of a window,
     split that window.
     @end multitable

produces:

Key         Command                          Description
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
C-x 2       `split-window-vertically'        Split the selected window
                                             into two windows, with one
                                             above the other.
C-x 3       `split-window-horizontally'      Split the selected window
                                             into two windows positioned
                                             side by side.
C-Mouse-2                                    In the mode line or scroll
                                             bar of a window, split that
                                             window.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Special Displays,  Next: Indices,  Prev: Lists and Tables,  Up: Top

12 Special Displays
*******************

The commands in this chapter allow you to write text that is specially
displayed (output format permitting), outside of the normal document
flow.

  One set of such commands is for creating "floats", that is, figures,
tables, and the like, set off from the main text, possibly numbered,
captioned, and/or referred to from elsewhere in the document.  Images
are often included in these displays.

  Another group of commands is for creating footnotes in Texinfo.

* Menu:

* Floats::                      Figures, tables, and the like.
* Images::                      Including graphics and images.
* Footnotes::                   Writing footnotes.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Floats,  Next: Images,  Up: Special Displays

12.1 Floats
===========

A "float" is a display which is set off from the main text.  It is
typically labelled as being a "Figure", "Table", "Example", or some
similar type.

  A float is so-named because, in principle, it can be moved to the
bottom or top of the current page, or to a following page, in the
printed output.  (Floating does not make sense in other output
formats.)  In the present version of Texinfo, however, this floating is
unfortunately not yet implemented.  Instead, the floating material is
simply output at the current location, more or less as if it were an
`@group' (*note `@group': group.).

* Menu:

* float::                       Producing floating material.
* caption shortcaption::        Specifying descriptions for floats.
* listoffloats::                A table of contents for floats.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: float,  Next: caption shortcaption,  Up: Floats

12.1.1 `@float' [TYPE][,LABEL]: Floating material
-------------------------------------------------

To produce floating material, enclose the material you want to be
displayed separate between `@float' and `@end float' commands, on lines
by themselves.

  Floating material uses `@image' to display an already-existing
graphic (*note Images::), or `@multitable' to display a table (*note
Multi-column Tables::).  However, the contents of the float can be
anything.  Here's an example with simple text:

     @float Figure,fig:ex1
     This is an example float.
     @end float

And the output:

This is an example float.

Figure 12.1

  As shown in the example, `@float' takes two arguments (separated by a
comma), TYPE and LABEL.  Both are optional.

TYPE
     Specifies the sort of float this is; typically a word such as
     "Figure", "Table", etc.  If not given, and LABEL is, any
     cross-referencing will simply use a bare number.

LABEL
     Specifies a cross-reference label for this float.  If given, this
     float is automatically given a number, and will appear in any
     `@listofloats' output (*note listoffloats::).  Cross-references to
     LABEL are allowed.

     On the other hand, if LABEL is not given, then the float will not
     be numbered and consequently will not appear in the
     `@listoffloats' output or be cross-referenceable.

Normally, you specify both TYPE and LABEL, to get a labeled and
numbered float.

  In Texinfo, all floats are numbered the same way: with the chapter
number (or appendix letter), a period, and the float number, which
simply counts 1, 2, 3, ..., and is reset at each chapter.  Each float
type is counted independently.

  Floats within an `@unnumbered' are numbered, or outside of any
chapter, are simply numbered consecutively from 1.

  These numbering conventions are not, at present, changeable.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: caption shortcaption,  Next: listoffloats,  Prev: float,  Up: Floats

12.1.2 `@caption' & `@shortcaption'
-----------------------------------

You may write an `@caption' anywhere within a `@float' environment, to
define a caption for the float.  It is not allowed in any other
context.  `@caption' takes a single argument, enclosed in braces.
Here's an example:

     @float
     An example float, with caption.
     @caption{Caption for example float.}
     @end float

The output is:

An example float, with caption.

Caption for example float.

  `@caption' can appear anywhere within the float; it is not processed
until the `@end float'.  The caption text is usually a sentence or two,
but may consist of several paragraphs if necessary.

  In the output, the caption always appears below the float; this is not
currently changeable.  It is preceded by the float type and/or number,
as specified to the `@float' command (see the previous section).

  The `@shortcaption' command likewise may be used only within
`@float', and takes a single argument in braces.  The short caption
text is used instead of the caption text in a list of floats (see the
next section).  Thus, you can write a long caption for the main
document, and a short title to appear in the list of floats.  For
example:

     @float
     ... as above ...
     @shortcaption{Text for list of floats.}
     @end float

  The text for `@caption' and `@shortcaption' may not contain comments
(`@c'), verbatim text (`@verb'), environments such as `@example', or
other complex constructs.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: listoffloats,  Prev: caption shortcaption,  Up: Floats

12.1.3 `@listoffloats': Tables of contents for floats
-----------------------------------------------------

You can write a `@listoffloats' command to generate a list of floats
for a given float type (*note float::), analogous to the document's
overall table of contents.  Typically, it is written in its own
`@unnumbered' node to provide a heading and structure, rather like
`@printindex' (*note Printing Indices & Menus::).

  `@listoffloats' takes one optional argument, the float type.  Here's
an example:

     @node List of Figures
     @unnumbered List of Figures
     @listoffloats Figure

And the output from `@listoffloats':

* Menu:

* Figure 12.1:                           fig:ex1.


  Without any argument, `@listoffloats' generates a list of floats for
which no float type was specified, i.e., no first argument to the
`@float' command (*note float::).

  Each line in the list of floats contains the float type (if any), the
float number, and the caption, if any--the `@shortcaption' argument, if
it was specified, else the `@caption' argument.  In Info, the result is
a menu where each float can be selected.  In HTML, each line is a link
to the float.  In printed output, the page number is included.

  Unnumbered floats (those without cross-reference labels) are omitted
from the list of floats.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Images,  Next: Footnotes,  Prev: Floats,  Up: Special Displays

12.2 Inserting Images
=====================

You can insert an image given in an external file with the `@image'
command.  Although images can be used anywhere, including the middle of
a paragraph, we describe them in this chapter since they are most often
part of a displayed figure or example.

* Menu:

* Image Syntax::
* Image Scaling::


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Image Syntax,  Next: Image Scaling,  Up: Images

12.2.1 Image Syntax
-------------------

Here is the basic synopsis of the `@image' command:

     @image{FILENAME[, WIDTH[, HEIGHT[, ALTTEXT[, EXTENSION]]]]}

  The FILENAME argument is mandatory, and must not have an extension,
because the different processors support different formats:

   * TeX reads the file `FILENAME.eps' (Encapsulated PostScript format).

   * PDFTeX reads `FILENAME.pdf' (Adobe's Portable Document Format).

   * `makeinfo' includes `FILENAME.txt' verbatim for Info output (more
     or less as if it was an `@example').

   * `makeinfo' uses the optional fifth argument EXTENSION to `@image'
     for the filename extension, if it is specified.  For example:

          @image{foo,,,,.xpm}

     will cause `makeinfo' to look for `foo.xpm' before any others.


  The WIDTH and HEIGHT arguments are described in the next section.

  For TeX output, if an image is the first thing in a paragraph, for
example if you want two images side-by-side, you must precede it with
`@noindent' (*note `@noindent': noindent.).  Otherwise it will be
displayed on a line by itself.  If you want it centered, use `@center'
(*note `@titlefont @center @sp': titlefont center sp.).

  When producing html, `makeinfo' sets the "alt attribute" for inline
images to the optional ALTTEXT (fourth) argument to `@image', if
supplied.  If not supplied, `makeinfo' uses the full file name of the
image being displayed.  If you want an empty `alt' string, use `@-'.
The ALTTEXT is taken as Texinfo text, so special characters such as `"'
and `<' and `&' are escaped in the HTML and XML output.

  If you do not supply the optional EXTENSION (fifth) argument,
`makeinfo' first tries `FILENAME.png'; if that does not exist, it tries
`FILENAME.jpg'.  If that does not exist either, it complains.  (We
cannot support GIF format directly due to software patents.)

  In Info output, `makeinfo' writes a reference to the binary image
file (trying FILENAME suffixed with `EXTENSION', `.EXTENSION', `.png',
or `.jpg', in that order) if one exists.  It also literally includes
the `.txt' file if one exists.  This way, Info readers which can
display images (such as the Emacs Info browser, running under X) can do
so, whereas Info readers which can only use text (such as the
standalone Info reader) can display the textual version.

  The implementation of this is to put the following construct into the
Info output:

     ^@^H[image src="BINARYFILE" text="TXTFILE"
                alt="ALTTEXT ... ^@^H]

where `^@' and `^H' stand for the actual null and backspace control
characters.  If one of the files is not present, the corresponding
argument is omitted.

  The reason for mentioning this here is that older Info browsers (this
feature was introduced in Texinfo version 4.6) will display the above
literally, which, although not pretty, should not be harmful.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Image Scaling,  Prev: Image Syntax,  Up: Images

12.2.2 Image Scaling
--------------------

The optional WIDTH and HEIGHT arguments to the `@image' command (see
the previous section) specify the size to scale the image to.  They are
ignored for Info output.  If neither is specified, the image is
presented in its natural size (given in the file); if only one is
specified, the other is scaled proportionately; and if both are
specified, both are respected, thus possibly distorting the original
image by changing its aspect ratio.

  The WIDTH and HEIGHT may be specified using any valid TeX dimension,
namely:

pt
     point (72.27pt = 1in)

pc
     pica (1pc = 12pt)

bp
     big point (72bp = 1in)

in
     inch

cm
     centimeter (2.54cm = 1in)

mm
     millimeter (10mm = 1cm)

dd
     dido^t point (1157dd = 1238pt)

cc
     cicero (1cc = 12dd)

sp
     scaled point (65536sp = 1pt)

  For example, the following will scale a file `ridt.eps' to one inch
vertically, with the width scaled proportionately:

     @image{ridt,,1in}

  For `@image' to work with TeX, the file `epsf.tex' must be installed
somewhere that TeX can find it.  (The standard location is
`TEXMF/tex/generic/dvips/epsf.tex', where TEXMF is a root of your TeX
directory tree.)  This file is included in the Texinfo distribution and
is also available from `ftp://tug.org/tex/epsf.tex', among other places.

  `@image' can be used within a line as well as for displayed figures.
Therefore, if you intend it to be displayed, be sure to leave a blank
line before the command, or the output will run into the preceding text.

  Image scaling is presently implemented only in TeX, not in HTML or
any other sort of output.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Footnotes,  Prev: Images,  Up: Special Displays

12.3 Footnotes
==============

A "footnote" is for a reference that documents or elucidates the
primary text.(1)  Footnotes are distracting; use them sparingly, if at
all.  Standard bibliographical references are better placed in a
bibliography at the end of a document than in footnotes throughout.

* Menu:

* Footnote Commands::           How to write a footnote in Texinfo.
* Footnote Styles::             Controlling how footnotes appear in Info.

  ---------- Footnotes ----------

  (1) A footnote should complement or expand upon the primary text, but
a reader should not need to read a footnote to understand the primary
text.  For a thorough discussion of footnotes, see `The Chicago Manual
of Style', which is published by the University of Chicago Press.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Footnote Commands,  Next: Footnote Styles,  Up: Footnotes

12.3.1 Footnote Commands
------------------------

In Texinfo, footnotes are created with the `@footnote' command.  This
command is followed immediately by a left brace, then by the text of
the footnote, and then by a terminating right brace.  Footnotes may be
of any length (they will be broken across pages if necessary), but are
usually short.  The template is:

     ordinary text@footnote{TEXT OF FOOTNOTE}

  As shown here, the `@footnote' command should come right after the
text being footnoted, with no intervening space; otherwise, the footnote
marker might end up starting a line.

  For example, this clause is followed by a sample footnote(1); in the
Texinfo source, it looks like this:

     ...a sample footnote@footnote{Here is the sample
     footnote.}; in the Texinfo source...

  As you can see, the source includes two punctuation marks next to each
other; in this case, `.};' is the sequence.  This is normal (the first
ends the footnote and the second belongs to the sentence being
footnoted), so don't worry that it looks odd.

  In a printed manual or book, the reference mark for a footnote is a
small, superscripted number; the text of the footnote appears at the
bottom of the page, below a horizontal line.

  In Info, the reference mark for a footnote is a pair of parentheses
with the footnote number between them, like this: `(1)'.  The reference
mark is followed by a cross-reference link to the footnote's text.

  In the HTML output, footnote references are marked with a small,
superscripted number which is rendered as a hypertext link to the
footnote text.

  By the way, footnotes in the argument of an `@item' command for a
`@table' must be on the same line as the `@item' (as usual).  *Note
Two-column Tables::.

  ---------- Footnotes ----------

  (1) Here is the sample footnote.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Footnote Styles,  Prev: Footnote Commands,  Up: Footnotes

12.3.2 Footnote Styles
----------------------

Info has two footnote styles, which determine where the text of the
footnote is located:

   * In the `End' node style, all the footnotes for a single node are
     placed at the end of that node.  The footnotes are separated from
     the rest of the node by a line of dashes with the word `Footnotes'
     within it.  Each footnote begins with an `(N)' reference mark.

     Here is an example of a single footnote in the end of node style:

          --------- Footnotes ---------

          (1)  Here is a sample footnote.

   * In the `Separate' node style, all the footnotes for a single node
     are placed in an automatically constructed node of their own.  In
     this style, a "footnote reference" follows each `(N)' reference
     mark in the body of the node.  The footnote reference is actually
     a cross reference which you use to reach the footnote node.

     The name of the node with the footnotes is constructed by
     appending `-Footnotes' to the name of the node that contains the
     footnotes. (Consequently, the footnotes' node for the `Footnotes'
     node is `Footnotes-Footnotes'!)  The footnotes' node has an `Up'
     node pointer that leads back to its parent node.

     Here is how the first footnote in this manual looks after being
     formatted for Info in the separate node style:

          File: texinfo.info  Node: Overview-Footnotes, Up: Overview

          (1) The first syllable of "Texinfo" is pronounced like "speck", not
          "hex". ...

  Unless your document has long and important footnotes (as in, say,
Gibbon's `Decline and Fall ...'), we recommend the `end' style, as it
is simpler for readers to follow.

  Use the `@footnotestyle' command to specify an Info file's footnote
style.  Write this command at the beginning of a line followed by an
argument, either `end' for the end node style or `separate' for the
separate node style.

  For example,

     @footnotestyle end
  or
     @footnotestyle separate

  Write an `@footnotestyle' command before or shortly after the
end-of-header line at the beginning of a Texinfo file.  (If you include
the `@footnotestyle' command between the start-of-header and
end-of-header lines, the region formatting commands will format
footnotes as specified.)

  If you do not specify a footnote style, the formatting commands use
their default style.  Currently, `texinfo-format-buffer' and
`texinfo-format-region' use the `separate' style and `makeinfo' uses
the `end' style.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Indices,  Next: Insertions,  Prev: Special Displays,  Up: Top

13 Indices
**********

Using Texinfo, you can generate indices without having to sort and
collate entries manually.  In an index, the entries are listed in
alphabetical order, together with information on how to find the
discussion of each entry.  In a printed manual, this information
consists of page numbers.  In an Info file, this information is a menu
entry leading to the first node referenced.

  Texinfo provides several predefined kinds of index: an index for
functions, an index for variables, an index for concepts, and so on.
You can combine indices or use them for other than their canonical
purpose.  Lastly, you can define your own new indices.

  *Note Printing Indices & Menus::, for information on how to print
indices.

* Menu:

* Index Entries::               Choose different words for index entries.
* Predefined Indices::          Use different indices for different kinds
                                 of entries.
* Indexing Commands::           How to make an index entry.
* Combining Indices::           How to combine indices.
* New Indices::                 How to define your own indices.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Index Entries,  Next: Predefined Indices,  Up: Indices

13.1 Making Index Entries
=========================

When you are making index entries, it is good practice to think of the
different ways people may look for something.  Different people _do
not_ think of the same words when they look something up.  A helpful
index will have items indexed under all the different words that people
may use.  For example, one reader may think it obvious that the
two-letter names for indices should be listed under "Indices,
two-letter names", since the word "Index" is the general concept.  But
another reader may remember the specific concept of two-letter names
and search for the entry listed as "Two letter names for indices".  A
good index will have both entries and will help both readers.

  Like typesetting, the construction of an index is a highly skilled,
professional art, the subtleties of which are not appreciated until you
need to do it yourself.

  *Note Printing Indices & Menus::, for information about printing an
index at the end of a book or creating an index menu in an Info file.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Predefined Indices,  Next: Indexing Commands,  Prev: Index Entries,  Up: Indices

13.2 Predefined Indices
=======================

Texinfo provides six predefined indices.  Here are their nominal
meanings, abbreviations, and the corresponding index entry commands:

`cp'
     (`@cindex') concept index, for general concepts.

`fn'
     (`@findex') function index, for function and function-like names
     (such as entry points of libraries).

`ky'
     (`@kindex') keystroke index, for keyboard commands.

`pg'
     (`@pindex') program index, for names of programs.

`tp'
     (`@tindex') data type index, for type names (such as structures
     defined in header files).

`vr'
     (`@vindex') variable index, for variable names (such as global
     variables of libraries).

Not every manual needs all of these, and most manuals use only two or
three at most.  The present manual, for example, has two indices: a
concept index and an @-command index (that is actually the function
index but is called a command index in the chapter heading).

  You are not required to use the predefined indices strictly for their
canonical purposes.  For example, suppose you wish to index some C
preprocessor macros.  You could put them in the function index along
with actual functions, just by writing `@findex' commands for them;
then, when you print the "Function Index" as an unnumbered chapter, you
could give it the title `Function and Macro Index' and all will be
consistent for the reader.

  On the other hand, it is best not to stray too far from the meaning of
the predefined indices.  Otherwise, in the event that your text is
combined with other text from other manuals, the index entries will not
match up.  Instead, define your own new index (*note New Indices::).

  We recommend having a single index in the final document whenever
possible, however many source indices you use, since then readers have
only one place to look.  Two or more source indices can be combined
into one output index using the `@synindex' or `@syncodeindex' commands
(*note Combining Indices::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Indexing Commands,  Next: Combining Indices,  Prev: Predefined Indices,  Up: Indices

13.3 Defining the Entries of an Index
=====================================

The data to make an index come from many individual indexing commands
scattered throughout the Texinfo source file.  Each command says to add
one entry to a particular index; after formatting, the index will give
the current page number or node name as the reference.

  An index entry consists of an indexing command at the beginning of a
line followed, on the rest of the line, by the entry.

  For example, this section begins with the following five entries for
the concept index:

     @cindex Defining indexing entries
     @cindex Index entries, defining
     @cindex Entries for an index
     @cindex Specifying index entries
     @cindex Creating index entries

  Each predefined index has its own indexing command--`@cindex' for the
concept index, `@findex' for the function index, and so on, as listed
in the previous section.

  Concept index entries consist of text.  The best way to write an index
is to choose entries that are terse yet clear.  If you can do this, the
index often looks better if the entries are not capitalized, but
written just as they would appear in the middle of a sentence.
(Capitalize proper names and acronyms that always call for upper case
letters.)  This is the case convention we use in most GNU manuals'
indices.

  If you don't see how to make an entry terse yet clear, make it longer
and clear--not terse and confusing.  If many of the entries are several
words long, the index may look better if you use a different convention:
to capitalize the first word of each entry.  But do not capitalize a
case-sensitive name such as a C or Lisp function name or a shell
command; that would be a spelling error.

  Whichever case convention you use, please use it consistently!

  Entries in indices other than the concept index are symbol names in
programming languages, or program names; these names are usually
case-sensitive, so use upper and lower case as required for them.

  By default, entries for a concept index are printed in a small roman
font and entries for the other indices are printed in a small `@code'
font.  You may change the way part of an entry is printed with the
usual Texinfo commands, such as `@file' for file names (*note Marking
Text::), and `@r' for the normal roman font (*note Fonts::).

     Caution: Do not use a colon in an index entry.  In Info, a colon
     separates the menu entry name from the node name, so a colon in
     the entry itself confuses Info.  *Note Menu Parts::, for more
     information about the structure of a menu entry.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Combining Indices,  Next: New Indices,  Prev: Indexing Commands,  Up: Indices

13.4 Combining Indices
======================

Sometimes you will want to combine two disparate indices such as
functions and concepts, perhaps because you have few enough entries
that a separate index would look silly.

  You could put functions into the concept index by writing `@cindex'
commands for them instead of `@findex' commands, and produce a
consistent manual by printing the concept index with the title
`Function and Concept Index' and not printing the `Function Index' at
all; but this is not a robust procedure.  It works only if your
document is never included as part of another document that is designed
to have a separate function index; if your document were to be included
with such a document, the functions from your document and those from
the other would not end up together.  Also, to make your function names
appear in the right font in the concept index, you would need to
enclose every one of them between the braces of `@code'.

* Menu:

* syncodeindex::                How to merge two indices, using `@code'
                                 font for the merged-from index.
* synindex::                    How to merge two indices, using the
                                 default font of the merged-to index.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: syncodeindex,  Next: synindex,  Up: Combining Indices

13.4.1 `@syncodeindex'
----------------------

When you want to combine functions and concepts into one index, you
should index the functions with `@findex' and index the concepts with
`@cindex', and use the `@syncodeindex' command to redirect the function
index entries into the concept index.

  The `@syncodeindex' command takes two arguments; they are the name of
the index to redirect, and the name of the index to redirect it to.
The template looks like this:

     @syncodeindex FROM TO

  For this purpose, the indices are given two-letter names:

`cp'
     concept index

`fn'
     function index

`vr'
     variable index

`ky'
     key index

`pg'
     program index

`tp'
     data type index

  Write an `@syncodeindex' command before or shortly after the
end-of-header line at the beginning of a Texinfo file.  For example, to
merge a function index with a concept index, write the following:

     @syncodeindex fn cp

This will cause all entries designated for the function index to merge
in with the concept index instead.

  To merge both a variables index and a function index into a concept
index, write the following:

     @syncodeindex vr cp
     @syncodeindex fn cp

  The `@syncodeindex' command puts all the entries from the `from'
index (the redirected index) into the `@code' font, overriding whatever
default font is used by the index to which the entries are now
directed.  This way, if you direct function names from a function index
into a concept index, all the function names are printed in the `@code'
font as you would expect.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: synindex,  Prev: syncodeindex,  Up: Combining Indices

13.4.2 `@synindex'
------------------

The `@synindex' command is nearly the same as the `@syncodeindex'
command, except that it does not put the `from' index  entries into the
`@code' font; rather it puts them in the roman font.  Thus, you use
`@synindex' when you merge a concept index into a function index.

  *Note Printing Indices & Menus::, for information about printing an
index at the end of a book or creating an index menu in an Info file.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: New Indices,  Prev: Combining Indices,  Up: Indices

13.5 Defining New Indices
=========================

In addition to the predefined indices, you may use the `@defindex' and
`@defcodeindex' commands to define new indices.  These commands create
new indexing @-commands with which you mark index entries.  The
`@defindex' command is used like this:

     @defindex NAME

  The name of an index should be a two letter word, such as `au'.  For
example:

     @defindex au

  This defines a new index, called the `au' index.  At the same time,
it creates a new indexing command, `@auindex', that you can use to make
index entries.  Use this new indexing command just as you would use a
predefined indexing command.

  For example, here is a section heading followed by a concept index
entry and two `au' index entries.

     @section Cognitive Semantics
     @cindex kinesthetic image schemas
     @auindex Johnson, Mark
     @auindex Lakoff, George

(Evidently, `au' serves here as an abbreviation for "author".)

  In general, Texinfo constructs the new indexing command by
concatenating the name of the index with `index'; thus, defining an
`xy' index leads to the automatic creation of an `@xyindex' command.

  Use the `@printindex' command to print the index, as you do with the
predefined indices.  For example:

     @node Author Index
     @unnumbered Author Index

     @printindex au

  The `@defcodeindex' is like the `@defindex' command, except that, in
the printed output, it prints entries in an `@code' font by default
instead of a roman font.

  You should define new indices before the end-of-header line of a
Texinfo file, and (of course) before any `@synindex' or `@syncodeindex'
commands (*note Texinfo File Header::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Insertions,  Next: Breaks,  Prev: Indices,  Up: Top

14 Special Insertions
*********************

Texinfo provides several commands for inserting characters that have
special meaning in Texinfo, such as braces, and for other graphic
elements that do not correspond to simple characters you can type.

* Menu:

* Atsign Braces Comma::         Inserting @ and {} and ,.
* Inserting Space::             How to insert the right amount of space
                                 within a sentence.
* Inserting Accents::           How to insert accents and special characters.
* Dots Bullets::                How to insert dots and bullets.
* TeX and copyright::           How to insert the TeX logo
                                 and the copyright symbol.
* euro::                        How to insert the Euro currency symbol.
* pounds::                      How to insert the pounds currency symbol.
* minus::                       How to insert a minus sign.
* math::                        How to format a mathematical expression.
* Glyphs::                      How to indicate results of evaluation,
                                 expansion of macros, errors, etc.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Atsign Braces Comma,  Next: Inserting Space,  Up: Insertions

14.1 Inserting @ and {} and ,
=============================

`@' and curly braces are special characters in Texinfo.  To insert
these characters so they appear in text, you must put an `@' in front
of these characters to prevent Texinfo from misinterpreting them.

  The comma `,' is a special character only in one uncommon context: it
separates arguments to commands that take multiple arguments.

* Menu:

* Inserting an Atsign::
* Inserting Braces::
* Inserting a Comma::


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Inserting an Atsign,  Next: Inserting Braces,  Up: Atsign Braces Comma

14.1.1 Inserting `@' with `@@'
------------------------------

`@@' stands for a single `@' in either printed or Info output.

  Do not put braces after an `@@' command.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Inserting Braces,  Next: Inserting a Comma,  Prev: Inserting an Atsign,  Up: Atsign Braces Comma

14.1.2 Inserting `{' and `}' with `@{' and `@}'
-----------------------------------------------

`@{' stands for a single `{' in either printed or Info output.

  `@}' stands for a single `}' in either printed or Info output.

  Do not put braces after either an `@{' or an `@}' command.ppp


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Inserting a Comma,  Prev: Inserting Braces,  Up: Atsign Braces Comma

14.1.3 Inserting `,' with `@comma{}'
------------------------------------

Ordinarily, a comma `,' is a normal character that can be simply typed
in your input where you need it.

  However, Texinfo uses the comma as a special character in one uncommon
context: some commands, such as `@acronym' (*note acronym::) and
`@xref' (*note Cross References::), as well as user-defined macros
(*note Defining Macros::), can take more than one argument.  In these
cases, the comma character is used to separate arguments.

  Since a comma chacter would confuse Texinfo's parsing for these
commands, you must use the command `,' instead if you want to have an
actual comma in the output.  Here are some examples:

     @acronym{ABC, A Bizarre @comma{}}
     @xref{Comma,, The @comma{} symbol}
     @mymac{One argument@comma{} containing a comma}

  Although , can be used anywhere, there is no need for it anywhere
except in this unusual case.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Inserting Space,  Next: Inserting Accents,  Prev: Atsign Braces Comma,  Up: Insertions

14.2 Inserting Space
====================

The following sections describe commands that control spacing of various
kinds within and after sentences.

* Menu:

* Not Ending a Sentence::       Sometimes a . doesn't end a sentence.
* Ending a Sentence::           Sometimes it does.
* Multiple Spaces::             Inserting multiple spaces.
* dmn::                         How to format a dimension.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Not Ending a Sentence,  Next: Ending a Sentence,  Up: Inserting Space

14.2.1 Not Ending a Sentence
----------------------------

Depending on whether a period or exclamation point or question mark is
inside or at the end of a sentence, less or more space is inserted after
a period in a typeset manual.  Since it is not always possible to
determine when a period ends a sentence and when it is used in an
abbreviation, special commands are needed in some circumstances.
Usually, Texinfo can guess how to handle periods, so you do not need to
use the special commands; you just enter a period as you would if you
were using a typewriter, which means you put two spaces after the
period, question mark, or exclamation mark that ends a sentence.

  Use the `@:' command after a period, question mark, exclamation mark,
or colon that should not be followed by extra space.  For example, use
`@:' after periods that end abbreviations which are not at the ends of
sentences.

  For example,

     The s.o.p.@: has three parts ...
     The s.o.p. has three parts ...

produces

     The s.o.p. has three parts ...
     The s.o.p. has three parts ...

(Incidentally, `s.o.p.' is an abbreviation for "Standard Operating
Procedure".)

  `@:' has no effect on the Info and HTML output.  In Docbook and XML,
the previous punctuation character (.?!:) is output as an entity
instead of as the normal character: `&period; &quest; &excl; &colon;'.
This gives further processors a chance to notice and not add the usual
extra space.

  Do not put braces after `@:' (or any non-alphabetic command).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Ending a Sentence,  Next: Multiple Spaces,  Prev: Not Ending a Sentence,  Up: Inserting Space

14.2.2 Ending a Sentence
------------------------

Use `@.' instead of a period, `@!' instead of an exclamation point, and
`@?' instead of a question mark at the end of a sentence that ends with
a capital letter.  Otherwise, TeX will think the letter is an
abbreviation and will not insert the correct end-of-sentence spacing.
Here is an example:

     Give it to M.I.B. and to M.E.W@.  Also, give it to R.J.C@.
     Give it to M.I.B. and to M.E.W.  Also, give it to R.J.C.

produces

     Give it to M.I.B. and to M.E.W.  Also, give it to R.J.C.
     Give it to M.I.B. and to M.E.W.  Also, give it to R.J.C.

  In the Info file output, `@.' is equivalent to a simple `.'; likewise
for `@!' and `@?'.

  The meanings of `@:' and `@.' in Texinfo are designed to work well
with the Emacs sentence motion commands (*note Sentences:
(emacs)Sentences.).

  Do not put braces after any of these commands.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Multiple Spaces,  Next: dmn,  Prev: Ending a Sentence,  Up: Inserting Space

14.2.3 Multiple Spaces
----------------------

Ordinarily, TeX collapses multiple whitespace characters (space, tab,
and newline) into a single space.  Info output, on the other hand,
preserves whitespace as you type it, except for changing a newline into
a space; this is why it is important to put two spaces at the end of
sentences in Texinfo documents.

  Occasionally, you may want to actually insert several consecutive
spaces, either for purposes of example (what your program does with
multiple spaces as input), or merely for purposes of appearance in
headings or lists.  Texinfo supports three commands: `@SPACE', `@TAB',
and `@NL', all of which insert a single space into the output.  (Here,
`@SPACE' represents an `@' character followed by a space, i.e., `@ ',
and `TAB' and `NL' represent the tab character and end-of-line, i.e.,
when `@' is the last character on a line.)

  For example,
     Spacey@ @ @ @
     example.

produces

     Spacey    example.

  Other possible uses of `@SPACE' have been subsumed by `@multitable'
(*note Multi-column Tables::).

  Do not follow any of these commands with braces.

  To produce a non-breakable space, see *Note `@tie': tie.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: dmn,  Prev: Multiple Spaces,  Up: Inserting Space

14.2.4 `@dmn'{DIMENSION}: Format a Dimension
--------------------------------------------

At times, you may want to write `12pt' or `8.5in' with little or no
space between the number and the abbreviation for the dimension.  You
can use the `@dmn' command to do this.  On seeing the command, TeX
inserts just enough space for proper typesetting; the Info formatting
commands insert no space at all, since the Info file does not require
it.

  To use the `@dmn' command, write the number and then follow it
immediately, with no intervening space, by `@dmn', and then by the
dimension within braces.  For example,

     A4 paper is 8.27@dmn{in} wide.

produces

     A4 paper is 8.27in wide.

  Not everyone uses this style.  Some people prefer `8.27 in.@:' or
`8.27 inches' to `8.27@dmn{in}' in the Texinfo file.  In these cases,
however, the formatters may insert a line break between the number and
the dimension, so use `@w' (*note w::).  Also, if you write a period
after an abbreviation within a sentence, you should write `@:' after
the period to prevent TeX from inserting extra whitespace, as shown
here.  *Note Not Ending a Sentence::.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Inserting Accents,  Next: Dots Bullets,  Prev: Inserting Space,  Up: Insertions

14.3 Inserting Accents
======================

Here is a table with the commands Texinfo provides for inserting
floating accents.  The commands with non-alphabetic names do not take
braces around their argument (which is taken to be the next character).
(Exception: `@,' _does_ take braces around its argument.)  This is so
as to make the source as convenient to type and read as possible, since
accented characters are very common in some languages.

  To get the true accented characters output in Info, and not just the
ASCII transliterations, you can use the `--enable-encoding' option to
`makeinfo' (*note makeinfo options::).

Command           Output   What
@"o               o"       umlaut accent
@'o               o'       acute accent
@,{c}             c,       cedilla accent
@=o               o=       macron/overbar accent
@^o               o^       circumflex accent
@`o               o`       grave accent
@~o               o~       tilde accent
@dotaccent{o}     o.       overdot accent
@H{o}             o''      long Hungarian umlaut
@ringaccent{o}    o*       ring accent
@tieaccent{oo}    oo[      tie-after accent
@u{o}             o(       breve accent
@ubaraccent{o}    o_       underbar accent
@udotaccent{o}    .o       underdot accent
@v{o}             o<       hacek/check/caron accent

  This table lists the Texinfo commands for inserting other characters
commonly used in languages other than English.

@exclamdown{}      !       upside-down !
@questiondown{}    ?       upside-down ?
@aa{} @AA{}        aa AA   a,A with circle
@ae{} @AE{}        ae AE   ae,AE ligatures
@dotless{i}        i       dotless i
@dotless{j}        j       dotless j
@l{} @L{}          /l /L   suppressed-L,l
@o{} @O{}          /o /O   O,o with slash
@oe{} @OE{}        oe OE   oe,OE ligatures
@ordf{} @ordm{}    a o     Spanish ordinals
@ss{}              ss      es-zet or sharp S


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Dots Bullets,  Next: TeX and copyright,  Prev: Inserting Accents,  Up: Insertions

14.4 Inserting Ellipsis and Bullets
===================================

An "ellipsis" (a line of dots) is not typeset as a string of periods,
so a special command is used for ellipsis in Texinfo.  The `@bullet'
command is special, too.  Each of these commands is followed by a pair
of braces, `{}', without any whitespace between the name of the command
and the braces.  (You need to use braces with these commands because
you can use them next to other text; without the braces, the formatters
would be confused.  *Note @-Command Syntax: Command Syntax, for further
information.)

* Menu:

* dots::                        How to insert dots ...
* bullet::                      How to insert a bullet.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: dots,  Next: bullet,  Up: Dots Bullets

14.4.1 `@dots'{} (...) and `@enddots'{} (....)
----------------------------------------------

Use the `@dots{}' command to generate an ellipsis, which is three dots
in a row, appropriately spaced ... like so.  Do not simply write three
periods in the input file; that would work for the Info file output,
but would produce the wrong amount of space between the periods in the
printed manual.

  Similarly, the `@enddots{}' command generates an end-of-sentence
ellipsis, which has different spacing afterwards, ....  Look closely to
see the difference.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: bullet,  Prev: dots,  Up: Dots Bullets

14.4.2 `@bullet'{} (*)
----------------------

Use the `@bullet{}' command to generate a large round dot, or the
closest possible thing to one.  In Info, an asterisk is used.

  Here is a bullet: *

  When you use `@bullet' in `@itemize', you do not need to type the
braces, because `@itemize' supplies them.  (*Note `@itemize': itemize.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: TeX and copyright,  Next: euro,  Prev: Dots Bullets,  Up: Insertions

14.5 Inserting TeX and Legal Symbols: (C), (R)
==============================================

The logo `TeX' is typeset in a special fashion and it needs an
@-command.  The copyright and registered symbols, `(C)' and `(R)', is
also special.  Each of these commands is followed by a pair of braces,
`{}', without any whitespace between the name of the command and the
braces.

* Menu:

* tex::                         The TeX logos.
* copyright symbol::            The copyright symbol (c in a circle).
* registered symbol::           The registered symbol (R in a circle).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: tex,  Next: copyright symbol,  Up: TeX and copyright

14.5.1 `@TeX'{} (TeX) and `@LaTeX'{} (LaTeX)
--------------------------------------------

Use the `@TeX{}' command to generate `TeX'.  In a printed manual, this
is a special logo that is different from three ordinary letters.  In
Info, it just looks like `TeX'.

  Similarly, use the `@LaTeX{}' command to generate `LaTeX', which is
even more special in printed manuals (and different from the incorrect
`La@TeX{}'.  In Info, the result is just `LaTeX'.  (LaTeX is another
macro package built on top of TeX, very loosely analogous to Texinfo in
that it emphasizes logical structure, but much (much) larger.)

  The spelling of these commands are unusual among Texinfo commands in
that they use both uppercase and lowercase letters.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: copyright symbol,  Next: registered symbol,  Prev: tex,  Up: TeX and copyright

14.5.2 `@copyright{}' ((C))
---------------------------

Use the `@copyright{}' command to generate the copyright symbol, `(C)'.
Where possible, this is a `c' inside a circle; in Info, this is `(C)'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: registered symbol,  Prev: copyright symbol,  Up: TeX and copyright

14.5.3 `@registeredsymbol{}' ((R))
----------------------------------

Use the `@registeredsymbol{}' command to generate the registered
symbol, `(R)'.  Where possible, this is an `R' inside a circle; in
Info, this is `(R)'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: euro,  Next: pounds,  Prev: TeX and copyright,  Up: Insertions

14.6 `@euro'{} (Euro ): Euro currency symbol
============================================

Use the `@euro{}' command to generate `Euro '.  Where possible, this is
the symbol for the Euro currency, invented as part of the European
economic unification relatively recently.  In plain Info, it is the
word `Euro '.  (The space is included in the text transliteration since
typically there would be no space after the symbol, so it would be
inappropriate to have a space in the source document.)

  Texinfo cannot magically synthesize support for the Euro symbol where
the underlying system (fonts, software, whatever) does not support it.
Therefore, in many cases it is preferable to use the word "Euro".  (In
banking circles, the abbreviation for the Euro is EUR.)

  In order to get the Euro symbol in encoded Info output, for example,
it is necessary to specify `@documentencoding ISO-8859-15'.  (*Note
`@documentencoding': documentencoding.)  The Euro symbol is in ISO
8859-15 (aka Latin 9), and is _not_ in the more widely-used and
supported ISO 8859-1 (Latin 1).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: pounds,  Next: minus,  Prev: euro,  Up: Insertions

14.7 `@pounds'{} (#): Pounds Sterling
=====================================

Use the `@pounds{}' command to generate `#'.  Where possible, this is
the symbol for the currency pounds sterling.  In Info, it is a `#'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: minus,  Next: math,  Prev: pounds,  Up: Insertions

14.8 `@minus'{} (-): Inserting a Minus Sign
===========================================

Use the `@minus{}' command to generate a minus sign.  In a fixed-width
font, this is a single hyphen, but in a proportional font, the symbol
is the customary length for a minus sign--a little longer than a
hyphen, shorter than an em-dash:

     `-' is a minus sign generated with `@minus{}',

     `-' is a hyphen generated with the character `-',

     `--' is an em-dash for text.

In the fixed-width font used by Info, `@minus{}' is the same as a
hyphen.

  You should not use `@minus{}' inside `@code' or `@example' because
the width distinction is not made in the fixed-width font they use.

  When you use `@minus' to specify the mark beginning each entry in an
itemized list, you do not need to type the braces (*note `@itemize':
itemize.).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: math,  Next: Glyphs,  Prev: minus,  Up: Insertions

14.9 `@math': Inserting Mathematical Expressions
================================================

You can write a short mathematical expression with the `@math' command.
Write the mathematical expression between braces, like this:

     @math{(a + b)(a + b) = a^2 + 2ab + b^2}

This produces the following in Info and HTML:

     (a + b)(a + b) = a^2 + 2ab + b^2

  Thus, the `@math' command has no effect on the Info and HTML output;
`makeinfo' just reproduces the input, it does not try to interpret the
mathematics in any way.

  `@math' implies `@tex'.  This not only makes it possible to write
superscripts and subscripts (as in the above example), but also allows
you to use any of the plain TeX math control sequences.  It's
conventional to use `\' instead of `@' for these commands.  As in:
     @math{\sin 2\pi \equiv \cos 3\pi}

which looks like the input in Info and HTML:
     \sin 2\pi \equiv \cos 3\pi

  Since `\' is an escape character inside `@math', you can use `@\' to
get a literal backslash (`\\' will work in TeX, but you'll get the
literal `\\' in Info).  `@\' is not defined outside of `@math', since a
`\' ordinarily produces a literal `\'.

  For displayed equations, you must at present use TeX directly (*note
Raw Formatter Commands::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Glyphs,  Prev: math,  Up: Insertions

14.10 Glyphs for Examples
=========================

In Texinfo, code is often illustrated in examples that are delimited by
`@example' and `@end example', or by `@lisp' and `@end lisp'.  In such
examples, you can indicate the results of evaluation or an expansion
using `=>' or `==>'.  Likewise, there are commands to insert glyphs to
indicate printed output, error messages, equivalence of expressions,
and the location of point.

  The glyph-insertion commands do not need to be used within an
example, but most often they are.  Every  glyph-insertion command is
followed by a pair of left- and right-hand braces.

* Menu:

* Glyphs Summary::
* result::                      How to show the result of expression.
* expansion::                   How to indicate an expansion.
* Print Glyph::                 How to indicate printed output.
* Error Glyph::                 How to indicate an error message.
* Equivalence::                 How to indicate equivalence.
* Point Glyph::                 How to indicate the location of point.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Glyphs Summary,  Next: result,  Up: Glyphs

14.10.1 Glyphs Summary
----------------------

Here are the different glyph commands:

=>
     `@result{}' points to the result of an expression.

==>
     `@expansion{}' shows the results of a macro expansion.

-|
     `@print{}' indicates printed output.

error-->
     `@error{}' indicates that the following text is an error message.

==
     `@equiv{}' indicates the exact equivalence of two forms.

-!-
     `@point{}' shows the location of point.

* Menu:

* result::
* expansion::
* Print Glyph::
* Error Glyph::
* Equivalence::
* Point Glyph::


File: texinfo.info,  Node: result,  Next: expansion,  Prev: Glyphs Summary,  Up: Glyphs

14.10.2 `@result{}' (=>): Indicating Evaluation
-----------------------------------------------

Use the `@result{}' command to indicate the result of evaluating an
expression.

  The `@result{}' command is displayed as `=>' in Info and HTML and as
a true double stemmed arrow in the printed output.

  Thus, the following,

     (cdr '(1 2 3))
         => (2 3)

may be read as "`(cdr '(1 2 3))' evaluates to `(2 3)'".


File: texinfo.info,  Node: expansion,  Next: Print Glyph,  Prev: result,  Up: Glyphs

14.10.3 `@expansion{}' (==>): Indicating an Expansion
-----------------------------------------------------

When an expression is a macro call, it expands into a new expression.
You can indicate the result of the expansion with the `@expansion{}'
command.

  The `@expansion{}' command is displayed as `==>' in Info and HTML,
and as a long arrow with a flat base in the printed output.

  For example, the following

     @lisp
     (third '(a b c))
         @expansion{} (car (cdr (cdr '(a b c))))
         @result{} c
     @end lisp

produces

     (third '(a b c))
         ==> (car (cdr (cdr '(a b c))))
         => c

which may be read as:

     `(third '(a b c))' expands to `(car (cdr (cdr '(a b c))))'; the
     result of evaluating the expression is `c'.

Often, as in this case, an example looks better if the `@expansion{}'
and `@result{}' commands are indented.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Print Glyph,  Next: Error Glyph,  Prev: expansion,  Up: Glyphs

14.10.4 `@print{}' (-|): Indicating Printed Output
--------------------------------------------------

Sometimes an expression will print output during its execution.  You
can indicate the printed output with the `@print{}' command.

  The `@print{}' command is displayed as `-|' in Info and HTML and
(similarly) as a horizontal dash butting against a vertical bar in the
printed output.

  In the following example, the printed text is indicated with `-|',
and the value of the expression follows on the last line.

     (progn (print 'foo) (print 'bar))
         -| foo
         -| bar
         => bar

In a Texinfo source file, this example is written as follows:

     @lisp
     (progn (print 'foo) (print 'bar))
         @print{} foo
         @print{} bar
         @result{} bar
     @end lisp


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Error Glyph,  Next: Equivalence,  Prev: Print Glyph,  Up: Glyphs

14.10.5 `@error{}' (error-->): Indicating an Error Message
----------------------------------------------------------

A piece of code may cause an error when you evaluate it.  You can
designate the error message with the `@error{}' command.

  The `@error{}' command is displayed as `error-->' in Info and HTML
and as the word `error' in a box in the printed output.

  Thus,

     @lisp
     (+ 23 'x)
     @error{} Wrong type argument: integer-or-marker-p, x
     @end lisp

produces

     (+ 23 'x)
     error--> Wrong type argument: integer-or-marker-p, x

This indicates that the following error message is printed when you
evaluate the expression:

     Wrong type argument: integer-or-marker-p, x

  `error-->' itself is not part of the error message.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Equivalence,  Next: Point Glyph,  Prev: Error Glyph,  Up: Glyphs

14.10.6 `@equiv{}' (==): Indicating Equivalence
-----------------------------------------------

Sometimes two expressions produce identical results.  You can indicate
the exact equivalence of two forms with the `@equiv{}' command.

  The `@equiv{}' command is displayed as `==' in Info and HTML and as a
standard mathematical equivalence sign (three parallel horizontal
lines) in the printed output.

  Thus,

     @lisp
     (make-sparse-keymap) @equiv{} (list 'keymap)
     @end lisp

produces

     (make-sparse-keymap) == (list 'keymap)

This indicates that evaluating `(make-sparse-keymap)' produces
identical results to evaluating `(list 'keymap)'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Point Glyph,  Prev: Equivalence,  Up: Glyphs

14.10.7 `@point{}' (-!-): Indicating Point in a Buffer
------------------------------------------------------

Sometimes you need to show an example of text in an Emacs buffer.  In
such examples, the convention is to include the entire contents of the
buffer in question between two lines of dashes containing the buffer
name.

  You can use the `@point{}' command to show the location of point in
the text in the buffer.  (The symbol for point, of course, is not part
of the text in the buffer; it indicates the place _between_ two
characters where point is located.)

  The `@point{}' command is displayed as `-!-' in Info and HTML and as
a small five pointed star in the printed output.

  The following example shows the contents of buffer `foo' before and
after evaluating a Lisp command to insert the word `changed'.

     ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
     This is the -!-contents of foo.
     ---------- Buffer: foo ----------

     (insert "changed ")
         => nil
     ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
     This is the changed -!-contents of foo.
     ---------- Buffer: foo ----------

  In a Texinfo source file, the example is written like this:

     @example
     ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
     This is the @point{}contents of foo.
     ---------- Buffer: foo ----------

     (insert "changed ")
         @result{} nil
     ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
     This is the changed @point{}contents of foo.
     ---------- Buffer: foo ----------
     @end example


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Breaks,  Next: Definition Commands,  Prev: Insertions,  Up: Top

15 Forcing and Preventing Breaks
********************************

Usually, a Texinfo file is processed both by TeX and by one of the Info
formatting commands.  Line, paragraph, or page breaks sometimes occur
in the `wrong' place in one or other form of output.  You must ensure
that text looks right both in the printed manual and in the Info file.

  For example, in a printed manual, page breaks may occur awkwardly in
the middle of an example; to prevent this, you can hold text together
using a grouping command that keeps the text from being split across
two pages.  Conversely, you may want to force a page break where none
would occur normally.  Fortunately, problems like these do not often
arise.  When they do, use the break, break prevention, or pagination
commands.

* Menu:

* Break Commands::              Summary of break-related commands.
* Line Breaks::                 Forcing line breaks.
* - and hyphenation::           Helping TeX with hyphenation points.
* w::                           Preventing unwanted line breaks in text.
* tie::                         Inserting an unbreakable but varying space.
* sp::                          Inserting blank lines.
* page::                        Forcing the start of a new page.
* group::                       Preventing unwanted page breaks.
* need::                        Another way to prevent unwanted page breaks.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Break Commands,  Next: Line Breaks,  Up: Breaks

15.1 Break Commands
===================

The break commands create or allow line and paragraph breaks:

`@*'
     Force a line break.

`@sp N'
     Skip N blank lines.

`@-'
     Insert a discretionary hyphen.

`@hyphenation{HY-PHEN-A-TED WORDS}'
     Define hyphen points in HY-PHEN-A-TED WORDS.

  These commands hold text together on a single line:

`@w{TEXT}'
     Prevent TEXT from being split and hyphenated across two lines.

`@tie{}'
     Insert a normal interword space at which a line break may not
     occur.

  The pagination commands apply only to printed output, since Info
files do not have pages.

`@page'
     Start a new page in the printed manual.

`@group'
     Hold text together that must appear on one printed page.

`@need MILS'
     Start a new printed page if not enough space on this one.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Line Breaks,  Next: - and hyphenation,  Prev: Break Commands,  Up: Breaks

15.2 `@*' and `@/': Generate and Allow Line Breaks
==================================================

The `@*' command forces a line break in both the printed manual and in
Info.  The `@/' command allows a line break (printed manual only).

  Here is an example with `@*':

     This line @* is broken @*in two places.

produces

     This line
     is broken
     in two places.

  The `@/' command can be useful within a url (*note `@uref': uref.),
which tend to be long and are otherwise unbreakable.  For example:

     The official Texinfo home page is on the GNU web site:
     @uref{http://www.gnu.org/@/software/@/gnu/@/texinfo}.

produces

     The official Texinfo home page is on the GNU web site:
     `http://www.gnu.org/software/gnu/texinfo'.

Without the `@/' commands, TeX would have nowhere to break the line.
`@/' has no effect in the online output.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: - and hyphenation,  Next: w,  Prev: Line Breaks,  Up: Breaks

15.3 `@-' and `@hyphenation': Helping TeX Hyphenate
===================================================

Although TeX's hyphenation algorithm is generally pretty good, it does
miss useful hyphenation points from time to time.  (Or, far more
rarely, insert an incorrect hyphenation.)  So, for documents with an
unusual vocabulary or when fine-tuning for a printed edition, you may
wish to help TeX out.  Texinfo supports two commands for this:

`@-'
     Insert a discretionary hyphen, i.e., a place where TeX can (but
     does not have to) hyphenate.  This is especially useful when you
     notice an overfull hbox is due to TeX missing a hyphenation (*note
     Overfull hboxes::).  TeX will not insert any hyphenation points
     itself into a word containing `@-'.

`@hyphenation{HY-PHEN-A-TED WORDS}'
     Tell TeX how to hyphenate HY-PHEN-A-TED WORDS.  As shown, you put
     a `-' at each hyphenation point.  For example:
          @hyphenation{man-u-script man-u-scripts}
     TeX only uses the specified hyphenation points when the words
     match exactly, so give all necessary variants.

  Info output is not hyphenated, so these commands have no effect there.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: w,  Next: tie,  Prev: - and hyphenation,  Up: Breaks

15.4 `@w'{TEXT}: Prevent Line Breaks
====================================

`@w{TEXT}' outputs TEXT and prohibits line breaks within TEXT, for both
TeX and `makeinfo'.

  Thus, you can use `@w' to produce a non-breakable space, fixed at the
width of a normal interword space:

     @w{ } @w{ } @w{ } indentation.

produces:

           indentation.

  The space from `@w{ }', as well as being non-breakable, also will not
stretch or shrink.  Sometimes that is what you want, for instance if
you're doing indenting manual.  However, usually you want a normal
interword space that does stretch and shrink (in the printed output);
see the `@tie' command in the next section.

  You can also use the `@w' command to prevent TeX from automatically
hyphenating a long name or phrase that happens to fall near the end of
a line.  `makeinfo' does not ever hyphenate words.

  You can also use `@w' to avoid unwanted keyword expansion in source
control systems.  For example, to literally write $Id$ in your
document, use `@w{$}Id$'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: tie,  Next: sp,  Prev: w,  Up: Breaks

15.5 `@tie{}': Inserting an Unbreakable Space
=============================================

The `@tie{}' command produces a normal interword space at which a line
break may not occur.  Always write it with following (empty) braces, as
usual for commands used within a paragraph.  Here's an example:

     @TeX{} was written by Donald E.@tie{}Knuth.

produces:

     TeX was written by Donald E. Knuth.

  There are two important differences between `@tie{}' and `@w{ }':

   * The space produced by `@tie{}' will stretch and shrink slightly
     along with the normal interword spaces in the paragraph; the space
     produced by `@w{ }' will not vary.

   * `@tie{}' allows hyphenation of the surrounding words, while
     `@w{ }' inhibits hyphenation of those words (for TeXnical reasons,
     namely that it produces an `\hbox').



File: texinfo.info,  Node: sp,  Next: page,  Prev: tie,  Up: Breaks

15.6 `@sp' N: Insert Blank Lines
================================

A line beginning with and containing only `@sp N' generates N blank
lines of space in both the printed manual and the Info file.  `@sp'
also forces a paragraph break.  For example,

     @sp 2

generates two blank lines.

  The `@sp' command is most often used in the title page.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: page,  Next: group,  Prev: sp,  Up: Breaks

15.7 `@page': Start a New Page
==============================

A line containing only `@page' starts a new page in a printed manual.
The command has no effect on Info files since they are not paginated.
An `@page' command is often used in the `@titlepage' section of a
Texinfo file to start the copyright page.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: group,  Next: need,  Prev: page,  Up: Breaks

15.8 `@group': Prevent Page Breaks
==================================

The `@group' command (on a line by itself) is used inside an `@example'
or similar construct to begin an unsplittable vertical group, which
will appear entirely on one page in the printed output.  The group is
terminated by a line containing only `@end group'.  These two lines
produce no output of their own, and in the Info file output they have
no effect at all.

  Although `@group' would make sense conceptually in a wide variety of
contexts, its current implementation works reliably only within
`@example' and variants, and within `@display', `@format', `@flushleft'
and `@flushright'.  *Note Quotations and Examples::.  (What all these
commands have in common is that each line of input produces a line of
output.)  In other contexts, `@group' can cause anomalous vertical
spacing.

  This formatting requirement means that you should write:

     @example
     @group
     ...
     @end group
     @end example

with the `@group' and `@end group' commands inside the `@example' and
`@end example' commands.

  The `@group' command is most often used to hold an example together
on one page.  In this Texinfo manual, more than 100 examples contain
text that is enclosed between `@group' and `@end group'.

  If you forget to end a group, you may get strange and unfathomable
error messages when you run TeX.  This is because TeX keeps trying to
put the rest of the Texinfo file onto the one page and does not start
to generate error messages until it has processed considerable text.
It is a good rule of thumb to look for a missing `@end group' if you
get incomprehensible error messages in TeX.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: need,  Prev: group,  Up: Breaks

15.9 `@need MILS': Prevent Page Breaks
======================================

A line containing only `@need N' starts a new page in a printed manual
if fewer than N mils (thousandths of an inch) remain on the current
page.  Do not use braces around the argument N.  The `@need' command
has no effect on Info files since they are not paginated.

  This paragraph is preceded by an `@need' command that tells TeX to
start a new page if fewer than 800 mils (eight-tenths inch) remain on
the page.  It looks like this:

     @need 800
     This paragraph is preceded by ...

  The `@need' command is useful for preventing orphans (single lines at
the bottoms of printed pages).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Definition Commands,  Next: Conditionals,  Prev: Breaks,  Up: Top

16 Definition Commands
**********************

The `@deffn' command and the other "definition commands" enable you to
describe functions, variables, macros, commands, user options, special
forms and other such artifacts in a uniform format.

  In the Info file, a definition causes the entity
category--`Function', `Variable', or whatever--to appear at the
beginning of the first line of the definition, followed by the entity's
name and arguments.  In the printed manual, the command causes TeX to
print the entity's name and its arguments on the left margin and print
the category next to the right margin.  In both output formats, the
body of the definition is indented.  Also, the name of the entity is
entered into the appropriate index: `@deffn' enters the name into the
index of functions, `@defvr' enters it into the index of variables, and
so on (*note Predefined Indices::).

  A manual need not and should not contain more than one definition for
a given name.  An appendix containing a summary should use `@table'
rather than the definition commands.

* Menu:

* Def Cmd Template::            Writing descriptions using definition commands.
* Def Cmd Continuation Lines::  Continuing the heading over source lines.
* Optional Arguments::          Handling optional and repeated arguments.
* deffnx::                      Group two or more `first' lines.
* Def Cmds in Detail::          Reference for all the definition commands.
* Def Cmd Conventions::         Conventions for writing definitions.
* Sample Function Definition::  An example.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Def Cmd Template,  Next: Def Cmd Continuation Lines,  Up: Definition Commands

16.1 The Template for a Definition
==================================

The `@deffn' command is used for definitions of entities that resemble
functions.  To write a definition using the `@deffn' command, write the
`@deffn' command at the beginning of a line and follow it on the same
line by the category of the entity, the name of the entity itself, and
its arguments (if any).  Then write the body of the definition on
succeeding lines.  (You may embed examples in the body.)  Finally, end
the definition with an `@end deffn' command written on a line of its
own.

  The other definition commands follow the same format: a line with the
`@def...' command and whatever arguments are appropriate for that
command; the body of the definition; and a corresponding `@end' line.

  The template for a definition looks like this:

     @deffn CATEGORY NAME ARGUMENTS...
     BODY-OF-DEFINITION
     @end deffn

For example,

     @deffn Command forward-word count
     This command moves point forward @var{count} words
     (or backward if @var{count} is negative). ...
     @end deffn

produces

      -- Command: forward-word count
          This function moves point forward COUNT words (or backward if
          COUNT is negative). ...

  Capitalize the category name like a title.  If the name of the
category contains spaces, as in the phrase `Interactive Command',
enclose it in braces.  For example:

     @deffn {Interactive Command} isearch-forward
     ...
     @end deffn

Otherwise, the second word will be mistaken for the name of the entity.
As a general rule, when any of the arguments in the heading line
_except_ the last one are more than one word, you need to enclose them
in braces.

  Some of the definition commands are more general than others.  The
`@deffn' command, for example, is the general definition command for
functions and the like--for entities that may take arguments.  When you
use this command, you specify the category to which the entity belongs.
Three predefined, specialized variations (`@defun', `@defmac', and
`@defspec') specify the category for you: "Function", "Macro", and
"Special Form" respectively.  (In Lisp, a special form is an entity
much like a function.)  Similarly, the general `@defvr' command is
accompanied by several specialized variations for describing particular
kinds of variables.

  *Note Sample Function Definition::, for a detailed example of a
function definition, including the use of `@example' inside the
definition.

  Unfortunately, due to implementation difficulties, macros are not
expanded in `@deffn' and all the other definition commands.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Def Cmd Continuation Lines,  Next: Optional Arguments,  Prev: Def Cmd Template,  Up: Definition Commands

16.2 Definition Command Continuation Lines
==========================================

The heading line of a definition command can get very long.  Therefore,
Texinfo has a special syntax allowing them to be continued over
multiple lines of the source file: a lone `@' at the end of each line
to be continued.  Here's an example:

     @defun fn-name @
       arg1 arg2 arg3
     This is the basic continued defun.
     @end defun

produces:

 -- Function: fn-name arg1 arg2 arg3
     This is the basic continued defun.

As you can see, the continued lines are combined, as if they had been
typed on one source line.

  Although this example only shows a one-line continuation,
continuations may extend over any number of lines; simply put an `@' at
the end of each line to be continued.

  The `@' character does not have to be the last character on the
physical line: whitespace is allowed (and ignored) afterwards.

  In general, any number of spaces or tabs around the `@' continuation
character, both on the line with the `@' and on the continued line, are
collapsed into a single space.  There is one exception: the Texinfo
processors will not fully collapse whitespace around a continuation
inside braces.  For example:

     @deffn {Category @
       Name} ...

The output (not shown) has excess space between `Category' and `Name'.
In this case, simply elide any unwanted whitespace in your input, or
put the continuation `@' outside braces.

  `@' does not (currently) function as a continuation character in
_any_ other context.  Ordinarily, `@' followed by a whitespace
character (space, tab, newline) produces a normal interword space
(*note Multiple Spaces::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Optional Arguments,  Next: deffnx,  Prev: Def Cmd Continuation Lines,  Up: Definition Commands

16.3 Optional and Repeated Arguments
====================================

Some entities take optional or repeated arguments, which may be
specified by a distinctive glyph that uses square brackets and
ellipses.  For example, a special form often breaks its argument list
into separate arguments in more complicated ways than a straightforward
function.

  An argument enclosed within square brackets is optional.  Thus,
[OPTIONAL-ARG] means that OPTIONAL-ARG is optional.  An argument
followed by an ellipsis is optional and may be repeated more than once.
Thus, REPEATED-ARGS`...' stands for zero or more arguments.
Parentheses are used when several arguments are grouped into additional
levels of list structure in Lisp.

  Here is the `@defspec' line of an example of an imaginary special
form:

      -- Special Form: foobar (VAR [FROM TO [INC]]) BODY...

In this example, the arguments FROM and TO are optional, but must both
be present or both absent.  If they are present, INC may optionally be
specified as well.  These arguments are grouped with the argument VAR
into a list, to distinguish them from BODY, which includes all
remaining elements of the form.

  In a Texinfo source file, this `@defspec' line is written like this
(except it would not be split over two lines, as it is in this example).

     @defspec foobar (@var{var} [@var{from} @var{to}
         [@var{inc}]]) @var{body}@dots{}

The function is listed in the Command and Variable Index under `foobar'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: deffnx,  Next: Def Cmds in Detail,  Prev: Optional Arguments,  Up: Definition Commands

16.4 Two or More `First' Lines
==============================

To create two or more `first' or header lines for a definition, follow
the first `@deffn' line by a line beginning with `@deffnx'.  The
`@deffnx' command works exactly like `@deffn' except that it does not
generate extra vertical white space between it and the preceding line.

  For example,

     @deffn {Interactive Command} isearch-forward
     @deffnx {Interactive Command} isearch-backward
     These two search commands are similar except ...
     @end deffn

produces

 -- Interactive Command: isearch-forward
 -- Interactive Command: isearch-backward
     These two search commands are similar except ...

  Each definition command has an `x' form: `@defunx', `@defvrx',
`@deftypefunx', etc.

  The `x' forms work similarly to `@itemx' (*note itemx::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Def Cmds in Detail,  Next: Def Cmd Conventions,  Prev: deffnx,  Up: Definition Commands

16.5 The Definition Commands
============================

Texinfo provides more than a dozen definition commands, all of which
are described in this section.

  The definition commands automatically enter the name of the entity in
the appropriate index: for example, `@deffn', `@defun', and `@defmac'
enter function names in the index of functions; `@defvr' and `@defvar'
enter variable names in the index of variables.

  Although the examples that follow mostly illustrate Lisp, the commands
can be used for other programming languages.

* Menu:

* Functions Commands::          Commands for functions and similar entities.
* Variables Commands::          Commands for variables and similar entities.
* Typed Functions::             Commands for functions in typed languages.
* Typed Variables::             Commands for variables in typed languages.
* Data Types::                  The definition command for data types.
* Abstract Objects::            Commands for object-oriented programming.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Functions Commands,  Next: Variables Commands,  Up: Def Cmds in Detail

16.5.1 Functions and Similar Entities
-------------------------------------

This section describes the commands for describing functions and similar
entities:

`@deffn CATEGORY NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     The `@deffn' command is the general definition command for
     functions, interactive commands, and similar entities that may take
     arguments.  You must choose a term to describe the category of
     entity being defined; for example, "Function" could be used if the
     entity is a function.  The `@deffn' command is written at the
     beginning of a line and is followed on the same line by the
     category of entity being described, the name of this particular
     entity, and its arguments, if any.  Terminate the definition with
     `@end deffn' on a line of its own.

     For example, here is a definition:

          @deffn Command forward-char nchars
          Move point forward @var{nchars} characters.
          @end deffn

     This shows a rather terse definition for a "command" named
     `forward-char' with one argument, NCHARS.

     `@deffn' and prints argument names such as NCHARS in slanted type
     in the printed output, because we think of these names as
     metasyntactic variables--they stand for the actual argument values.
     Within the text of the description, however, write an argument name
     explicitly with `@var' to refer to the value of the argument.  In
     the example above, we used `@var{nchars}' in this way.

     In the unusual case when an argument name contains `--', or
     another character sequence which is treated specially (*note
     Conventions::), use `@var' around the argument.  This causes the
     name to be printed in slanted typewriter, instead of the regular
     slanted font, exactly as input.

     The template for `@deffn' is:

          @deffn CATEGORY NAME ARGUMENTS...
          BODY-OF-DEFINITION
          @end deffn

`@defun NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     The `@defun' command is the definition command for functions.
     `@defun' is equivalent to `@deffn Function ...'.  Terminate the
     definition with `@end defun' on a line of its own.  Thus, the
     template is:

          @defun FUNCTION-NAME ARGUMENTS...
          BODY-OF-DEFINITION
          @end defun

`@defmac NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     The `@defmac' command is the definition command for macros.
     `@defmac' is equivalent to `@deffn Macro ...' and works like
     `@defun'.

`@defspec NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     The `@defspec' command is the definition command for special
     forms.  (In Lisp, a special form is an entity much like a function,
     *note Special Forms: (elisp)Special Forms.)  `@defspec' is
     equivalent to `@deffn {Special Form} ...' and works like `@defun'.

  All these commands create entries in the index of functions.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Variables Commands,  Next: Typed Functions,  Prev: Functions Commands,  Up: Def Cmds in Detail

16.5.2 Variables and Similar Entities
-------------------------------------

Here are the commands for defining variables and similar entities:

`@defvr CATEGORY NAME'
     The `@defvr' command is a general definition command for something
     like a variable--an entity that records a value.  You must choose
     a term to describe the category of entity being defined; for
     example, "Variable" could be used if the entity is a variable.
     Write the `@defvr' command at the beginning of a line and follow
     it on the same line by the category of the entity and the name of
     the entity.

     Capitalize the category name like a title.  If the name of the
     category contains spaces, as in the name "User Option", enclose it
     in braces.  Otherwise, the second word will be mistaken for the
     name of the entity.  For example,

          @defvr {User Option} fill-column
          This buffer-local variable specifies
          the maximum width of filled lines.
          ...
          @end defvr

     Terminate the definition with `@end defvr' on a line of its own.

     The template is:

          @defvr CATEGORY NAME
          BODY-OF-DEFINITION
          @end defvr

     `@defvr' creates an entry in the index of variables for NAME.

`@defvar NAME'
     The `@defvar' command is the definition command for variables.
     `@defvar' is equivalent to `@defvr Variable ...'.

     For example:

          @defvar kill-ring
          ...
          @end defvar

     The template is:

          @defvar NAME
          BODY-OF-DEFINITION
          @end defvar

     `@defvar' creates an entry in the index of variables for NAME.

`@defopt NAME'
     The `@defopt' command is the definition command for "user
     options", i.e., variables intended for users to change according to
     taste; Emacs has many such (*note Variables: (emacs)Variables.).
     `@defopt' is equivalent to `@defvr {User Option} ...' and works
     like `@defvar'.  It creates an entry in the index of variables.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Typed Functions,  Next: Typed Variables,  Prev: Variables Commands,  Up: Def Cmds in Detail

16.5.3 Functions in Typed Languages
-----------------------------------

The `@deftypefn' command and its variations are for describing
functions in languages in which you must declare types of variables and
functions, such as C and C++.

`@deftypefn CATEGORY DATA-TYPE NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     The `@deftypefn' command is the general definition command for
     functions and similar entities that may take arguments and that are
     typed.  The `@deftypefn' command is written at the beginning of a
     line and is followed on the same line by the category of entity
     being described, the type of the returned value, the name of this
     particular entity, and its arguments, if any.

     For example,

          @deftypefn {Library Function} int foobar
            (int @var{foo}, float @var{bar})
          ...
          @end deftypefn

     (where the text before the "...", shown above as two lines, would
     actually be a single line in a real Texinfo file) produces the
     following in Info:

          -- Library Function: int foobar (int FOO, float BAR)
          ...

     This means that `foobar' is a "library function" that returns an
     `int', and its arguments are FOO (an `int') and BAR (a `float').

     Since in typed languages, the actual names of the arguments are
     typically scattered among data type names and keywords, Texinfo
     cannot find them without help.  You can either (a) write everything
     as straight text, and it will be printed in slanted type; (b) use
     `@var' for the variable names, which will uppercase the variable
     names in Info and use the slanted typewriter font in printed
     output; (c) use `@var' for the variable names and `@code' for the
     type names and keywords, which will be dutifully obeyed.

     The template for `@deftypefn' is:

          @deftypefn CATEGORY DATA-TYPE NAME ARGUMENTS ...
          BODY-OF-DESCRIPTION
          @end deftypefn

     Note that if the CATEGORY or DATA TYPE is more than one word then
     it must be enclosed in braces to make it a single argument.

     If you are describing a procedure in a language that has packages,
     such as Ada, you might consider using `@deftypefn' in a manner
     somewhat contrary to the convention described in the preceding
     paragraphs.  For example:

          @deftypefn stacks private push @
                 (@var{s}:in out stack; @
                 @var{n}:in integer)
          ...
          @end deftypefn

     (The `@deftypefn' arguments are shown using continuations (*note
     Def Cmd Continuation Lines::), but could be on a single line in a
     real Texinfo file.)

     In this instance, the procedure is classified as belonging to the
     package `stacks' rather than classified as a `procedure' and its
     data type is described as `private'.  (The name of the procedure
     is `push', and its arguments are S and N.)

     `@deftypefn' creates an entry in the index of functions for NAME.

`@deftypefun DATA-TYPE NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     The `@deftypefun' command is the specialized definition command
     for functions in typed languages.  The command is equivalent to
     `@deftypefn Function ...'.  The template is:

          @deftypefun TYPE NAME ARGUMENTS...
          BODY-OF-DESCRIPTION
          @end deftypefun

     `@deftypefun' creates an entry in the index of functions for NAME.



File: texinfo.info,  Node: Typed Variables,  Next: Data Types,  Prev: Typed Functions,  Up: Def Cmds in Detail

16.5.4 Variables in Typed Languages
-----------------------------------

Variables in typed languages are handled in a manner similar to
functions in typed languages.  *Note Typed Functions::.  The general
definition command `@deftypevr' corresponds to `@deftypefn' and the
specialized definition command `@deftypevar' corresponds to
`@deftypefun'.

`@deftypevr CATEGORY DATA-TYPE NAME'
     The `@deftypevr' command is the general definition command for
     something like a variable in a typed language--an entity that
     records a value.  You must choose a term to describe the category
     of the entity being defined; for example, "Variable" could be used
     if the entity is a variable.

     The `@deftypevr' command is written at the beginning of a line and
     is followed on the same line by the category of the entity being
     described, the data type, and the name of this particular entity.

     For example:

          @deftypevr {Global Flag} int enable
          ...
          @end deftypevr

     produces the following in Info:

          -- Global Flag: int enable
          ...

     The template is:

          @deftypevr CATEGORY DATA-TYPE NAME
          BODY-OF-DESCRIPTION
          @end deftypevr

`@deftypevar DATA-TYPE NAME'
     The `@deftypevar' command is the specialized definition command
     for variables in typed languages.  `@deftypevar' is equivalent to
     `@deftypevr Variable ...'.  The template is:

          @deftypevar DATA-TYPE NAME
          BODY-OF-DESCRIPTION
          @end deftypevar

  These commands create entries in the index of variables.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Data Types,  Next: Abstract Objects,  Prev: Typed Variables,  Up: Def Cmds in Detail

16.5.5 Data Types
-----------------

Here is the command for data types:

`@deftp CATEGORY NAME ATTRIBUTES...'
     The `@deftp' command is the generic definition command for data
     types.  The command is written at the beginning of a line and is
     followed on the same line by the category, by the name of the type
     (which is a word like `int' or `float'), and then by names of
     attributes of objects of that type.  Thus, you could use this
     command for describing `int' or `float', in which case you could
     use `data type' as the category.  (A data type is a category of
     certain objects for purposes of deciding which operations can be
     performed on them.)

     In Lisp, for example,  "pair" names a particular data type, and an
     object of that type has two slots called the CAR and the CDR.
     Here is how you would write the first line of a definition of
     `pair'.

          @deftp {Data type} pair car cdr
          ...
          @end deftp

     The template is:

          @deftp CATEGORY NAME-OF-TYPE ATTRIBUTES...
          BODY-OF-DEFINITION
          @end deftp

     `@deftp' creates an entry in the index of data types.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Abstract Objects,  Prev: Data Types,  Up: Def Cmds in Detail

16.5.6 Object-Oriented Programming
----------------------------------

Here are the commands for formatting descriptions about abstract
objects, such as are used in object-oriented programming.  A class is a
defined type of abstract object.  An instance of a class is a
particular object that has the type of the class.  An instance variable
is a variable that belongs to the class but for which each instance has
its own value.

* Menu:

* Variables: Object-Oriented Variables.
* Methods: Object-Oriented Methods.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Object-Oriented Variables,  Next: Object-Oriented Methods,  Up: Abstract Objects

16.5.6.1 Object-Oriented Variables
..................................

These commands allow you to define different sorts of variables in
object-oriented programming languages.

`@defcv CATEGORY CLASS NAME'
     The `@defcv' command is the general definition command for
     variables associated with classes in object-oriented programming.
     The `@defcv' command is followed by three arguments: the category
     of thing being defined, the class to which it belongs, and its
     name.  For instance:

          @defcv {Class Option} Window border-pattern
          ...
          @end defcv

     produces:

      -- Class Option of Window: border-pattern
          ...

     `@defcv' creates an entry in the index of variables.

`@deftypecv CATEGORY CLASS DATA-TYPE NAME'
     The `@deftypecv' command is the definition command for typed class
     variables in object-oriented programming.  It is analogous to
     `@defcv' with the addition of the DATA-TYPE parameter to specify
     the type of the instance variable.  Ordinarily, the data type is a
     programming language construct that should be marked with `@code'.
     For instance:

          @deftypecv {Class Option} Window @code{int} border-pattern
          ...
          @end deftypecv

     produces:

      -- Class Option of Window: `int' border-pattern
          ...

     `@deftypecv' creates an entry in the index of variables.

`@defivar CLASS NAME'
     The `@defivar' command is the definition command for instance
     variables in object-oriented programming.  `@defivar' is
     equivalent to `@defcv {Instance Variable} ...'.  For instance:

          @defivar Window border-pattern
          ...
          @end defivar

     produces:

      -- Instance Variable of Window: border-pattern
          ...

     `@defivar' creates an entry in the index of variables.

`@deftypeivar CLASS DATA-TYPE NAME'
     The `@deftypeivar' command is the definition command for typed
     instance variables in object-oriented programming.  It is
     analogous to `@defivar' with the addition of the DATA-TYPE
     parameter to specify the type of the instance variable.
     Ordinarily, the data type is a programming language construct that
     should be marked with `@code'. For instance:

          @deftypeivar Window @code{int} border-pattern
          ...
          @end deftypeivar

     produces:

      -- Instance Variable of Window: `int' border-pattern
          ...

     `@deftypeivar' creates an entry in the index of variables.



File: texinfo.info,  Node: Object-Oriented Methods,  Prev: Object-Oriented Variables,  Up: Abstract Objects

16.5.6.2 Object-Oriented Methods
................................

These commands allow you to define different sorts of function-like
entities resembling methods in object-oriented programming languages.
These entities take arguments, as functions do, but are associated with
particular classes of objects.

`@defop CATEGORY CLASS NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     The `@defop' command is the general definition command for these
     method-like entities.

     For example, some systems have constructs called "wrappers" that
     are associated with classes as methods are, but that act more like
     macros than like functions.  You could use `@defop Wrapper' to
     describe one of these.

     Sometimes it is useful to distinguish methods and "operations".
     You can think of an operation as the specification for a method.
     Thus, a window system might specify that all window classes have a
     method named `expose'; we would say that this window system
     defines an `expose' operation on windows in general.  Typically,
     the operation has a name and also specifies the pattern of
     arguments; all methods that implement the operation must accept
     the same arguments, since applications that use the operation do
     so without knowing which method will implement it.

     Often it makes more sense to document operations than methods.  For
     example, window application developers need to know about the
     `expose' operation, but need not be concerned with whether a given
     class of windows has its own method to implement this operation.
     To describe this operation, you would write:

          @defop Operation windows expose

     The `@defop' command is written at the beginning of a line and is
     followed on the same line by the overall name of the category of
     operation, the name of the class of the operation, the name of the
     operation, and its arguments, if any.

     The template is:
          @defop CATEGORY CLASS NAME ARGUMENTS...
          BODY-OF-DEFINITION
          @end defop

     `@defop' creates an entry, such as ``expose' on `windows'', in the
     index of functions.

`@deftypeop CATEGORY CLASS DATA-TYPE NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     The `@deftypeop' command is the definition command for typed
     operations in object-oriented programming.  It is similar to
     `@defop' with the addition of the DATA-TYPE parameter to specify
     the return type of the method.  `@deftypeop' creates an entry in
     the index of functions.

`@defmethod CLASS NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     The `@defmethod' command is the definition command for methods in
     object-oriented programming.  A method is a kind of function that
     implements an operation for a particular class of objects and its
     subclasses.

     `@defmethod' is equivalent to `@defop Method ...'.  The command is
     written at the beginning of a line and is followed by the name of
     the class of the method, the name of the method, and its
     arguments, if any.

     For example:
          @defmethod `bar-class' bar-method argument
          ...
          @end defmethod

     illustrates the definition for a method called `bar-method' of the
     class `bar-class'.  The method takes an argument.

     `@defmethod' creates an entry in the index of functions.

`@deftypemethod CLASS DATA-TYPE NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     The `@deftypemethod' command is the definition command for methods
     in object-oriented typed languages, such as C++ and Java.  It is
     similar to the `@defmethod' command with the addition of the
     DATA-TYPE parameter to specify the return type of the method.
     `@deftypemethod' creates an entry in the index of functions.



File: texinfo.info,  Node: Def Cmd Conventions,  Next: Sample Function Definition,  Prev: Def Cmds in Detail,  Up: Definition Commands

16.6 Conventions for Writing Definitions
========================================

When you write a definition using `@deffn', `@defun', or one of the
other definition commands, please take care to use arguments that
indicate the meaning, as with the COUNT argument to the `forward-word'
function.  Also, if the name of an argument contains the name of a
type, such as INTEGER, take care that the argument actually is of that
type.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Sample Function Definition,  Prev: Def Cmd Conventions,  Up: Definition Commands

16.7 A Sample Function Definition
=================================

A function definition uses the `@defun' and `@end defun' commands.  The
name of the function follows immediately after the `@defun' command and
it is followed, on the same line, by the parameter list.

  Here is a definition from *Note Calling Functions: (elisp)Calling
Functions.

      -- Function: apply function &rest arguments
          `apply' calls FUNCTION with ARGUMENTS, just like `funcall'
          but with one difference: the last of ARGUMENTS is a list of
          arguments to give to FUNCTION, rather than a single argument.
          We also say that this list is "appended" to the other
          arguments.

          `apply' returns the result of calling FUNCTION.  As with
          `funcall', FUNCTION must either be a Lisp function or a
          primitive function; special forms and macros do not make
          sense in `apply'.

               (setq f 'list)
                   => list
               (apply f 'x 'y 'z)
               error--> Wrong type argument: listp, z
               (apply '+ 1 2 '(3 4))
                   => 10
               (apply '+ '(1 2 3 4))
                   => 10

               (apply 'append '((a b c) nil (x y z) nil))
                   => (a b c x y z)

          An interesting example of using `apply' is found in the
          description of `mapcar'.

  In the Texinfo source file, this example looks like this:

     @defun apply function &rest arguments
     @code{apply} calls @var{function} with
     @var{arguments}, just like @code{funcall} but with one
     difference: the last of @var{arguments} is a list of
     arguments to give to @var{function}, rather than a single
     argument.  We also say that this list is @dfn{appended}
     to the other arguments.

     @code{apply} returns the result of calling
     @var{function}.  As with @code{funcall},
     @var{function} must either be a Lisp function or a
     primitive function; special forms and macros do not make
     sense in @code{apply}.

     @example
     (setq f 'list)
         @result{} list
     (apply f 'x 'y 'z)
     @error{} Wrong type argument: listp, z
     (apply '+ 1 2 '(3 4))
         @result{} 10
     (apply '+ '(1 2 3 4))
         @result{} 10

     (apply 'append '((a b c) nil (x y z) nil))
         @result{} (a b c x y z)
     @end example

     An interesting example of using @code{apply} is found
     in the description of @code{mapcar}.
     @end defun

In this manual, this function is listed in the Command and Variable
Index under `apply'.

  Ordinary variables and user options are described using a format like
that for functions except that variables do not take arguments.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Conditionals,  Next: Internationalization,  Prev: Definition Commands,  Up: Top

17 Conditionally Visible Text
*****************************

The "conditional commands" allow you to use different text for
different output formats, or for general conditions that you define.
For example, you can use them to specify different text for the printed
manual and the Info output.

  The conditional commands comprise the following categories.

   * Commands specific to an output format (Info, TeX, HTML, ...).

   * Commands specific to any output format _other_ than a given one
     (not Info, not TeX, ...).

   * `Raw' formatter text for any output format, passed straight
     through with no interpretation of @-commands.

   * Format-independent variable substitutions, and testing if a
     variable is set or clear.


* Menu:

* Conditional Commands::        Text for a given format.
* Conditional Not Commands::    Text for any format other than a given one.
* Raw Formatter Commands::      Using raw formatter commands.
* set clear value::             Variable tests and substitutions.
* Conditional Nesting::         Using conditionals inside conditionals.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Conditional Commands,  Next: Conditional Not Commands,  Up: Conditionals

17.1 Conditional Commands
=========================

Texinfo has an `@ifFORMAT' environment for each output format, to allow
conditional inclusion of text for a particular output format.

  `@ifinfo' begins segments of text that should be ignored by TeX when
it typesets the printed manual, and by `makeinfo' when not producing
Info output.  The segment of text appears only in the Info file and,
for historical compatibility, the plain text output.

  The environments for the other formats are analogous:

`@ifdocbook ... @end ifdocbook'
     Text to appear only in the Docbook output.

`@ifhtml ... @end ifhtml'
     Text to appear only in the HTML output.

`@ifplaintext ... @end ifplaintext'
     Text to appear only in the plain text output.

`@iftex ... @end iftex'
     Text to appear only in the printed manual.

`@ifxml ... @end ifxml'
     Text to appear only in the XML output.

  The `@if...' and `@end if...' commands must appear on lines by
themselves in your source file.

  Here is an example showing all these conditionals:

     @iftex
     This text will appear only in the printed manual.
     @end iftex
     @ifinfo
     However, this text will appear only in Info and plain text.
     @end ifinfo
     @ifhtml
     And this text will only appear in HTML.
     @end ifhtml
     @ifplaintext
     Whereas this text will only appear in plain text.
     @end ifplaintext
     @ifxml
     Notwithstanding that this will only appear in XML.
     @end ifxml
     @ifdocbook
     Nevertheless, this will only appear in Docbook.
     @end ifdocbook

The preceding example produces the following line:

  However, this text will appear only in Info and plain text.

Notice that you only see one of the input lines, depending on which
version of the manual you are reading.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Conditional Not Commands,  Next: Raw Formatter Commands,  Prev: Conditional Commands,  Up: Conditionals

17.2 Conditional Not Commands
=============================

You can specify text to be included in any output format _other_ than a
given one with the `@ifnot...' environments:

     @ifnotdocbook ... @end ifnotdocbook
     @ifnothtml ... @end ifnothtml
     @ifnotinfo ... @end ifnotinfo
     @ifnotplaintext ... @end ifnotplaintext
     @ifnottex ... @end ifnottex
     @ifnotxml ... @end ifnotxml

The `@ifnot...' command and the `@end' command must appear on lines by
themselves in your actual source file.

  If the output file is being made in the given format, the region is
_ignored_.  Otherwise, it is included.

  There is one exception (for historical compatibility): `@ifnotinfo'
text is omitted for both Info and plain text output, not just Info.  To
specify text which appears only in Info and not in plain text, use
`@ifnotplaintext', like this:

     @ifinfo
     @ifnotplaintext
     This will be in Info, but not plain text.
     @end ifnotplaintext
     @end ifinfo

  The regions delimited by these commands are ordinary Texinfo source as
with `@iftex', not raw formatter source as with `@tex' (*note Raw
Formatter Commands::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Raw Formatter Commands,  Next: set clear value,  Prev: Conditional Not Commands,  Up: Conditionals

17.3 Raw Formatter Commands
===========================

Inside a region delineated by `@iftex' and `@end iftex', you can embed
some raw TeX commands.  The Texinfo processors will ignore such a
region unless TeX output is being produced.  You can write the TeX
commands as you would write them in a normal TeX file, except that you
must replace the `\' used by TeX with an `@'.  For example, in the
`@titlepage' section of a Texinfo file, you can use the TeX command
`@vskip' to format the copyright page.  (The `@titlepage' command
causes Info to ignore the region automatically, as it does with the
`@iftex' command.)

  However, most features of plain TeX will not work within `@iftex', as
they are overridden by Texinfo features.  The purpose of `@iftex' is to
provide conditional processing for the Texinfo source, not provide
access to underlying formatting features.

  You can enter plain TeX completely, and use `\' in the TeX commands,
by delineating a region with the `@tex' and `@end tex' commands.  All
plain TeX commands and category codes are restored within an `@tex'
region.  The sole exception is that the `@' character still introduces
a command, so that `@end tex' can be recognized properly.  As with
`@iftex', Texinfo processors will ignore such a region unless TeX
output is being produced.

  In complex cases, you may wish to define new TeX macros within
`@tex'.  You must use `\gdef' to do this, not `\def', because `@tex'
regions are processed in a TeX group.

  As an example, here is a mathematical expression written in plain TeX:

     @tex
     $$ \chi^2 = \sum_{i=1}^N
              \left (y_i - (a + b x_i)
              \over \sigma_i\right)^2 $$
     @end tex

The output of this example will appear only in a printed manual.  If
you are reading this in Info, you will not see the equation that appears
in the printed manual.

  Analogously, you can use `@ifhtml ... @end ifhtml' to delimit a
region to be included in HTML output only, and `@html ...  @end html'
for a region of raw HTML.

  Likewise, you can use `@ifxml ... @end ifxml' to delimit a region to
be included in XML output only, and `@xml ...  @end xml' for a region
of raw XML.

  Again likewise, you can use `@ifdocbook ... @end ifdocbook' to
delimit a region to be included in Docbook output only, and `@docbook
... @end docbook' for a region of raw Docbook.

  In all cases, the exception to the raw processing is that `@' is
still an escape character, so the `@end' command can be recognized.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: set clear value,  Next: Conditional Nesting,  Prev: Raw Formatter Commands,  Up: Conditionals

17.4 `@set', `@clear', and `@value'
===================================

You can direct the Texinfo formatting commands to format or ignore parts
of a Texinfo file with the `@set', `@clear', `@ifset', and `@ifclear'
commands.

  Here are brief descriptions of these commands, see the following
sections for more details:

`@set FLAG [VALUE]'
     Set the variable FLAG, to the optional VALUE if specified.

`@clear FLAG'
     Undefine the variable FLAG, whether or not it was previously
     defined.

`@ifset FLAG'
     If FLAG is set, text through the next `@end ifset' command is
     formatted.  If FLAG is clear, text through the following `@end
     ifset' command is ignored.

`@ifclear FLAG'
     If FLAG is set, text through the next `@end ifclear' command is
     ignored.  If FLAG is clear, text through the following `@end
     ifclear' command is formatted.

* Menu:

* set value::                   Expand a flag variable to a string.
* ifset ifclear::               Format a region if a flag is set.
* value Example::               An easy way to update edition information.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: set value,  Next: ifset ifclear,  Up: set clear value

17.4.1 `@set' and `@value'
--------------------------

You use the `@set' command to specify a value for a flag, which is
later expanded by the `@value' command.

  A "flag" (aka "variable") is an identifier.  It is best to use only
letters and numerals in a flag name, not `-' or `_'--they will work in
some contexts, but not all, due to limitations in TeX.

  The value is the remainder of the input line, and can contain
anything.

  Write the `@set' command like this:

     @set foo This is a string.

This sets the value of the flag `foo' to "This is a string.".

  The Texinfo formatters then replace an `@value{FLAG}' command with
the string to which FLAG is set.  Thus, when `foo' is set as shown
above, the Texinfo formatters convert this:

     @value{foo}
to this:
     This is a string.

  You can write an `@value' command within a paragraph; but you must
write an `@set' command on a line of its own.

  If you write the `@set' command like this:

     @set foo

without specifying a string, the value of `foo' is the empty string.

  If you clear a previously set flag with `@clear FLAG', a subsequent
`@value{flag}' command will report an error.

  For example, if you set `foo' as follows:

     @set howmuch very, very, very

then the formatters transform

     It is a @value{howmuch} wet day.
into
     It is a very, very, very wet day.

  If you write

     @clear howmuch

then the formatters transform

     It is a @value{howmuch} wet day.
into
     It is a {No value for "howmuch"} wet day.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: ifset ifclear,  Next: value Example,  Prev: set value,  Up: set clear value

17.4.2 `@ifset' and `@ifclear'
------------------------------

When a FLAG is set, the Texinfo formatting commands format text between
subsequent pairs of `@ifset FLAG' and `@end ifset' commands.  When the
FLAG is cleared, the Texinfo formatting commands do _not_ format the
text.  `@ifclear' operates analogously.

  Write the conditionally formatted text between `@ifset FLAG' and
`@end ifset' commands, like this:

     @ifset FLAG
     CONDITIONAL-TEXT
     @end ifset

  For example, you can create one document that has two variants, such
as a manual for a `large' and `small' model:

     You can use this machine to dig up shrubs
     without hurting them.

     @set large

     @ifset large
     It can also dig up fully grown trees.
     @end ifset

     Remember to replant promptly ...

In the example, the formatting commands will format the text between
`@ifset large' and `@end ifset' because the `large' flag is set.

  When FLAG is cleared, the Texinfo formatting commands do _not_ format
the text between `@ifset FLAG' and `@end ifset'; that text is ignored
and does not appear in either printed or Info output.

  For example, if you clear the flag of the preceding example by writing
an `@clear large' command after the `@set large' command (but before
the conditional text), then the Texinfo formatting commands ignore the
text between the `@ifset large' and `@end ifset' commands.  In the
formatted output, that text does not appear; in both printed and Info
output, you see only the lines that say, "You can use this machine to
dig up shrubs without hurting them.  Remember to replant promptly ...".

  If a flag is cleared with an `@clear FLAG' command, then the
formatting commands format text between subsequent pairs of `@ifclear'
and `@end ifclear' commands.  But if the flag is set with `@set FLAG',
then the formatting commands do _not_ format text between an `@ifclear'
and an `@end ifclear' command; rather, they ignore that text.  An
`@ifclear' command looks like this:

     @ifclear FLAG


File: texinfo.info,  Node: value Example,  Prev: ifset ifclear,  Up: set clear value

17.4.3 `@value' Example
-----------------------

You can use the `@value' command to minimize the number of places you
need to change when you record an update to a manual.  *Note GNU Sample
Texts::, for the full text of an example of using this to work with
Automake distributions.

  This example is adapted from *Note Overview: (make)Top.

  1. Set the flags:

          @set EDITION 0.35 Beta
          @set VERSION 3.63 Beta
          @set UPDATED 14 August 1992
          @set UPDATE-MONTH August 1992

  2. Write text for the `@copying' section (*note copying::):

          @copying
          This is Edition @value{EDITION},
          last updated @value{UPDATED},
          of @cite{The GNU Make Manual},
          for @code{make}, version @value{VERSION}.

          Copyright ...

          Permission is granted ...
          @end copying

  3. Write text for the title page, for people reading the printed
     manual:

          @titlepage
          @title GNU Make
          @subtitle A Program for Directing Recompilation
          @subtitle Edition @value{EDITION}, ...
          @subtitle @value{UPDATE-MONTH}
          @page
          @insertcopying
          ...
          @end titlepage

     (On a printed cover, a date listing the month and the year looks
     less fussy than a date listing the day as well as the month and
     year.)

  4. Write text for the Top node, for people reading the Info file:

          @ifnottex
          @node Top
          @top Make

          @insertcopying
          ...
          @end ifnottex

     After you format the manual, the `@value' constructs have been
     expanded, so the output contains text like this:

          This is Edition 0.35 Beta, last updated 14 August 1992,
          of `The GNU Make Manual', for `make', Version 3.63 Beta.

  When you update the manual, you change only the values of the flags;
you do not need to edit the three sections.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Conditional Nesting,  Prev: set clear value,  Up: Conditionals

17.5 Conditional Nesting
========================

Conditionals can be nested; however, the details are a little tricky.
The difficulty comes with failing conditionals, such as `@ifhtml' when
HTML is not being produced, where the included text is to be ignored.
However, it is not to be _completely_ ignored, since it is useful to
have one `@ifset' inside another, for example--that is a way to include
text only if two conditions are met.  Here's an example:

     @ifset somevar
     @ifset anothervar
     Both somevar and anothervar are set.
     @end ifset
     @ifclear anothervar
     Somevar is set, anothervar is not.
     @end ifclear
     @end ifset

  Technically, Texinfo requires that for a failing conditional, the
ignored text must be properly nested with respect to that failing
conditional.  Unfortunately, it's not always feasible to check that
_all_ conditionals are properly nested, because then the processors
could have to fully interpret the ignored text, which defeats the
purpose of the command.  Here's an example illustrating these rules:

     @ifset a
     @ifset b
     @ifclear ok  - ok, ignored
     @end junky   - ok, ignored
     @end ifset
     @c WRONG - missing @end ifset.

  Finally, as mentioned above, all conditional commands must be on lines
by themselves, with no text (even spaces) before or after.  Otherwise,
the processors cannot reliably determine which commands to consider for
nesting purposes.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Internationalization,  Next: Defining New Texinfo Commands,  Prev: Conditionals,  Up: Top

18 Internationalization
***********************

Texinfo has some support for writing in languages other than English,
although this area still needs considerable work.

  For a list of the various accented and special characters Texinfo
supports, see *Note Inserting Accents::.

* Menu:

* documentlanguage::            Declaring the current language.
* documentencoding::            Declaring the input encoding.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: documentlanguage,  Next: documentencoding,  Up: Internationalization

18.1 `@documentlanguage CC': Set the Document Language
======================================================

The `@documentlanguage' command declares the current document language.
Write it on a line by itself, with a two-letter ISO-639 language code
following (list is included below).  If you have a multilingual
document, the intent is to be able to use this command multiple times,
to declare each language change.  If the command is not used at all,
the default is `en' for English.

  At present, this command is ignored in Info and HTML output.  For
TeX, it causes the file `txi-CC.tex' to be read (if it exists).  Such a
file appropriately redefines the various English words used in TeX
output, such as `Chapter', `See', and so on.

  It would be good if this command also changed TeX's ideas of the
current hyphenation patterns (via the TeX primitive `\language'), but
this is unfortunately not currently implemented.

  Hereare the valid language codes, from ISO-639.

`aa'  Afar                 `ab' Abkhazian            `af' Afrikaans
`am'  Amharic              `ar' Arabic               `as' Assamese
`ay'  Aymara               `az' Azerbaijani          `ba' Bashkir
`be'  Byelorussian         `bg' Bulgarian            `bh' Bihari
`bi'  Bislama              `bn' Bengali; Bangla      `bo' Tibetan
`br'  Breton               `ca' Catalan              `co' Corsican
`cs'  Czech                `cy' Welsh                `da' Danish
`de'  German               `dz' Bhutani              `el' Greek
`en'  English              `eo' Esperanto            `es' Spanish
`et'  Estonian             `eu' Basque               `fa' Persian
`fi'  Finnish              `fj' Fiji                 `fo' Faroese
`fr'  French               `fy' Frisian              `ga' Irish
`gd'  Scots Gaelic         `gl' Galician             `gn' Guarani
`gu'  Gujarati             `ha' Hausa                `he' Hebrew
`hi'  Hindi                `hr' Croatian             `hu' Hungarian
`hy'  Armenian             `ia' Interlingua          `id' Indonesian
`ie'  Interlingue          `ik' Inupiak              `is' Icelandic
`it'  Italian              `iu' Inuktitut            `ja' Japanese
`jw'  Javanese             `ka' Georgian             `kk' Kazakh
`kl'  Greenlandic          `km' Cambodian            `kn' Kannada
`ks'  Kashmiri             `ko' Korean               `ku' Kurdish
`ky'  Kirghiz              `la' Latin                `ln' Lingala
`lt'  Lithuanian           `lo' Laothian             `lv' Latvian, Lettish
`mg'  Malagasy             `mi' Maori                `mk' Macedonian
`ml'  Malayalam            `mn' Mongolian            `mo' Moldavian
`mr'  Marathi              `ms' Malay                `mt' Maltese
`my'  Burmese              `na' Nauru                `ne' Nepali
`nl'  Dutch                `no' Norwegian            `oc' Occitan
`om'  (Afan) Oromo         `or' Oriya                `pa' Punjabi
`pl'  Polish               `ps' Pashto, Pushto       `pt' Portuguese
`qu'  Quechua              `rm' Rhaeto-Romance       `rn' Kirundi
`ro'  Romanian             `ru' Russian              `rw' Kinyarwanda
`sa'  Sanskrit             `sd' Sindhi               `sg' Sangro
`sh'  Serbo-Croatian       `si' Sinhalese            `sk' Slovak
`sl'  Slovenian            `sm' Samoan               `sn' Shona
`so'  Somali               `sq' Albanian             `sr' Serbian
`ss'  Siswati              `st' Sesotho              `su' Sundanese
`sv'  Swedish              `sw' Swahili              `ta' Tamil
`te'  Telugu               `tg' Tajik                `th' Thai
`ti'  Tigrinya             `tk' Turkmen              `tl' Tagalog
`tn'  Setswana             `to' Tonga                `tr' Turkish
`ts'  Tsonga               `tt' Tatar                `tw' Twi
`ug'  Uighur               `uk' Ukrainian            `ur' Urdu
`uz'  Uzbek                `vi' Vietnamese           `vo' Volapuk
`wo'  Wolof                `xh' Xhosa                `yi' Yiddish
`yo'  Yoruba               `za' Zhuang               `zh' Chinese
`zu'  Zulu                                                


File: texinfo.info,  Node: documentencoding,  Prev: documentlanguage,  Up: Internationalization

18.2 `@documentencoding ENC': Set Input Encoding
================================================

The `@documentencoding' command declares the input document encoding.
Write it on a line by itself, with a valid encoding specification
following.

  At present, Texinfo supports only these encodings:

`US-ASCII'
     This has no particular effect, but it's included for completeness.

`ISO-8859-1'
`ISO-8859-15'

`ISO-8859-2'
     These specify the standard encodings for Western European (the
     first two) and Eastern European languages (the third),
     respectively.  ISO 8859-15 replaces some little-used characters
     from 8859-1 (e.g., precomposed fractions) with more commonly
     needed ones, such as the Euro symbol.

     A full description of the encodings is beyond our scope here; one
     useful reference is `http://czyborra.com/charsets/iso8859.html'.

  Specifying an encoding ENC has the following effects:

  In Info output, if the option `--enable-encoding' is given to
`makeinfo', a so-called `Local Variables' section (*note File
Variables: (emacs)File Variables.) is output including ENC.  This
allows Info readers to set the encoding appropriately.

     Local Variables:
     coding: ENC
     End:

  In HTML output, a `<meta>' tag is output, in the `<head>' section of
the HTML, that specifies ENC.  Web servers and browsers cooperate to
use this information so the correct encoding is used to display the
page, if supported by the system.

     <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
          charset=ENC">

  In all other cases, it is recognized but ignored.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Defining New Texinfo Commands,  Next: Hardcopy,  Prev: Internationalization,  Up: Top

19 Defining New Texinfo Commands
********************************

Texinfo provides several ways to define new commands:

   * A Texinfo "macro" allows you to define a new Texinfo command as any
     sequence of text and/or existing commands (including other
     macros).  The macro can have any number of "parameters"--text you
     supply each time you use the macro.

     Incidentally, these macros have nothing to do with the `@defmac'
     command, which is for documenting macros in the subject of the
     manual (*note Def Cmd Template::).

   * `@alias' is a convenient way to define a new name for an existing
     command.

   * `@definfoenclose' allows you to define new commands with
     customized output in the Info file.


* Menu:

* Defining Macros::             Defining and undefining new commands.
* Invoking Macros::             Using a macro, once you've defined it.
* Macro Details::               Limitations of Texinfo macros.
* alias::                       Command aliases.
* definfoenclose::              Customized highlighting.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Defining Macros,  Next: Invoking Macros,  Up: Defining New Texinfo Commands

19.1 Defining Macros
====================

You use the Texinfo `@macro' command to define a macro, like this:

     @macro MACRONAME{PARAM1, PARAM2, ...}
     TEXT ... \PARAM1\ ...
     @end macro

  The "parameters" PARAM1, PARAM2, ... correspond to arguments supplied
when the macro is subsequently used in the document (described in the
next section).

  For a macro to work consistently with TeX, MACRONAME must consist
entirely of letters: no digits, hyphens, underscores, or other special
characters.  So, we recommend using only letters.  However, `makeinfo'
will accept anything except `{}_^='; `_' and `^' are excluded so that
macros can be called in `@math' mode without a following space (*note
`@math': math.).

  If a macro needs no parameters, you can define it either with an empty
list (`@macro foo {}') or with no braces at all (`@macro foo').

  The definition or "body" of the macro can contain most Texinfo
commands, including previously-defined macros.  Not-yet-defined macro
invocations are not allowed; thus, it is not possible to have mutually
recursive Texinfo macros.  Also, a macro definition that defines another
macro does not work in TeX due to limitations in the design of `@macro'.

  In the macro body, instances of a parameter name surrounded by
backslashes, as in `\PARAM1\' in the example above, are replaced by the
corresponding argument from the macro invocation.  You can use
parameter names any number of times in the body, including zero.

  To get a single `\' in the macro expansion, use `\\'.  Any other use
of `\' in the body yields a warning.

  The newlines after the `@macro' line and before the `@end macro' line
are ignored, that is, not included in the macro body.  All other
whitespace is treated according to the usual Texinfo rules.

  To allow a macro to be used recursively, that is, in an argument to a
call to itself, you must define it with `@rmacro', like this:

     @rmacro rmac {arg}
     a\arg\b
     @end rmacro
     ...
     @rmac{1@rmac{text}2}

  This produces the output `a1atextb2b'.  With `@macro' instead of
`@rmacro', an error message is given.

  You can undefine a macro FOO with `@unmacro FOO'.  It is not an error
to undefine a macro that is already undefined.  For example:

     @unmacro foo


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Invoking Macros,  Next: Macro Details,  Prev: Defining Macros,  Up: Defining New Texinfo Commands

19.2 Invoking Macros
====================

After a macro is defined (see the previous section), you can use
("invoke") it in your document like this:

     @MACRONAME {ARG1, ARG2, ...}

and the result will be just as if you typed the body of MACRONAME at
that spot.  For example:

     @macro foo {p, q}
     Together: \p\ & \q\.
     @end macro
     @foo{a, b}

produces:

     Together: a & b.

  Thus, the arguments and parameters are separated by commas and
delimited by braces; any whitespace after (but not before) a comma is
ignored.  The braces are required in the invocation (but not the
definition), even when the macro takes no arguments, consistent with
all other Texinfo commands.  For example:

     @macro argless {}
     No arguments here.
     @end macro
     @argless{}

produces:

     No arguments here.

  To insert a comma, brace, or backslash in an argument, prepend a
backslash, as in

     @MACNAME {\\\{\}\,}

which will pass the (almost certainly error-producing) argument `\{},'
to MACNAME.  However, commas in parameters, even if escaped by a
backslash, might cause trouble in TeX.

  If the macro is defined to take a single argument, and is invoked
without any braces, the entire rest of the line after the macro name is
supplied as the argument.  For example:

     @macro bar {p}
     Twice: \p\ & \p\.
     @end macro
     @bar aah

produces:

     Twice: aah & aah.

  If the macro is defined to take a single argument, and is invoked with
braces, the braced text is passed as the argument, regardless of
commas.  For example:

     @macro bar {p}
     Twice: \p\ & \p\.
     @end macro
     @bar{a,b}

produces:

     Twice: a,b & a,b.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Macro Details,  Next: alias,  Prev: Invoking Macros,  Up: Defining New Texinfo Commands

19.3 Macro Details and Caveats
==============================

Due to unavoidable limitations, certain macro-related constructs cause
problems with TeX.  If you get macro-related errors when producing the
printed version of a manual, try expanding the macros with `makeinfo'
by invoking `texi2dvi' with the `-E' option (*note Format with
texi2dvi::).

   * As mentioned earlier, macro names must consist entirely of letters.

   * It is not advisable to redefine any TeX primitive, plain, or
     Texinfo command name as a macro. Unfortunately this is a very large
     set of names, and the possible resulting errors are unpredictable.

   * All macros are expanded inside at least one TeX group.  This means
     that `@set' and other such commands have no effect inside a macro.

   * Commas in macro arguments, even if escaped by a backslash, don't
     always work.

   * Macro arguments cannot cross lines.

   * It is (usually) best to avoid comments inside macro definitions,
     but see the next item.

   * Macros containing a command which must be on a line by itself,
     such as a conditional, cannot be invoked in the middle of a line.
     In general, the interaction of newlines in the macro definitions
     and invocations depends on the precise commands and context.  You
     may be able to work around some problems with judicious use of
     `@c'.  Suppose you define a macro that is always intended to be
     used on a line by itself:

          @macro linemac
          @cindex whatever
          @c
          @end macro
          ...
          foo
          @linemac
          bar

     Without the `@c', there will be an unwanted blank line between the
     `@cindex whatever' and the `bar' (one newline comes from the macro
     definition, one from after the invocation), causing a paragraph
     break.

     On the other hand, you wouldn't want the `@c' if the macro was
     sometimes invoked in the middle of a line (the text after the
     invocation would be treated as a comment).

   * In general, you can't arbitrarily substitute a macro call for
     Texinfo command arguments, even when the text is the same.  It
     might work with some commands, it fails with others.  Best not to
     do it at all.  For instance, this fails:

          @macro offmacro
          off
          @end macro
          @headings @offmacro

     You would expect this to be equivalent to `@headings off', but for
     TeXnical reasons, it fails with a mysterious error message
     (`Paragraph ended before @headings was complete').

   * Macros cannot define macros in the natural way.  To do this, you
     must use conditionals and raw TeX.  For example:

          @ifnottex
          @macro ctor {name, arg}
          @macro \name\
          something involving \arg\ somehow
          @end macro
          @end macro
          @end ifnottex
          @tex
          \gdef\ctor#1{\ctorx#1,}
          \gdef\ctorx#1,#2,{\def#1{something involving #2 somehow}}
          @end tex


  The `makeinfo' implementation also has limitations:

   * `@verbatim' and macros do not mix; for instance, you can't start a
     verbatim block inside a macro and end it outside.  (*Note
     verbatim::.)  Starting any environment inside a macro and ending
     it outside may or may not work, for that matter.

   * Macros that completely define macros are ok, but it's not possible
     to have incorrectly nested macro definitions.  That is, `@macro'
     and `@end macro' (likewise for `@rmacro') must be correctly
     paired.  For example, you cannot start a macro definition within a
     macro, and then end the nested definition outside the macro.

   * `@rmacro' is a kludge.


  One more limitation is common to both implementations: white space is
ignored at the beginnings of lines.

  Future major revisions of Texinfo may ease some of these limitations
(by introducing a new macro syntax).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: alias,  Next: definfoenclose,  Prev: Macro Details,  Up: Defining New Texinfo Commands

19.4 `@alias NEW=EXISTING'
==========================

The `@alias' command defines a new command to be just like an existing
one.  This is useful for defining additional markup names, thus
preserving semantic information in the input even though the output
result may be the same.

  Write the `@alias' command on a line by itself, followed by the new
command name, an equals sign, and the existing command name.
Whitespace around the equals sign is ignored.  Thus:
     @alias NEW = EXISTING

  For example, if your document contains citations for both books and
some other media (movies, for example), you might like to define a
macro `@moviecite{}' that does the same thing as an ordinary `@cite{}'
but conveys the extra semantic information as well.  You'd do this as
follows:

     @alias moviecite = cite

  Macros do not always have the same effect as aliases, due to vagaries
of argument parsing.  Also, aliases are much simpler to define than
macros.  So the command is not redundant.  (It was also heavily used in
the Jargon File!)

  Aliases must not be recursive, directly or indirectly.

  It is not advisable to redefine any TeX primitive, plain, or Texinfo
command name as an alias.  Unfortunately this is a very large set of
names, and the possible resulting errors are completely random.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: definfoenclose,  Prev: alias,  Up: Defining New Texinfo Commands

19.5 `definfoenclose': Customized Highlighting
==============================================

A `@definfoenclose' command may be used to define a highlighting
command for Info, but not for TeX.  A command defined using
`@definfoenclose' marks text by enclosing it in strings that precede
and follow the text.  You can use this to get closer control of your
Info output.

  Presumably, if you define a command with `@definfoenclose' for Info,
you will create a corresponding command for TeX, either in
`texinfo.tex', `texinfo.cnf', or within an `@iftex' in your document.

  Write a `@definfoenclose' command on a line and follow it with three
arguments separated by commas.  The first argument to `@definfoenclose'
is the @-command name (without the `@'); the second argument is the
Info start delimiter string; and the third argument is the Info end
delimiter string.  The latter two arguments enclose the highlighted
text in the Info file.  A delimiter string may contain spaces.  Neither
the start nor end delimiter is required.  If you do not want a start
delimiter but do want an end delimiter, you must follow the command
name with two commas in a row; otherwise, the Info formatting commands
will naturally misinterpret the end delimiter string you intended as
the start delimiter string.

  If you do a `@definfoenclose' on the name of a pre-defined macro
(such as `@emph', `@strong', `@t', or `@i'), the enclosure definition
will override the built-in definition.

  An enclosure command defined this way takes one argument in braces;
this is intended for new markup commands (*note Marking Text::).

  For example, you can write:

     @definfoenclose phoo,//,\\

near the beginning of a Texinfo file to define `@phoo' as an Info
formatting command that inserts `//' before and `\\' after the argument
to `@phoo'.  You can then write `@phoo{bar}' wherever you want
`//bar\\' highlighted in Info.

  Also, for TeX formatting, you could write

     @iftex
     @global@let@phoo=@i
     @end iftex

to define `@phoo' as a command that causes TeX to typeset the argument
to `@phoo' in italics.

  Each definition applies to its own formatter: one for TeX, the other
for `texinfo-format-buffer' or `texinfo-format-region'.  The
`@definfoenclose' command need not be within `@ifinfo', but the raw TeX
commands do need to be in `@iftex'.

  Here is another example: write

     @definfoenclose headword, , :

near the beginning of the file, to define `@headword' as an Info
formatting command that inserts nothing before and a colon after the
argument to `@headword'.

  `@definfoenclose' definitions must not be recursive, directly or
indirectly.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Hardcopy,  Next: Creating and Installing Info Files,  Prev: Defining New Texinfo Commands,  Up: Top

20 Formatting and Printing Hardcopy
***********************************

There are three major shell commands for making a printed manual from a
Texinfo file: one for converting the Texinfo file into a file that will
be printed, a second for sorting indices, and a third for printing the
formatted document.  When you use the shell commands, you can either
work directly in the operating system shell or work within a shell
inside GNU Emacs.

  If you are using GNU Emacs, you can use commands provided by Texinfo
mode instead of shell commands.  In addition to the three commands to
format a file, sort the indices, and print the result, Texinfo mode
offers key bindings for commands to recenter the output buffer, show the
print queue, and delete a job from the print queue.

* Menu:

* Use TeX::                     Use TeX to format for hardcopy.
* Format with tex/texindex::    How to format with explicit shell commands.
* Format with texi2dvi::        A simpler way to format.
* Print with lpr::              How to print.
* Within Emacs::                How to format and print from an Emacs shell.
* Texinfo Mode Printing::       How to format and print in Texinfo mode.
* Compile-Command::             How to print using Emacs's compile command.
* Requirements Summary::        TeX formatting requirements summary.
* Preparing for TeX::           What to do before you use TeX.
* Overfull hboxes::             What are and what to do with overfull hboxes.
* smallbook::                   How to print small format books and manuals.
* A4 Paper::                    How to print on A4 or A5 paper.
* pagesizes::                   How to print with customized page sizes.
* Cropmarks and Magnification:: How to print marks to indicate the size
                                 of pages and how to print scaled up output.
* PDF Output::                  Portable Document Format output.
* Obtaining TeX::               How to Obtain TeX.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Use TeX,  Next: Format with tex/texindex,  Up: Hardcopy

20.1 Use TeX
============

The typesetting program called TeX is used for formatting a Texinfo
file.  TeX is a very powerful typesetting program and, if used
correctly, does an exceptionally good job.  (*Note How to Obtain TeX:
Obtaining TeX, for information on how to obtain TeX.)

  The standalone `makeinfo' program and Emacs functions
`texinfo-format-region' and `texinfo-format-buffer' commands read the
very same @-commands in the Texinfo file as does TeX, but process them
differently to make an Info file (*note Creating an Info File::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Format with tex/texindex,  Next: Format with texi2dvi,  Prev: Use TeX,  Up: Hardcopy

20.2 Format with `tex' and `texindex'
=====================================

You can format the Texinfo file with the shell command `tex' followed
by the name of the Texinfo file.  For example:

     tex foo.texi

TeX will produce a "DVI file" as well as several auxiliary files
containing information for indices, cross references, etc.  The DVI
file (for "DeVice Independent" file) can be printed on virtually any
device (see the following sections).

  The `tex' formatting command itself does not sort the indices; it
writes an output file of unsorted index data.  To generate a printed
index after running the `tex' command, you first need a sorted index to
work from.  The `texindex' command sorts indices.  (The source file
`texindex.c' comes as part of the standard Texinfo distribution, among
other places.)  (`texi2dvi' runs `tex' and `texindex' as necessary.)

  The `tex' formatting command outputs unsorted index files under names
that obey a standard convention: the name of your main input file with
any `.tex' (or similar, *note tex invocation: (web2c)tex invocation.)
extension removed, followed by the two letter names of indices.  For
example, the raw index output files for the input file `foo.texinfo'
would be `foo.cp', `foo.vr', `foo.fn', `foo.tp', `foo.pg' and `foo.ky'.
Those are exactly the arguments to give to `texindex'.

  Instead of specifying all the unsorted index file names explicitly,
you can use `??' as shell wildcards and give the command in this form:

     texindex foo.??

This command will run `texindex' on all the unsorted index files,
including any that you have defined yourself using `@defindex' or
`@defcodeindex'.  (You may execute `texindex foo.??' even if there are
similarly named files with two letter extensions that are not index
files, such as `foo.el'.  The `texindex' command reports but otherwise
ignores such files.)

  For each file specified, `texindex' generates a sorted index file
whose name is made by appending `s' to the input file name.  The
`@printindex' command looks for a file with that name (*note Printing
Indices & Menus::).  `texindex' does not alter the raw index output
file.

  After you have sorted the indices, you need to rerun `tex' on the
Texinfo file.  This regenerates the DVI file, this time with up-to-date
index entries.

  Finally, you may need to run `tex' one more time, to get the page
numbers in the cross-references correct.

  To summarize, this is a five step process:

  1. Run `tex' on your Texinfo file.  This generates a DVI file (with
     undefined cross-references and no indices), and the raw index files
     (with two letter extensions).

  2. Run `texindex' on the raw index files.  This creates the
     corresponding sorted index files (with three letter extensions).

  3. Run `tex' again on your Texinfo file.  This regenerates the DVI
     file, this time with indices and defined cross-references, but
     with page numbers for the cross-references from last time,
     generally incorrect.

  4. Sort the indices again, with `texindex'.

  5. Run `tex' one last time.  This time the correct page numbers are
     written for the cross-references.

  Alternatively, it's a one-step process: run `texi2dvi' (*note Format
with texi2dvi::).

  You need not run `texindex' each time after you run `tex'.  If you do
not, on the next run, the `tex' formatting command will use whatever
sorted index files happen to exist from the previous use of `texindex'.
This is usually ok while you are debugging.

  Sometimes you may wish to print a document while you know it is
incomplete, or to print just one chapter of a document.  In that case,
the usual auxiliary files that TeX creates and warnings TeX gives when
cross-references are not satisfied are just nuisances.  You can avoid
them with the `@novalidate' command, which you must give _before_ the
`@setfilename' command (*note `@setfilename': setfilename.).  Thus, the
beginning of your file would look approximately like this:

     \input texinfo
     @novalidate
     @setfilename myfile.info
     ...

`@novalidate' also turns off validation in `makeinfo', just like its
`--no-validate' option (*note Pointer Validation::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Format with texi2dvi,  Next: Print with lpr,  Prev: Format with tex/texindex,  Up: Hardcopy

20.3 Format with `texi2dvi'
===========================

The `texi2dvi' command automatically runs both TeX and `texindex' as
many times as necessary to produce a DVI file with sorted indices and
all cross-references resolved.  It is therefore simpler than manually
executing the `tex'--`texindex'--`tex'--`tex' sequence described in the
previous section.

  To run `texi2dvi' on an input file `foo.texi', do this (where
`prompt$ ' is your shell prompt):

     prompt$ texi2dvi foo.texi

  As shown in this example, the input filenames to `texi2dvi' must
include any extension (`.texi', `.texinfo', etc.).  Under MS-DOS and
perhaps in other circumstances, you may need to run `sh texi2dvi
foo.texi' instead of relying on the operating system to invoke the
shell on the `texi2dvi' script.

  Perhaps the most useful option to `texi2dvi' is `--command=CMD'.
This inserts CMD on a line by itself after the `@setfilename' in a
temporary copy of the input file before running TeX.  With this, you
can specify different printing formats, such as `@smallbook' (*note
smallbook::), `@afourpaper' (*note A4 Paper::), or `@pagesizes' (*note
pagesizes::), without actually changing the document source.  (You can
also do this on a site-wide basis with `texinfo.cnf'; *note Preparing
for TeX: Preparing for TeX.).

  With the `--pdf' option, `texi2dvi' produces PDF output instead of
DVI (*note PDF Output::), by running `pdftex' instead of `tex'.
Alternatively, the command `texi2pdf' is an abbreviation for running
`texi2dvi --pdf'.

  `texi2dvi' can also be used to process LaTeX files; simply run
`texi2dvi filename.ext'.

  `texi2dvi' will use `etex' (or `pdfetex') if they are available;
these extended versions of TeX are not required, and the DVI (or PDF)
output is identical, but they simplify the TeX programming in some
cases, and provide additional tracing information when debugging
`texinfo.tex'.

  For a list of other options, run `texi2dvi --help'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Print with lpr,  Next: Within Emacs,  Prev: Format with texi2dvi,  Up: Hardcopy

20.4 Shell Print Using `lpr -d'
===============================

The precise command to print a DVI file depends on your system
installation.  Two common ones are `dvips foo.dvi -o' and `lpr -d
foo.dvi'.

  For example, the following commands will (perhaps) suffice to sort the
indices, format, and print the `Bison Manual':

     tex bison.texinfo
     texindex bison.??
     tex bison.texinfo
     lpr -d bison.dvi

(Remember that the shell commands may be different at your site; but
these are commonly used versions.)

  Using the `texi2dvi' shell script (see the previous section):

     texi2dvi bison.texinfo
     lpr -d bison.dvi
     # or perhaps dvips bison.dvi -o

  `lpr' is a standard program on Unix systems, but it is usually absent
on MS-DOS/MS-Windows.  Some network packages come with a program named
`lpr', but these are usually limited to sending files to a print server
over the network, and generally don't support the `-d' option.  If you
are unfortunate enough to work on one of these systems, you have
several alternative ways of printing DVI files:

   * Find and install a Unix-like `lpr' program, or its clone.  If you
     can do that, you will be able to print DVI files just like
     described above.

   * Send the DVI files to a network printer queue for DVI files.  Some
     network printers have special queues for printing DVI files.  You
     should be able to set up your network software to send files to
     that queue.  In some cases, the version of `lpr' which comes with
     your network software will have a special option to send a file to
     specific queues, like this:

          lpr -Qdvi -hprint.server.domain bison.dvi

   * Convert the DVI file to a Postscript or PCL file and send it to
     your local printer.  *Note Invoking Dvips: (dvips)Invoking Dvips,
     and the man pages for `dvilj', for detailed description of these
     tools.  Once the DVI file is converted to the format your local
     printer understands directly, just send it to the appropriate
     port, usually `PRN'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Within Emacs,  Next: Texinfo Mode Printing,  Prev: Print with lpr,  Up: Hardcopy

20.5 From an Emacs Shell
========================

You can give formatting and printing commands from a shell within GNU
Emacs.  To create a shell within Emacs, type `M-x shell'.  In this
shell, you can format and print the document.  *Note Format and Print
Hardcopy: Hardcopy, for details.

  You can switch to and from the shell buffer while `tex' is running
and do other editing.  If you are formatting a long document on a slow
machine, this can be very convenient.

  You can also use `texi2dvi' from an Emacs shell.  For example, here
is how to use `texi2dvi' to format and print `Using and Porting GNU CC'
from a shell within Emacs:

     texi2dvi gcc.texinfo
     lpr -d gcc.dvi

  See the next section for more information about formatting and
printing in Texinfo mode.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Texinfo Mode Printing,  Next: Compile-Command,  Prev: Within Emacs,  Up: Hardcopy

20.6 Formatting and Printing in Texinfo Mode
============================================

Texinfo mode provides several predefined key commands for TeX
formatting and printing.  These include commands for sorting indices,
looking at the printer queue, killing the formatting job, and
recentering the display of the buffer in which the operations occur.

`C-c C-t C-b'
`M-x texinfo-tex-buffer'
     Run `texi2dvi' on the current buffer.

`C-c C-t C-r'
`M-x texinfo-tex-region'
     Run TeX on the current region.

`C-c C-t C-i'
`M-x texinfo-texindex'
     Sort the indices of a Texinfo file formatted with
     `texinfo-tex-region'.

`C-c C-t C-p'
`M-x texinfo-tex-print'
     Print a DVI file that was made with `texinfo-tex-region' or
     `texinfo-tex-buffer'.

`C-c C-t C-q'
`M-x tex-show-print-queue'
     Show the print queue.

`C-c C-t C-d'
`M-x texinfo-delete-from-print-queue'
     Delete a job from the print queue; you will be prompted for the job
     number shown by a preceding `C-c C-t C-q' command
     (`texinfo-show-tex-print-queue').

`C-c C-t C-k'
`M-x tex-kill-job'
     Kill the currently running TeX job started by either
     `texinfo-tex-region' or `texinfo-tex-buffer', or any other process
     running in the Texinfo shell buffer.

`C-c C-t C-x'
`M-x texinfo-quit-job'
     Quit a TeX formatting job that has stopped because of an error by
     sending an <x> to it.  When you do this, TeX preserves a record of
     what it did in a `.log' file.

`C-c C-t C-l'
`M-x tex-recenter-output-buffer'
     Redisplay the shell buffer in which the TeX printing and formatting
     commands are run to show its most recent output.

  Thus, the usual sequence of commands for formatting a buffer is as
follows (with comments to the right):

     C-c C-t C-b             Run `texi2dvi' on the buffer.
     C-c C-t C-p             Print the DVI file.
     C-c C-t C-q             Display the printer queue.

  The Texinfo mode TeX formatting commands start a subshell in Emacs
called the `*tex-shell*'.  The `texinfo-tex-command',
`texinfo-texindex-command', and `tex-dvi-print-command' commands are
all run in this shell.

  You can watch the commands operate in the `*tex-shell*' buffer, and
you can switch to and from and use the `*tex-shell*' buffer as you
would any other shell buffer.

  The formatting and print commands depend on the values of several
variables.  The default values are:

         Variable                              Default value

     texinfo-texi2dvi-command                  "texi2dvi"
     texinfo-tex-command                       "tex"
     texinfo-texindex-command                  "texindex"
     texinfo-delete-from-print-queue-command   "lprm"
     texinfo-tex-trailer                       "@bye"
     tex-start-of-header                       "%**start"
     tex-end-of-header                         "%**end"
     tex-dvi-print-command                     "lpr -d"
     tex-show-queue-command                    "lpq"

  You can change the values of these variables with the `M-x
set-variable' command (*note Examining and Setting Variables:
(emacs)Examining.), or with your `.emacs' initialization file (*note
Init File: (emacs)Init File.).

  Beginning with version 20, GNU Emacs offers a user-friendly interface,
called "Customize", for changing values of user-definable variables.
*Note Easy Customization Interface: (emacs)Easy Customization, for more
details about this.  The Texinfo variables can be found in the
`Development/Docs/Texinfo' group, once you invoke the `M-x customize'
command.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Compile-Command,  Next: Requirements Summary,  Prev: Texinfo Mode Printing,  Up: Hardcopy

20.7 Using the Local Variables List
===================================

Yet another way to apply the TeX formatting command to a Texinfo file
is to put that command in a "local variables list" at the end of the
Texinfo file.  You can then specify the `tex' or `texi2dvi' commands as
a `compile-command' and have Emacs run it by typing `M-x compile'.
This creates a special shell called the `*compilation*' buffer in which
Emacs runs the compile command.  For example, at the end of the
`gdb.texinfo' file, after the `@bye', you could put the following:

     Local Variables:
     compile-command: "texi2dvi gdb.texinfo"
     End:

This technique is most often used by programmers who also compile
programs this way; see *Note Compilation: (emacs)Compilation.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Requirements Summary,  Next: Preparing for TeX,  Prev: Compile-Command,  Up: Hardcopy

20.8 TeX Formatting Requirements Summary
========================================

Every Texinfo file that is to be input to TeX must begin with a
`\input' command and must contain an `@setfilename' command:

     \input texinfo
     @setfilename ARG-NOT-USED-BY-TEX

The first command instructs TeX to load the macros it needs to process
a Texinfo file and the second command opens auxiliary files.

  Every Texinfo file must end with a line that terminates TeX's
processing and forces out unfinished pages:

     @bye

  Strictly speaking, these lines are all a Texinfo file needs to be
processed successfully by TeX.

  Usually, however, the beginning includes an `@settitle' command to
define the title of the printed manual, an `@setchapternewpage'
command, a title page, a copyright page, and permissions.  Besides an
`@bye', the end of a file usually includes indices and a table of
contents.  (And of course most manuals contain a body of text as well.)

  For more information, see:

   * *Note `@settitle': settitle.

   * *Note `@setchapternewpage': setchapternewpage.

   * *Note Page Headings: Headings.

   * *Note Titlepage & Copyright Page::.

   * *Note Printing Indices & Menus::.

   * *Note Contents::.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Preparing for TeX,  Next: Overfull hboxes,  Prev: Requirements Summary,  Up: Hardcopy

20.9 Preparing for TeX
======================

TeX needs to know where to find the `texinfo.tex' file that the `\input
texinfo' command on the first line reads.  The `texinfo.tex' file tells
TeX how to handle @-commands; it is included in all standard GNU
distributions.  The latest version is always available from the Texinfo
source repository:
     `http://savannah.gnu.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs/texinfo/texinfo/doc/texinfo.tex?rev=HEAD'

  Usually, the installer has put the `texinfo.tex' file in the default
directory that contains TeX macros when GNU Texinfo, Emacs or other GNU
software is installed.  In this case, TeX will find the file and you do
not need to do anything special.  If this has not been done, you can
put `texinfo.tex' in the current directory when you run TeX, and TeX
will find it there.

  Also, you should install `epsf.tex', if it is not already installed
from another distribution.  More details are at the end of the
description of the `@image' command (*note Images::).

  Likewise for `pdfcolor.tex', if it is not already installed and you
use pdftex.

  Optionally, you may create an additional `texinfo.cnf', and install
it as well.  This file is read by TeX when the `@setfilename' command
is executed (*note `@setfilename': setfilename.).  You can put any
commands you like there, according to local site-wide conventions.  They
will be read by TeX when processing any Texinfo document.  For example,
if `texinfo.cnf' contains the line `@afourpaper' (*note A4 Paper::),
then all Texinfo documents will be processed with that page size in
effect.  If you have nothing to put in `texinfo.cnf', you do not need
to create it.

  If neither of the above locations for these system files suffice for
you, you can specify the directories explicitly.  For `texinfo.tex',
you can do this by writing the complete path for the file after the
`\input' command.  Another way, that works for both `texinfo.tex' and
`texinfo.cnf' (and any other file TeX might read), is to set the
`TEXINPUTS' environment variable in your `.cshrc' or `.profile' file.

  Which you use of `.cshrc' or `.profile' depends on whether you use a
Bourne shell-compatible (`sh', `bash', `ksh', ...) or C
shell-compatible (`csh', `tcsh') command interpreter.  The latter read
the `.cshrc' file for initialization information, and the former read
`.profile'.

  In a `.cshrc' file, you could use the following `csh' command
sequence:

     setenv TEXINPUTS .:/home/me/mylib:

  In a `.profile' file, you could use the following `sh' command
sequence:

     TEXINPUTS=.:/home/me/mylib:
     export TEXINPUTS

  On MS-DOS/MS-Windows, you would say it like this(1):

     set TEXINPUTS=.;d:/home/me/mylib;c:

It is customary for DOS/Windows users to put such commands in the
`autoexec.bat' file, or in the Windows Registry.

These settings would cause TeX to look for `\input' file first in the
current directory, indicated by the `.', then in a hypothetical user
`me''s `mylib' directory, and finally in the system directories.  (A
leading, trailing, or doubled `:' indicates searching the system
directories at that point.)

  Finally, you may wish to dump a `.fmt' file (*note Memory dumps:
(web2c)Memory dumps.) so that TeX can load Texinfo faster.  (The
disadvantage is that then updating `texinfo.tex' requires redumping.)
You can do this by running this command, assuming `epsf.tex' is
findable by TeX:

     initex texinfo @dump

  (`dump' is a TeX primitive.)  Then, move `texinfo.fmt' to wherever
your `.fmt' files are found; typically, this will be in the
subdirectory `web2c' of your TeX installation.

  ---------- Footnotes ----------

  (1) Note the use of the `;' character, instead of `:', as directory
separator on these systems.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Overfull hboxes,  Next: smallbook,  Prev: Preparing for TeX,  Up: Hardcopy

20.10 Overfull "hboxes"
=======================

TeX is sometimes unable to typeset a line without extending it into the
right margin.  This can occur when TeX comes upon what it interprets as
a long word that it cannot hyphenate, such as an electronic mail
network address or a very long title.  When this happens, TeX prints an
error message like this:

     Overfull @hbox (20.76302pt too wide)

(In TeX, lines are in "horizontal boxes", hence the term, "hbox".
`@hbox' is a TeX primitive not needed in the Texinfo language.)

  TeX also provides the line number in the Texinfo source file and the
text of the offending line, which is marked at all the places that TeX
considered hyphenation.  *Note Catching Errors with TeX Formatting:
Debugging with TeX, for more information about typesetting errors.

  If the Texinfo file has an overfull hbox, you can rewrite the sentence
so the overfull hbox does not occur, or you can decide to leave it.  A
small excursion into the right margin often does not matter and may not
even be noticeable.

  If you have many overfull boxes and/or an antipathy to rewriting, you
can coerce TeX into greatly increasing the allowable interword spacing,
thus (if you're lucky) avoiding many of the bad line breaks, like this:

     @tex
     \global\emergencystretch = .9\hsize
     @end tex

(You should adjust the fraction as needed.)  This huge value for
`\emergencystretch' cannot be the default, since then the typeset
output would generally be of noticeably lower quality; the default is
`.15\hsize'.  `\hsize' is the TeX dimension containing the current line
width.

  For what overfull boxes you have, however, TeX will print a large,
ugly, black rectangle beside the line that contains the overfull hbox
unless told otherwise.  This is so you will notice the location of the
problem if you are correcting a draft.

  To prevent such a monstrosity from marring your final printout, write
the following in the beginning of the Texinfo file on a line of its own,
before the `@titlepage' command:

     @finalout


File: texinfo.info,  Node: smallbook,  Next: A4 Paper,  Prev: Overfull hboxes,  Up: Hardcopy

20.11 Printing "Small" Books
============================

By default, TeX typesets pages for printing in an 8.5 by 11 inch
format.  However, you can direct TeX to typeset a document in a 7 by
9.25 inch format that is suitable for bound books by inserting the
following command on a line by itself at the beginning of the Texinfo
file, before the title page:

     @smallbook

(Since many books are about 7 by 9.25 inches, this command might better
have been called the `@regularbooksize' command, but it came to be
called the `@smallbook' command by comparison to the 8.5 by 11 inch
format.)

  If you write the `@smallbook' command between the start-of-header and
end-of-header lines, the Texinfo mode TeX region formatting command,
`texinfo-tex-region', will format the region in "small" book size
(*note Start of Header::).

  *Note small::, for information about commands that make it easier to
produce examples for a smaller manual.

  *Note Format with texi2dvi::, and *Note Preparing for TeX: Preparing
for TeX, for other ways to format with `@smallbook' that do not require
changing the source file.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: A4 Paper,  Next: pagesizes,  Prev: smallbook,  Up: Hardcopy

20.12 Printing on A4 Paper
==========================

You can tell TeX to format a document for printing on European size A4
paper (or A5) with the `@afourpaper' (or `@afivepaper') command.  Write
the command on a line by itself near the beginning of the Texinfo file,
before the title page.  For example, this is how you would write the
header for this manual:

     \input texinfo    @c -*-texinfo-*-
     @c %**start of header
     @setfilename texinfo
     @settitle Texinfo
     @afourpaper
     @c %**end of header

  *Note Format with texi2dvi::, and *Note Preparing for TeX: Preparing
for TeX, for other ways to format for different paper sizes that do not
require changing the source file.

  You may or may not prefer the formatting that results from the command
`@afourlatex'.  There's also `@afourwide' for A4 paper in wide format.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: pagesizes,  Next: Cropmarks and Magnification,  Prev: A4 Paper,  Up: Hardcopy

20.13 `@pagesizes' [WIDTH][, HEIGHT]: Custom Page Sizes
=======================================================

You can explicitly specify the height and (optionally) width of the main
text area on the page with the `@pagesizes' command.  Write this on a
line by itself near the beginning of the Texinfo file, before the title
page.  The height comes first, then the width if desired, separated by
a comma.  Examples:

     @pagesizes 200mm,150mm
  and
     @pagesizes 11.5in

  This would be reasonable for printing on B5-size paper.  To emphasize,
this command specifies the size of the _text area_, not the size of the
paper (which is 250mm by 177mm for B5, 14in by 8.5in for legal).

  To make more elaborate changes, such as changing any of the page
margins, you must define a new command in `texinfo.tex' (or
`texinfo.cnf', *note Preparing for TeX: Preparing for TeX.).

  *Note Format with texi2dvi::, and *Note Preparing for TeX: Preparing
for TeX, for other ways to specify `@pagesizes' that do not require
changing the source file.

  `@pagesizes' is ignored by `makeinfo'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Cropmarks and Magnification,  Next: PDF Output,  Prev: pagesizes,  Up: Hardcopy

20.14 Cropmarks and Magnification
=================================

You can (attempt to) direct TeX to print cropmarks at the corners of
pages with the `@cropmarks' command.  Write the `@cropmarks' command on
a line by itself between `@iftex' and `@end iftex' lines near the
beginning of the Texinfo file, before the title page, like this:

     @iftex
     @cropmarks
     @end iftex

  This command is mainly for printers that typeset several pages on one
sheet of film; but you can attempt to use it to mark the corners of a
book set to 7 by 9.25 inches with the `@smallbook' command.  (Printers
will not produce cropmarks for regular sized output that is printed on
regular sized paper.)  Since different printing machines work in
different ways, you should explore the use of this command with a
spirit of adventure.  You may have to redefine the command in
`texinfo.tex'.

  You can attempt to direct TeX to typeset pages larger or smaller than
usual with the `\mag' TeX command.  Everything that is typeset is
scaled proportionally larger or smaller.  (`\mag' stands for
"magnification".)  This is _not_ a Texinfo @-command, but is a plain
TeX command that is prefixed with a backslash.  You have to write this
command between `@tex' and `@end tex' (*note Raw Formatter Commands::).

  Follow the `\mag' command with an `=' and then a number that is 1000
times the magnification you desire.  For example, to print pages at 1.2
normal size, write the following near the beginning of the Texinfo
file, before the title page:

     @tex
     \mag=1200
     @end tex

  With some printing technologies, you can print normal-sized copies
that look better than usual by giving a larger-than-normal master to
your print shop.  They do the reduction, thus effectively increasing the
resolution.

  Depending on your system, DVI files prepared with a
nonstandard-`\mag' may not print or may print only with certain
magnifications.  Be prepared to experiment.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: PDF Output,  Next: Obtaining TeX,  Prev: Cropmarks and Magnification,  Up: Hardcopy

20.15 PDF Output
================

The simplest way to generate PDF output from Texinfo source is to run
the convenience script `texi2pdf'; this simply executes the `texi2dvi'
script with the `--pdf' option (*note Format with texi2dvi::).  If for
some reason you want to process by hand, simply run the `pdftex'
program instead of plain `tex'.  That is, run `pdftex foo.texi' instead
of `tex foo.texi'.

  "PDF" stands for `Portable Document Format'. It was invented by Adobe
Systems some years ago for document interchange, based on their
PostScript language.  Related links:

   * GNU GV, a Ghostscript-based PDF reader
     (http://www.foolabs.com/xpdf/).  (It can also preview PostScript
     documents.)

   * A freely available standalone PDF reader
     (http://www.foolabs.com/xpdf/) for the X window system.

   * PDF definition
     (http://partners.adobe.com/asn/acrobat/sdk/public/docs/).


  At present, Texinfo does not provide `@ifpdf' or `@pdf' commands as
for the other output formats, since PDF documents contain many internal
links that would be hard or impossible to get right at the Texinfo
source level.

  PDF files require special software to be displayed, unlike the plain
ASCII formats (Info, HTML) that Texinfo supports.  They also tend to be
much larger than the DVI files output by TeX by default.  Nevertheless,
a PDF file does define an actual typeset document in a self-contained
file, so it has its place.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Obtaining TeX,  Prev: PDF Output,  Up: Hardcopy

20.16 How to Obtain TeX
=======================

TeX is freely redistributable.  You can obtain TeX for Unix systems via
anonymous ftp or on physical media.  The core material consists of the
Web2c TeX distribution (`http://tug.org/web2c').

  Instructions for retrieval by anonymous ftp and information on other
available distributions: `http://tug.org/unixtex.ftp'.

  The Free Software Foundation provides a core distribution on its
Source Code CD-ROM suitable for printing Texinfo manuals.  To order it,
contact:

     Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     59 Temple Place Suite 330
     Boston, MA   02111-1307
     USA
     Telephone: +1-617-542-5942
     Fax: (including Japan) +1-617-542-2652
     Free Dial Fax (in Japan):
           0031-13-2473 (KDD)
           0066-3382-0158 (IDC)
     Electronic mail: `gnu@gnu.org'

  Many other TeX distributions are available; see `http://tug.org/'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Creating and Installing Info Files,  Next: Generating HTML,  Prev: Hardcopy,  Up: Top

21 Creating and Installing Info Files
*************************************

This chapter describes how to create and install Info files.  *Note
Info Files::, for general information about the file format itself.

* Menu:

* Creating an Info File::
* Installing an Info File::


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Creating an Info File,  Next: Installing an Info File,  Up: Creating and Installing Info Files

21.1 Creating an Info File
==========================

`makeinfo' is a program that converts a Texinfo file into an Info file,
HTML file, or plain text.  `texinfo-format-region' and
`texinfo-format-buffer' are GNU Emacs functions that convert Texinfo to
Info.

  For information on installing the Info file in the Info system, *note
Installing an Info File::.

* Menu:

* makeinfo advantages::         `makeinfo' provides better error checking.
* Invoking makeinfo::           How to run `makeinfo' from a shell.
* makeinfo options::            Specify fill-column and other options.
* Pointer Validation::          How to check that pointers point somewhere.
* makeinfo in Emacs::           How to run `makeinfo' from Emacs.
* texinfo-format commands::     Two Info formatting commands written
                                 in Emacs Lisp are an alternative
                                 to `makeinfo'.
* Batch Formatting::            How to format for Info in Emacs Batch mode.
* Tag and Split Files::         How tagged and split files help Info
                                 to run better.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: makeinfo advantages,  Next: Invoking makeinfo,  Up: Creating an Info File

21.1.1 `makeinfo' Preferred
---------------------------

The `makeinfo' utility creates an Info file from a Texinfo source file
more quickly than either of the Emacs formatting commands and provides
better error messages.  We recommend it.  `makeinfo' is a C program
that is independent of Emacs.  You do not need to run Emacs to use
`makeinfo', which means you can use `makeinfo' on machines that are too
small to run Emacs.  You can run `makeinfo' in any one of three ways:
from an operating system shell, from a shell inside Emacs, or by typing
the `C-c C-m C-r' or the `C-c C-m C-b' command in Texinfo mode in Emacs.

  The `texinfo-format-region' and the `texinfo-format-buffer' commands
are useful if you cannot run `makeinfo'.  Also, in some circumstances,
they format short regions or buffers more quickly than `makeinfo'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Invoking makeinfo,  Next: makeinfo options,  Prev: makeinfo advantages,  Up: Creating an Info File

21.1.2 Running `makeinfo' from a Shell
--------------------------------------

To create an Info file from a Texinfo file, invoke `makeinfo' followed
by the name of the Texinfo file.  Thus, to create the Info file for
Bison, type the following to the shell:

     makeinfo bison.texinfo

  (You can run a shell inside Emacs by typing `M-x shell'.)

  `makeinfo' has many options to control its actions and output; see
the next section.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: makeinfo options,  Next: Pointer Validation,  Prev: Invoking makeinfo,  Up: Creating an Info File

21.1.3 Options for `makeinfo'
-----------------------------

The `makeinfo' program accepts many options.  Perhaps the most commonly
needed are those that change the output format.  By default, `makeinfo'
outputs Info files.

  Each command line option is a word preceded by `--' or a letter
preceded by `-'.  You can use abbreviations for the long option names
as long as they are unique.

  For example, you could use the following shell command to create an
Info file for `bison.texinfo' in which each line is filled to only 68
columns:

     makeinfo --fill-column=68 bison.texinfo

  You can write two or more options in sequence, like this:

     makeinfo --no-split --fill-column=70 ...

This would keep the Info file together as one possibly very long file
and would also set the fill column to 70.

  The options are:

`-D VAR'
     Cause the variable VAR to be defined.  This is equivalent to `@set
     VAR' in the Texinfo file (*note set clear value::).

`--commands-in-node-names'
     Allow `@'-commands in node names.  This is not recommended, as it
     can probably never be implemented in TeX.  It also makes
     `makeinfo' much slower.  Also, this option is ignored when
     `--no-validate' is used.  *Note Pointer Validation::, for more
     details.

`--css-include=FILE'
     Include the contents of FILE, which should contain cascading style
     sheets specifications, in the `<style>' block of the HTML output.
     *Note HTML CSS::.  If FILE is `-', read standard input.

`--docbook'
     Generate Docbook output rather than Info.

`--enable-encoding'
     Output accented and special characters in Info or plain text output
     based on `@documentencoding'.  *Note `documentencoding':
     documentencoding, and *Note Inserting Accents::.

`--error-limit=LIMIT'
`-e LIMIT'
     Set the maximum number of errors that `makeinfo' will report
     before exiting (on the assumption that continuing would be
     useless); default 100.

`--fill-column=WIDTH'
`-f WIDTH'
     Specify the maximum number of columns in a line; this is the
     right-hand edge of a line.  Paragraphs that are filled will be
     filled to this width.  (Filling is the process of breaking up and
     connecting lines so that lines are the same length as or shorter
     than the number specified as the fill column.  Lines are broken
     between words.) The default value is 72.  Ignored with `--html'.

`--footnote-style=STYLE'
`-s STYLE'
     Set the footnote style to STYLE, either `end' for the end node
     style (the default) or `separate' for the separate node style.
     The value set by this option overrides the value set in a Texinfo
     file by an `@footnotestyle' command (*note Footnotes::).  When the
     footnote style is `separate', `makeinfo' makes a new node
     containing the footnotes found in the current node.  When the
     footnote style is `end', `makeinfo' places the footnote references
     at the end of the current node.  Ignored with `--html'.

`--force'
`-F'
     Ordinarily, if the input file has errors, the output files are not
     created.  With this option, they are preserved.

`--help'
`-h'
     Print a usage message listing all available options, then exit
     successfully.

`--html'
     Generate HTML output rather than Info.  *Note Generating HTML::.
     By default, the HTML output is split into one output file per
     Texinfo source node, and the split output is written into a
     subdirectory with the name of the top-level info file.

`-I DIR'
     Append DIR to the directory search list for finding files that are
     included using the `@include' command.  By default, `makeinfo'
     searches only the current directory.  If DIR is not given, the
     current directory `.' is appended.  Note that DIR can actually be
     a list of several directories separated by the usual path
     separator character (`:' on Unix, `;' on MS-DOS/MS-Windows).

`--ifdocbook'
`--ifhtml'
`--ifinfo'
`--ifplaintext'
`--iftex'
`--ifxml'
     For the specified format, process `@ifFORMAT' and `@FORMAT'
     commands even if not generating the given output format.  For
     instance, if `--iftex' is specified, then `@iftex' and `@tex'
     blocks will be read.

`--macro-expand=FILE'
`-E FILE'
     Output the Texinfo source with all the macros expanded to the named
     file.  Normally, the results of macro expansion are used
     internally by `makeinfo' and then discarded.  This option is used
     by `texi2dvi'.

`--no-headers'

`--plaintext'
     Do not include menus or node separator lines in the output, and
     implicitly `--enable-encoding' (see above).  This results in a
     simple plain text file that you can (for example) send in email
     without complications, or include in a distribution (as in an
     `INSTALL' file).

     For HTML output, likewise omit menus.  And if `--no-split' is also
     specified, do not include a navigation links at the top of each
     node (these are never included in the default case of split
     output).  *Note Generating HTML::.

     In both cases, ignore `@setfilename' and write to standard output
     by default--can be overridden with `-o'.

`--no-ifdocbook'
`--no-ifhtml'
`--no-ifinfo'
`--no-ifplaintext'
`--no-iftex'
`--no-ifxml'
     Do not process `@ifFORMAT' and `@FORMAT' commands, and do process
     `@ifnotFORMAT', even if generating the given format.  For
     instance, if `--no-ifhtml' is specified, then `@ifhtml' and
     `@html' blocks will not be read, and `@ifnothtml' blocks will be.

`--no-number-footnotes'
     Suppress automatic footnote numbering.  By default, `makeinfo'
     numbers each footnote sequentially in a single node, resetting the
     current footnote number to 1 at the start of each node.

`--no-number-sections'
     Do not output chapter, section, and appendix numbers.  You need to
     specify this if your manual is not hierarchically-structured.

`--no-split'
     Suppress the splitting stage of `makeinfo'.  By default, large
     output files (where the size is greater than 70k bytes) are split
     into smaller subfiles.  For Info output, each one is approximately
     50k bytes.  For HTML output, each file contains one node (*note
     Generating HTML::).

`--no-pointer-validate'
`--no-validate'
     Suppress the pointer-validation phase of `makeinfo'--a dangerous
     thing to do.  This can also be done with the `@novalidate' command
     (*note Use TeX: Use TeX.).  Normally, after a Texinfo file is
     processed, some consistency checks are made to ensure that cross
     references can be resolved, etc.  *Note Pointer Validation::.

`--no-warn'
     Suppress warning messages (but _not_ error messages).

`--number-sections'
     Output chapter, section, and appendix numbers as in printed
     manuals.  This is the default.  It works only with
     hierarchically-structured manuals.

`--output=FILE'
`-o FILE'
     Specify that the output should be directed to FILE and not to the
     file name specified in the `@setfilename' command found in the
     Texinfo source (*note setfilename::).  If FILE is `-', output goes
     to standard output and `--no-split' is implied.  For split HTML
     output, FILE is the name for the directory into which all HTML
     nodes are written (*note Generating HTML::).

`-P DIR'
     Prepend DIR to the directory search list for `@include'.  If DIR
     is not given, the current directory `.' is prepended.  See `-I'
     for more details.

`--paragraph-indent=INDENT'
`-p INDENT'
     Set the paragraph indentation style to INDENT.  The value set by
     this option overrides the value set in a Texinfo file by an
     `@paragraphindent' command (*note paragraphindent::).  The value
     of INDENT is interpreted as follows:

    `asis'
          Preserve any existing indentation at the starts of paragraphs.

    `0' or `none'
          Delete any existing indentation.

    NUM
          Indent each paragraph by NUM spaces.

`--reference-limit=LIMIT'
`-r LIMIT'
     Set the value of the number of references to a node that
     `makeinfo' will make without reporting a warning.  If a node has
     more than this number of references in it, `makeinfo' will make the
     references but also report a warning.  The default is 1000.

`--split-size=NUM'
     Keep Info files to at most NUM characters; default is 300,000.

`-U VAR'
     Cause VAR to be undefined.  This is equivalent to `@clear VAR' in
     the Texinfo file (*note set clear value::).

`--verbose'
     Cause `makeinfo' to display messages saying what it is doing.
     Normally, `makeinfo' only outputs messages if there are errors or
     warnings.

`--version'
`-V'
     Print the version number, then exit successfully.

`--xml'
     Generate XML output rather than Info.


  `makeinfo' also reads the environment variable
`TEXINFO_OUTPUT_FORMAT' to determine the output format, if not
overridden by a command line option.  The possible values are:

     docbook  html  info  plaintext  xml

  If not set, Info output is the default.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Pointer Validation,  Next: makeinfo in Emacs,  Prev: makeinfo options,  Up: Creating an Info File

21.1.4 Pointer Validation
-------------------------

If you do not suppress pointer validation with the `--no-validate'
option or the `@novalidate' command in the source file (*note Use TeX:
Use TeX.), `makeinfo' will check the validity of the final Info file.
Mostly, this means ensuring that nodes you have referenced really
exist.  Here is a complete list of what is checked:

  1. If a `Next', `Previous', or `Up' node reference is a reference to a
     node in the current file and is not an external reference such as
     to `(dir)', then the referenced node must exist.

  2. In every node, if the `Previous' node is different from the `Up'
     node, then the node pointed to by the `Previous' field must have a
     `Next' field which points back to this node.

  3. Every node except the `Top' node must have an `Up' pointer.

  4. The node referenced by an `Up' pointer must itself reference the
     current node through a menu item, unless the node referenced by
     `Up' has the form `(FILE)'.

  5. If the `Next' reference of a node is not the same as the `Next'
     reference of the `Up' reference, then the node referenced by the
     `Next' pointer must have a `Previous' pointer that points back to
     the current node.  This rule allows the last node in a section to
     point to the first node of the next chapter.

  6. Every node except `Top' should be referenced by at least one other
     node, either via the `Previous' or `Next' links, or via a menu or a
     cross-reference.

  Some Texinfo documents might fail during the validation phase because
they use commands like `@value' and `@definfoenclose' in node
definitions and cross-references inconsistently.  (Your best bet is to
avoid using @-commands in node names.)  Consider the following example:

     @set nodename Node 1

     @node @value{nodename}, Node 2, Top, Top

     This is node 1.

     @node Node 2, , Node 1, Top

     This is node 2.

Here, the node "Node 1" was referenced both verbatim and through
`@value'.

  By default, `makeinfo' fails such cases, because node names are not
fully expanded until they are written to the output file.  You should
always try to reference nodes consistently; e.g., in the above example,
the second `@node' line should have also used `@value'.  However, if,
for some reason, you _must_ reference node names inconsistently, and
`makeinfo' fails to validate the file, you can use the
`--commands-in-node-names' option to force `makeinfo' to perform the
expensive expansion of all node names it finds in the document.  This
might considerably slow down the program, though; twofold increase in
conversion time was measured for large documents such as the Jargon
file.

  The support for `@'-commands in `@node' directives is not general
enough to be freely used.  For example, if the example above redefined
`nodename' somewhere in the document, `makeinfo' will fail to convert
it, even if invoked with the `--commands-in-node-names' option.

  `--commands-in-node-names' has no effect if the `--no-validate'
option is given.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: makeinfo in Emacs,  Next: texinfo-format commands,  Prev: Pointer Validation,  Up: Creating an Info File

21.1.5 Running `makeinfo' Within Emacs
--------------------------------------

You can run `makeinfo' in GNU Emacs Texinfo mode by using either the
`makeinfo-region' or the `makeinfo-buffer' commands.  In Texinfo mode,
the commands are bound to `C-c C-m C-r' and `C-c C-m C-b' by default.

`C-c C-m C-r'
`M-x makeinfo-region'
     Format the current region for Info.  

`C-c C-m C-b'
`M-x makeinfo-buffer'
     Format the current buffer for Info.  

  When you invoke `makeinfo-region' the output goes to a temporary
buffer.  When you invoke `makeinfo-buffer' output goes to the file set
with `@setfilename' (*note setfilename::).

  The Emacs `makeinfo-region' and `makeinfo-buffer' commands run the
`makeinfo' program in a temporary shell buffer.  If `makeinfo' finds
any errors, Emacs displays the error messages in the temporary buffer.

  You can parse the error messages by typing `C-x `' (`next-error').
This causes Emacs to go to and position the cursor on the line in the
Texinfo source that `makeinfo' thinks caused the error.  *Note Running
`make' or Compilers Generally: (emacs)Compilation, for more information
about using the `next-error' command.

  In addition, you can kill the shell in which the `makeinfo' command
is running or make the shell buffer display its most recent output.

`C-c C-m C-k'
`M-x makeinfo-kill-job'
     Kill the current running `makeinfo' job (from `makeinfo-region' or
     `makeinfo-buffer').

`C-c C-m C-l'
`M-x makeinfo-recenter-output-buffer'
     Redisplay the `makeinfo' shell buffer to display its most recent
     output.

(Note that the parallel commands for killing and recentering a TeX job
are `C-c C-t C-k' and `C-c C-t C-l'.  *Note Texinfo Mode Printing::.)

  You can specify options for `makeinfo' by setting the
`makeinfo-options' variable with either the `M-x customize' or the `M-x
set-variable' command, or by setting the variable in your `.emacs'
initialization file.

  For example, you could write the following in your `.emacs' file:

     (setq makeinfo-options
          "--paragraph-indent=0 --no-split
           --fill-column=70 --verbose")

For more information, see
*Note Easy Customization Interface: (emacs)Easy Customization,
*Note Examining and Setting Variables: (emacs)Examining,
*Note Init File: (emacs)Init File, and
*Note Options for `makeinfo': makeinfo options.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: texinfo-format commands,  Next: Batch Formatting,  Prev: makeinfo in Emacs,  Up: Creating an Info File

21.1.6 The `texinfo-format...' Commands
---------------------------------------

In GNU Emacs in Texinfo mode, you can format part or all of a Texinfo
file with the `texinfo-format-region' command.  This formats the
current region and displays the formatted text in a temporary buffer
called `*Info Region*'.

  Similarly, you can format a buffer with the `texinfo-format-buffer'
command.  This command creates a new buffer and generates the Info file
in it.  Typing `C-x C-s' will save the Info file under the name
specified by the `@setfilename' line which must be near the beginning
of the Texinfo file.

`C-c C-e C-r'
``texinfo-format-region''
     Format the current region for Info.

`C-c C-e C-b'
``texinfo-format-buffer''
     Format the current buffer for Info.

  The `texinfo-format-region' and `texinfo-format-buffer' commands
provide you with some error checking, and other functions can provide
you with further help in finding formatting errors.  These procedures
are described in an appendix; see *Note Catching Mistakes::.  However,
the `makeinfo' program is often faster and provides better error
checking (*note makeinfo in Emacs::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Batch Formatting,  Next: Tag and Split Files,  Prev: texinfo-format commands,  Up: Creating an Info File

21.1.7 Batch Formatting
-----------------------

You can format Texinfo files for Info using `batch-texinfo-format' and
Emacs Batch mode.  You can run Emacs in Batch mode from any shell,
including a shell inside of Emacs.  (*Note Command Arguments:
(emacs)Command Arguments.)

  Here is a shell command to format all the files that end in
`.texinfo' in the current directory:

     emacs -batch -funcall batch-texinfo-format *.texinfo

Emacs processes all the files listed on the command line, even if an
error occurs while attempting to format some of them.

  Run `batch-texinfo-format' only with Emacs in Batch mode as shown; it
is not interactive.  It kills the Batch mode Emacs on completion.

  `batch-texinfo-format' is convenient if you lack `makeinfo' and want
to format several Texinfo files at once.  When you use Batch mode, you
create a new Emacs process.  This frees your current Emacs, so you can
continue working in it.  (When you run `texinfo-format-region' or
`texinfo-format-buffer', you cannot use that Emacs for anything else
until the command finishes.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Tag and Split Files,  Prev: Batch Formatting,  Up: Creating an Info File

21.1.8 Tag Files and Split Files
--------------------------------

If a Texinfo file has more than 30,000 bytes, `texinfo-format-buffer'
automatically creates a tag table for its Info file;  `makeinfo' always
creates a tag table.  With a "tag table", Info can jump to new nodes
more quickly than it can otherwise.

  In addition, if the Texinfo file contains more than about 300,000
bytes, `texinfo-format-buffer' and `makeinfo' split the large Info file
into shorter "indirect" subfiles of about 300,000 bytes each.  Big
files are split into smaller files so that Emacs does not need to make
a large buffer to hold the whole of a large Info file; instead, Emacs
allocates just enough memory for the small, split-off file that is
needed at the time.  This way, Emacs avoids wasting memory when you run
Info.  (Before splitting was implemented, Info files were always kept
short and "include files" were designed as a way to create a single,
large printed manual out of the smaller Info files.  *Note Include
Files::, for more information.  Include files are still used for very
large documents, such as `The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual', in which
each chapter is a separate file.)

  When a file is split, Info itself makes use of a shortened version of
the original file that contains just the tag table and references to
the files that were split off.  The split-off files are called
"indirect" files.

  The split-off files have names that are created by appending `-1',
`-2', `-3' and so on to the file name specified by the `@setfilename'
command.  The shortened version of the original file continues to have
the name specified by `@setfilename'.

  At one stage in writing this document, for example, the Info file was
saved as the file `test-texinfo' and that file looked like this:

     Info file: test-texinfo,    -*-Text-*-
     produced by texinfo-format-buffer
     from file: new-texinfo-manual.texinfo

     ^_
     Indirect:
     test-texinfo-1: 102
     test-texinfo-2: 50422
     test-texinfo-3: 101300
     ^_^L
     Tag table:
     (Indirect)
     Node: overview^?104
     Node: info file^?1271
     Node: printed manual^?4853
     Node: conventions^?6855
     ...

(But `test-texinfo' had far more nodes than are shown here.)  Each of
the split-off, indirect files, `test-texinfo-1', `test-texinfo-2', and
`test-texinfo-3', is listed in this file after the line that says
`Indirect:'.  The tag table is listed after the line that says `Tag
table:'.

  In the list of indirect files, the number following the file name
records the cumulative number of bytes in the preceding indirect files,
not counting the file list itself, the tag table, or the permissions
text in each file.  In the tag table, the number following the node name
records the location of the beginning of the node, in bytes from the
beginning of the (unsplit) output.

  If you are using `texinfo-format-buffer' to create Info files, you
may want to run the `Info-validate' command.  (The `makeinfo' command
does such a good job on its own, you do not need `Info-validate'.)
However, you cannot run the `M-x Info-validate' node-checking command
on indirect files.  For information on how to prevent files from being
split and how to validate the structure of the nodes, see *Note Using
Info-validate::.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Installing an Info File,  Prev: Creating an Info File,  Up: Creating and Installing Info Files

21.2 Installing an Info File
============================

Info files are usually kept in the `info' directory.  You can read Info
files using the standalone Info program or the Info reader built into
Emacs.  (*note info: (info)Top, for an introduction to Info.)

* Menu:

* Directory File::              The top level menu for all Info files.
* New Info File::               Listing a new Info file.
* Other Info Directories::      How to specify Info files that are
                                 located in other directories.
* Installing Dir Entries::      How to specify what menu entry to add
                                 to the Info directory.
* Invoking install-info::       `install-info' options.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Directory File,  Next: New Info File,  Up: Installing an Info File

21.2.1 The Directory File `dir'
-------------------------------

For Info to work, the `info' directory must contain a file that serves
as a top level directory for the Info system.  By convention, this file
is called `dir'.  (You can find the location of this file within Emacs
by typing `C-h i' to enter Info and then typing `C-x C-f' to see the
pathname to the `info' directory.)

  The `dir' file is itself an Info file.  It contains the top level
menu for all the Info files in the system.  The menu looks like this:

     * Menu:
     * Info:    (info).     Documentation browsing system.
     * Emacs:   (emacs).    The extensible, self-documenting
                           text editor.
     * Texinfo: (texinfo).  With one source file, make
                           either a printed manual using
                           @TeX{} or an Info file.
     ...

  Each of these menu entries points to the `Top' node of the Info file
that is named in parentheses.  (The menu entry does not need to specify
the `Top' node, since Info goes to the `Top' node if no node name is
mentioned.  *Note Nodes in Other Info Files: Other Info Files.)

  Thus, the `Info' entry points to the `Top' node of the `info' file
and the `Emacs' entry points to the `Top' node of the `emacs' file.

  In each of the Info files, the `Up' pointer of the `Top' node refers
back to the `dir' file.  For example, the line for the `Top' node of
the Emacs manual looks like this in Info:

     File: emacs  Node: Top, Up: (DIR), Next: Distrib

In this case, the `dir' file name is written in upper case letters--it
can be written in either upper or lower case.  This is not true in
general, it is a special case for `dir'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: New Info File,  Next: Other Info Directories,  Prev: Directory File,  Up: Installing an Info File

21.2.2 Listing a New Info File
------------------------------

To add a new Info file to your system, you must write a menu entry to
add to the menu in the `dir' file in the `info' directory.  For
example, if you were adding documentation for GDB, you would write the
following new entry:

     * GDB: (gdb).           The source-level C debugger.

The first part of the menu entry is the menu entry name, followed by a
colon.  The second part is the name of the Info file, in parentheses,
followed by a period.  The third part is the description.

  The name of an Info file often has a `.info' extension.  Thus, the
Info file for GDB might be called either `gdb' or `gdb.info'.  The Info
reader programs automatically try the file name both with and without
`.info'(1); so it is better to avoid clutter and not to write `.info'
explicitly in the menu entry.  For example, the GDB menu entry should
use just `gdb' for the file name, not `gdb.info'.

  ---------- Footnotes ----------

  (1) On MS-DOS/MS-Windows systems, Info will try the `.inf' extension
as well.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Other Info Directories,  Next: Installing Dir Entries,  Prev: New Info File,  Up: Installing an Info File

21.2.3 Info Files in Other Directories
--------------------------------------

If an Info file is not in the `info' directory, there are three ways to
specify its location:

  1. Write the pathname in the `dir' file as the second part of the
     menu.

  2. If you are using Emacs, list the name of the file in a second `dir'
     file, in its directory; and then add the name of that directory to
     the `Info-directory-list' variable in your personal or site
     initialization file.

     This variable tells Emacs where to look for `dir' files (the files
     must be named `dir').  Emacs merges the files named `dir' from
     each of the listed directories.  (In Emacs version 18, you can set
     the `Info-directory' variable to the name of only one directory.)

  3. Specify the Info directory name in the `INFOPATH' environment
     variable in your `.profile' or `.cshrc' initialization file.
     (Only you and others who set this environment variable will be
     able to find Info files whose location is specified this way.)

  For example, to reach a test file in the `/home/bob/info' directory,
you could add an entry like this to the menu in the standard `dir' file:

     * Test: (/home/bob/info/info-test).  Bob's own test file.

In this case, the absolute file name of the `info-test' file is written
as the second part of the menu entry.

  Alternatively, you could write the following in your `.emacs' file:

     (require 'info)
     (setq Info-directory-list
      (cons (expand-file-name "/home/bob/info")
            Info-directory-list))

  This tells Emacs to merge the system `dir' file with the `dir' file
in `/home/bob/info'.  Thus, Info will list the
`/home/bob/info/info-test' file as a menu entry in the
`/home/bob/info/dir' file.  Emacs does the merging only when `M-x info'
is first run, so if you want to set `Info-directory-list' in an Emacs
session where you've already run `info', you must `(setq
Info-dir-contents nil)' to force Emacs to recompose the `dir' file.

  Finally, you can tell Info where to look by setting the `INFOPATH'
environment variable in your shell startup file, such as `.cshrc',
`.profile' or `autoexec.bat'.  If you use a Bourne-compatible shell
such as `sh' or `bash' for your shell command interpreter, you set the
`INFOPATH' environment variable in the `.profile' initialization file;
but if you use `csh' or `tcsh', you set the variable in the `.cshrc'
initialization file.  On MS-DOS/MS-Windows systems, you must set
`INFOPATH' in your `autoexec.bat' file or in the Registry.  Each type
of shell uses a different syntax.

   * In a `.cshrc' file, you could set the `INFOPATH' variable as
     follows:

          setenv INFOPATH .:~/info:/usr/local/emacs/info

   * In a `.profile' file, you would achieve the same effect by writing:

          INFOPATH=.:$HOME/info:/usr/local/emacs/info
          export INFOPATH

   * In a `autoexec.bat' file, you write this command(1):

          set INFOPATH=.;%HOME%/info;c:/usr/local/emacs/info

The `.' indicates the current directory as usual.  Emacs uses the
`INFOPATH' environment variable to initialize the value of Emacs's own
`Info-directory-list' variable.  The stand-alone Info reader merges any
files named `dir' in any directory listed in the `INFOPATH' variable
into a single menu presented to you in the node called `(dir)Top'.

  However you set `INFOPATH', if its last character is a colon(2), this
is replaced by the default (compiled-in) path.  This gives you a way to
augment the default path with new directories without having to list all
the standard places.  For example (using `sh' syntax):

     INFOPATH=/local/info:
     export INFOPATH

will search `/local/info' first, then the standard directories.
Leading or doubled colons are not treated specially.

  When you create your own `dir' file for use with
`Info-directory-list' or `INFOPATH', it's easiest to start by copying
an existing `dir' file and replace all the text after the `* Menu:'
with your desired entries.  That way, the punctuation and special
CTRL-_ characters that Info needs will be present.

  ---------- Footnotes ----------

  (1) Note the use of `;' as the directory separator, and a different
syntax for using values of other environment variables.

  (2) On MS-DOS/MS-Windows systems, use semi-colon instead.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Installing Dir Entries,  Next: Invoking install-info,  Prev: Other Info Directories,  Up: Installing an Info File

21.2.4 Installing Info Directory Files
--------------------------------------

When you install an Info file onto your system, you can use the program
`install-info' to update the Info directory file `dir'.  Normally the
makefile for the package runs `install-info', just after copying the
Info file into its proper installed location.

  In order for the Info file to work with `install-info', you include
the commands `@dircategory' and `@direntry'...`@end direntry' in the
Texinfo source file.  Use `@direntry' to specify the menu entries to
add to the Info directory file, and use `@dircategory' to specify which
part of the Info directory to put it in.  Here is how these commands
are used in this manual:

     @dircategory Texinfo documentation system
     @direntry
     * Texinfo: (texinfo).           The GNU documentation format.
     * install-info: (texinfo)Invoking install-info. ...
     ...
     @end direntry

  Here's what this produces in the Info file:

     INFO-DIR-SECTION Texinfo documentation system
     START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
     * Texinfo: (texinfo).           The GNU documentation format.
     * install-info: (texinfo)Invoking install-info. ...
     ...
     END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

The `install-info' program sees these lines in the Info file, and that
is how it knows what to do.

  Always use the `@direntry' and `@dircategory' commands near the
beginning of the Texinfo input, before the first `@node' command.  If
you use them later on in the input, `install-info' will not notice them.

  If you use `@dircategory' more than once in the Texinfo source, each
usage specifies the `current' category; any subsequent `@direntry'
commands will add to that category.

  When choosing a category name for the `@dircategory' command, we
recommend consulting the Free Software Directory
(http://www.gnu.org/directory).  If your program is not listed there,
or listed incorrectly or incompletely, please report the situation to
the directory maintainers (<bug-directory@gnu.org>) so that the
category names can be kept in sync.

  Here are a few examples (see the `util/dir-example' file in the
Texinfo distribution for large sample `dir' file):

     Emacs
     Localization
     Printing
     Software development
     Software libraries
     Text creation and manipulation

  Each `Invoking' node for every program installed should have a
corresponding `@direntry'.  This lets users easily find the
documentation for the different programs they can run, as with the
traditional `man' system.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Invoking install-info,  Prev: Installing Dir Entries,  Up: Installing an Info File

21.2.5 Invoking `install-info'
------------------------------

`install-info' inserts menu entries from an Info file into the
top-level `dir' file in the Info system (see the previous sections for
an explanation of how the `dir' file works).  It's most often run as
part of software installation, or when constructing a `dir' file for
all manuals on a system.  Synopsis:

     install-info [OPTION]... [INFO-FILE [DIR-FILE]]

  If INFO-FILE or DIR-FILE are not specified, the options (described
below) that define them must be.  There are no compile-time defaults,
and standard input is never used.  `install-info' can read only one
Info file and write only one `dir' file per invocation.

  If DIR-FILE (however specified) does not exist, `install-info'
creates it if possible (with no entries).

  If any input file is compressed with `gzip' (*note Invoking gzip:
(gzip)Invoking gzip.), `install-info' automatically uncompresses it for
reading.  And if DIR-FILE is compressed, `install-info' also
automatically leaves it compressed after writing any changes.  If
DIR-FILE itself does not exist, `install-info' tries to open
`DIR-FILE.gz'.

  Options:

`--delete'
     Delete the entries in INFO-FILE from DIR-FILE.  The file name in
     the entry in DIR-FILE must be INFO-FILE (except for an optional
     `.info' in either one).  Don't insert any new entries.

`--dir-file=NAME'
`-d NAME'
     Specify file name of the Info directory file.  This is equivalent
     to using the DIR-FILE argument.

`--entry=TEXT'
`-e TEXT'
     Insert TEXT as an Info directory entry; TEXT should have the form
     of an Info menu item line plus zero or more extra lines starting
     with whitespace.  If you specify more than one entry, they are all
     added.  If you don't specify any entries, they are determined from
     information in the Info file itself.

`--help'
`-h'
     Display a usage message listing basic usage and all available
     options, then exit successfully.

`--info-file=FILE'
`-i FILE'
     Specify Info file to install in the directory.  Equivalent to
     using the INFO-FILE argument.

`--info-dir=DIR'
`-D DIR'
     Specify the directory where the directory file `dir' resides.
     Equivalent to `--dir-file=DIR/dir'.

`--item=TEXT'
     Same as `--entry=TEXT'.  An Info directory entry is actually a
     menu item.

`--quiet'
     Suppress warnings.

`--remove'
`-r'
     Same as `--delete'.

`--section=SEC'
`-s SEC'
     Put this file's entries in section SEC of the directory.  If you
     specify more than one section, all the entries are added in each
     of the sections.  If you don't specify any sections, they are
     determined from information in the Info file itself.

`--version'
`-V'
     Display version information and exit successfully.



File: texinfo.info,  Node: Generating HTML,  Next: Command List,  Prev: Creating and Installing Info Files,  Up: Top

22 Generating HTML
******************

`makeinfo' generates Info output by default, but given the `--html'
option, it will generate HTML, for web browsers and other programs.
This chapter gives some details on such HTML output.

  `makeinfo' can also write in XML and Docbook format, but we do not as
yet describe these further.  *Note Output Formats::, for a brief
overview of all the output formats.

* Menu:

* HTML Translation::       Details of the HTML output.
* HTML Splitting::         How HTML output is split.
* HTML CSS::               Influencing HTML output with Cascading Style Sheets.
* HTML Xref::              Cross-references in HTML output.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: HTML Translation,  Next: HTML Splitting,  Up: Generating HTML

22.1 HTML Translation
=====================

`makeinfo' will include segments of Texinfo source between `@ifhtml'
and `@end ifhtml' in the HTML output (but not any of the other
conditionals, by default).  Source between `@html' and `@end html' is
passed without change to the output (i.e., suppressing the normal
escaping of input `<', `>' and `&' characters which have special
significance in HTML).  *Note Conditional Commands::.

  The `--footnote-style' option is currently ignored for HTML output;
footnotes are always linked to the end of the output file.

  By default, a navigation bar is inserted at the start of each node,
analogous to Info output.  The `--no-headers' option suppresses this if
used with `--no-split'.  Header `<link>' elements in split output can
support info-like navigation with browsers like Lynx and Emacs W3 which
implement this HTML 1.0 feature.

  The HTML generated is mostly standard (i.e., HTML 2.0, RFC-1866).
One exception is that HTML 3.2 tables are generated from the
`@multitable' command, but tagged to degrade as well as possible in
browsers without table support.  The HTML 4 `lang' attribute on the
`<html>' attribute is also used.  (Please report output from an
error-free run of `makeinfo' which has browser portability problems as
a bug.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: HTML Splitting,  Next: HTML CSS,  Prev: HTML Translation,  Up: Generating HTML

22.2 HTML Splitting
===================

When splitting output (which is the default), `makeinfo' writes HTML
output into (generally) one output file per Texinfo source `@node'.

  The output file name is the node name with special characters replaced
by `-''s, so it can work as a filename.  In the unusual case of two
different nodes having the same name after this treatment, they are
written consecutively to the same file, with HTML anchors so each can
be referred to separately.  If `makeinfo' is run on a system which does
not distinguish case in filenames, nodes which are the same except for
case will also be folded into the same output file.

  When splitting, the HTML output files are written into a subdirectory,
with the name chosen as follows:
  1. `makeinfo' first tries the subdirectory with the base name from
     `@setfilename' (that is, any extension is removed).  For example,
     HTML output for `@setfilename gcc.info' would be written into a
     subdirectory named `gcc'.

  2. If that directory cannot be created for any reason, then
     `makeinfo' tries appending `.html' to the directory name.  For
     example, output for `@setfilename texinfo' would be written to
     `texinfo.html'.

  3. If the `NAME.html' directory can't be created either, `makeinfo'
     gives up.


In any case, the top-level output file within the directory is always
named `index.html'.

  Monolithic output (`--no-split') is named according to `@setfilename'
(with any `.info' extension is replaced with `.html') or `--output'
(the argument is used literally).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: HTML CSS,  Next: HTML Xref,  Prev: HTML Splitting,  Up: Generating HTML

22.3 HTML CSS
=============

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS for short) is an Internet standard for
influencing the display of HTML documents: see
`http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/'.

  By default, `makeinfo' includes a few simple CSS commands to better
implement the appearance of some of the environments.  Here are two of
them, as an example:

     pre.display { font-family:inherit }
     pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }

  A full explanation of CSS is (far) beyond this manual; please see the
reference above.  In brief, however, this specification tells the web
browser to use a `smaller' font size for `@smalldisplay' text, and to
use the `inherited' font (generally a regular roman typeface) for both
`@smalldisplay' and `@display'.  By default, the HTML `<pre>' command
uses a monospaced font.

  You can influence the CSS in the HTML output with the
`--css-include=FILE' option to `makeinfo'.  This includes the contents
FILE in the HTML output, as you might expect.  However, the details are
somewhat tricky, as described in the following, to provide maximum
flexibility.

  The CSS file may begin with so-called `@import' directives, which
link to external CSS specifications for browsers to use when
interpreting the document.  Again, a full description is beyond our
scope here, but we'll describe how they work syntactically, so we can
explain how `makeinfo' handles them.

  There can be more than one `@import', but they have to come first in
the file, with only whitespace and comments interspersed, no normal
definitions.  (Technical exception: an `@charset' directive may precede
the `@import''s.  This does not alter `makeinfo''s behavior, it just
copies the `@charset' if present.)  Comments in CSS files are delimited
by `/* ... */', as in C.  An `@import' directive must be in one of
these two forms:

     @import url(http://example.org/foo.css);
     @import "http://example.net/bar.css";

  As far as `makeinfo' is concerned, the crucial characters are the `@'
at the beginning and the semicolon terminating the directive.  When
reading the CSS file, it simply copies any such `@'-directive into the
output, as follows:

   * If FILE contains only normal CSS declarations, it is included
     after `makeinfo''s default CSS, thus overriding it.

   * If FILE begins with `@import' specifications (see below), then the
     `import''s are included first (they have to come first, according
     to the standard), and then `makeinfo''s default CSS is included.
     If you need to override `makeinfo''s defaults from an `@import',
     you can do so with the `!  important' CSS construct, as in:
          pre.smallexample { font-size: inherit ! important }

   * If FILE contains both `@import' and inline CSS specifications, the
     `@import''s are included first, then `makeinfo''s defaults, and
     lastly the inline CSS from FILE.

   * Any @-directive other than `@import' and `@charset' is treated as
     a CSS declaration, meaning `makeinfo' includes its default CSS and
     then the rest of the file.


  If the CSS file is malformed or erroneous, `makeinfo''s output is
unspecified.  `makeinfo' does not try to interpret the meaning of the
CSS file in any way; it just looks for the special `@' and `;'
characters and blindly copies the text into the output.  Comments in
the CSS file may or may not be included in the output.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: HTML Xref,  Prev: HTML CSS,  Up: Generating HTML

22.4 HTML Cross-references
==========================

Cross-references between Texinfo manuals in HTML format amount, in the
end, to a standard HTML `<a>' link, but the details are unfortunately
complex.  This section describes the algorithm used in detail, so that
Texinfo can cooperate with other programs, such as `texi2html', by
writing mutually compatible HTML files.

  This algorithm may or may not be used for links _within_ HTML output
for a Texinfo file.  Since no issues of compatibility arise in such
cases, we do not need to specify this.

  We try to support references to such "external" manuals in both
monolithic and split forms.  A "monolithic" (mono) manual is entirely
contained in one file, and a "split" manual has a file for each node.
(*Note HTML Splitting::.)

  Acknowledgement: this algorithm was primarily devised by Patrice Dumas
in 2003-04.

* Menu:

* Link Basics:       HTML Xref Link Basics.
* Node Expansion:    HTML Xref Node Name Expansion.
* Command Expansion: HTML Xref Command Expansion.
* 8-bit Expansion:   HTML Xref 8-bit Character Expansion.
* Mismatch:          HTML Xref Mismatch.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: HTML Xref Link Basics,  Next: HTML Xref Node Name Expansion,  Up: HTML Xref

22.4.1 HTML Cross-reference Link Basics
---------------------------------------

For our purposes, an HTML link consists of four components: a host
name, a directory part, a file part, and a target part.  We always
assume the `http' protocol.  For example:

     http://HOST/DIR/FILE.html#TARGET

  The information to construct a link comes from the node name and
manual name in the cross-reference command in the Texinfo source (*note
Cross References::), and from "external information", which is
currently simply hardwired.  In the future, it may come from an
external data file.

  We now consider each part in turn.

  The HOST is hardwired to be the local host.  This could either be the
literal string `localhost', or, according to the rules for HTML links,
the `http://localhost/' could be omitted entirely.

  The DIR and FILE parts are more complicated, and depend on the
relative split/mono nature of both the manual being processed and the
manual that the cross-reference refers to.  The underlying idea is that
there is one directory for Texinfo manuals in HTML, and each manual is
either available as a monolithic file `manual.html', or a split
subdirectory `manual/*.html'.  Here are the cases:

   * If the present manual is split, and the referent manual is also
     split, the directory is `../REFERENT/' and the file is the
     expanded node name (described later).

   * If the present manual is split, and the referent manual is mono,
     the directory is `../' and the file is `REFERENT.html'.

   * If the present manual is mono, and the referent manual is split,
     the directory is `REFERENT/' and the file is the expanded node
     name.

   * If the present manual is mono, and the referent manual is also
     mono, the directory is `./' (or just the empty string), and the
     file is `REFERENT.html'.


  One exception: the algorithm for node name expansion prefixes the
string `g_t' when the node name begins with a non-letter.  This kludge
(due to XHTML rules) is not necessary for filenames, and is therefore
omitted.

  Any directory part in the filename argument of the source
cross-reference command is ignored.  Thus, `@xref{,,,../foo}' and
`@xref{,,,foo}' both use `foo' as the manual name.  This is because any
such attempted hardwiring of the directory is very unlikely to be
useful for both Info and HTML output.

  Finally, the TARGET part is always the expanded node name.

  Whether the present manual is split or mono is determined by user
option; `makeinfo' defaults to split, with the `--no-split' option
overriding this.

  Whether the referent manual is split or mono is another bit of the
external information.  For now, `makeinfo' simply assumes the referent
manual is the same as the present manual.

  There can be a mismatch between the format of the referent manual that
the generating software assumes, and the format it's actually present
in.  *Note HTML Xref Mismatch::.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: HTML Xref Node Name Expansion,  Next: HTML Xref Command Expansion,  Prev: HTML Xref Link Basics,  Up: HTML Xref

22.4.2 HTML Cross-reference Node Name Expansion
-----------------------------------------------

As mentioned in the previous section, the key part of the HTML
cross-reference algorithm is the conversion of node names in the
Texinfo source into strings suitable for XHTML identifiers and
filenames.  The restrictions are similar for each: plain ASCII letters,
numbers, and the `-' and `_' characters are all that can be used.
(Although HTML anchors can contain most characters, XHTML is more
restrictive.)

  Cross-references in Texinfo can actually refer either to nodes or
anchors (*note anchor::), but anchors are treated identically to nodes
in this context, so we'll continue to say "node" names for simplicity.

  (@-commands and 8-bit characters are not presently handled by
`makeinfo' for HTML cross-references.  See the next section.)

  A special exception: the Top node (*note The Top Node::) is always
mapped to the file `index.html', to match web server software.
However, the HTML _target_ is `Top'.  Thus (in the split case):

     @xref{Top, Introduction,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
     => <a href="emacs/index.html#Top">

  1. The standard ASCII letters (a-z and A-Z) are not modified.  All
     other characters are changed as specified below.

  2. The standard ASCII numbers (0-9) are not modified except when a
     number is the first character of the node name.  In that case, see
     below.

  3. Multiple consecutive space, tab and newline characters are
     transformed into just one space.  (It's not possible to have
     newlines in node names with the current implementation, but we
     specify it anyway, just in case.)

  4. Leading and trailing spaces are removed.

  5. After the above has been applied, each remaining space character is
     converted into a `-' character.

  6. Other ASCII 7-bit characters are transformed into `_00XX', where
     XX is the ASCII character code in (lowercase) hexadecimal.  This
     includes `_', which is mapped to `_005f'.

  7. If the node name does not begin with a letter, the literal string
     `g_t' is prefixed to the result.  (Due to the rules above, that
     string can never occur otherwise; it is an arbitrary choice,
     standing for "GNU Texinfo".)  This is necessary because XHTML
     requires that identifiers begin with a letter.


  For example:

     @node A  node --- with _'%
     => A-node-_002d_002d_002d-with-_005f_0027_0025

  Notice in particular:

   * `_' => `_005f'

   * `-' => `_002d'

   * `A  node' => `A-node'

  On case-folding computer systems, nodes differing only by case will be
mapped to the same file.

  In particular, as mentioned above, Top always maps to the file
`index.html'.  Thus, on a case-folding system, Top and a node named
`Index' will both be written to `index.html'.

  Fortunately, the targets serve to distinguish these cases, since HTML
target names are always case-sensitive, independent of operating system.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: HTML Xref Command Expansion,  Next: HTML Xref 8-bit Character Expansion,  Prev: HTML Xref Node Name Expansion,  Up: HTML Xref

22.4.3 HTML Cross-reference Command Expansion
---------------------------------------------

In standard Texinfo, node names may not contain @-commands.  `makeinfo'
has an option `--commands-in-node-names' which partially supports it
(*note Invoking makeinfo::), but it is not robust and not recommended.

  Thus, `makeinfo' also does not fully implement this part of the HTML
cross-reference algorithm, but it is documented here for the sake of
completeness.

  First, comments are removed.

  Next, any `@value' commands (*note set value::) and macro invocations
(*note Invoking Macros::) are fully expanded.

  Then, for the following commands, the command name and braces are
removed, the text of the argument is recursively transformed:
     @asis @b @cite @code @command @dfn @dmn @dotless
     @emph @env @file @indicateurl @kbd @key
     @samp @sc @slanted @strong @t @var @w

For `@sc', any letters are capitalized.

  The following commands are replaced by constant text, as shown.  If
any of these commands have non-empty arguments, as in `@TeX{bad}', it
is an error, and the result is unspecified.  `(space)' means a space
character, `(nothing)' means the empty string, etc.  The notation
`U+XXXX' means Unicode code point XXXX.  There are further
transformations of many of these expansions for the final file or
target name, such as space characters to `-', etc., according to the
other rules.

`@(newline)'           (space)
`@(space)'             (space)
`@(tab)'               (space)
`@!'                   `!'
`@*'                   (space)
`@-'                   (nothing)
`@.'                   `.'
`@:'                   (nothing)
`@?'                   `?'
`@@'                   `@'
`@{'                   `{'
`@}'                   `}'
`@LaTeX'               `LaTeX'
`@TeX'                 `TeX'
`@bullet'              U+2022
`@comma'               `,'
`@copyright'           U+00A9
`@dots'                U+2026
`@enddots'             `...'
`@equiv'               U+2261
`@error'               `error-->'
`@euro'                U+20AC
`@exclamdown'          U+00A1
`@expansion'           U+2192
`@minus'               U+2212
`@ordf'                U+00AA
`@ordm'                U+00BA
`@point'               U+2217
`@pounds'              U+00A3
`@print'               `-|'
`@questiondown'        U+00BF
`@registeredsymbol'    U+00AE
`@result'              U+21D2
`@tie'                 (space)

  An `@acronym' or `@abbr' command is replaced by the first argument,
followed by the second argument in parentheses, if present.  *Note
acronym::.

  An `@email' command is replaced by the TEXT argument if present, else
the address.  *Note email::.

  An `@image' command is replaced by the filename (first) argument.
*Note Images::.

  A `@verb' command is replaced by its transformed argument.  *Note
verb::.

  Any other command is an error, and the result is unspecified.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: HTML Xref 8-bit Character Expansion,  Next: HTML Xref Mismatch,  Prev: HTML Xref Command Expansion,  Up: HTML Xref

22.4.4 HTML Cross-reference 8-bit Character Expansion
-----------------------------------------------------

Usually, characters other than plain 7-bit ASCII are transformed into
the corresponding Unicode code point(s) in Normalization Form C, which
uses precomposed characters where available.  (This is the
normalization form recommended by the W3C and other bodies.)  This
holds when that code point is 0xffff or less, as it almost always is.

  These will then be further transformed by the rules above into the
string `_XXXX', where XXXX is the code point in hex.

  For example, combining this rule and the previous section:

     @node @b{A} @TeX{} @u{B} @point{}@enddots{}
     => A-TeX-B_0306-_2605_002e_002e_002e

  Notice: 1) `@enddots' expands to three periods which in turn expands
to three `_002e''s; 2) `@u{B}' is a `B' with a breve accent, which does
not exist as a pre-accented Unicode character, therefore expands to
`B_0306' (B with combining breve).

  When the Unicode code point is above 0xffff, the transformation is
`__XXXXXX', that is, two leading underscores followed by six hex
digits.  Since Unicode has declared that their highest code point is
0x10ffff, this is sufficient.  (We felt it was better to define this
extra escape than to always use six hex digits, since the first two
would nearly always be zeros.)

  For the definition of Unicode Normalization Form C, see Unicode report
UAX#15, `http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/'.  Many related documents
and implementations are available elsewhere on the web.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: HTML Xref Mismatch,  Prev: HTML Xref 8-bit Character Expansion,  Up: HTML Xref

22.4.5 HTML Cross-reference Mismatch
------------------------------------

As mentioned earlier (*note HTML Xref Link Basics::), the generating
software has to guess whether a given manual being cross-referenced is
available in split or monolithic form--and, inevitably, it might guess
wrong.  However, it is possible when the referent manual itself is
generated, it is possible to handle at least some mismatches.

  In the case where we assume the referent is split, but it is actually
available in mono, the only recourse would be to generate a `manual/'
subdirectory full of HTML files which redirect back to the monolithic
`manual.html'.  Since this is essentially the same as a split manual in
the first place, it's not very appealing.

  On the other hand, in the case where we assume the referent is mono,
but it is actually available in split, it is possible to use JavaScript
to redirect from the putatively monolithic `manual.html' to the
different `manual/node.html' files.  Here's an example:

     function redirect() {
       switch (location.hash) {
         case "#Node1":
           location.replace("manual/Node1.html#Node1"); break;
         case "#Node2" :
           location.replace("manual/Node2.html#Node2"); break;
         ...
         default:;
       }
     }

  Then, in the `<body>' tag of `manual.html':

     <body onLoad="redirect();">

  Once again, this is something the software which generated the
_referent_ manual has to do in advance, it's not something the software
generating the actual cross-reference in the present manual can control.

  Ultimately, we hope to allow for an external configuration file to
control which manuals are available from where, and how.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Command List,  Next: Tips,  Prev: Generating HTML,  Up: Top

Appendix A @-Command List
*************************

Here is an alphabetical list of the @-commands in Texinfo.  Square
brackets, [ ], indicate optional arguments; an ellipsis, `...',
indicates repeated text.

  More specifics on the general syntax of different @-commands are
given in the section below.

* Menu:

* Command Syntax::    General syntax for varieties of @-commands.


`@WHITESPACE'
     An `@' followed by a space, tab, or newline produces a normal,
     stretchable, interword space.  *Note Multiple Spaces::.

`@!'
     Generate an exclamation point that really does end a sentence
     (usually after an end-of-sentence capital letter).  *Note Ending a
     Sentence::.

`@"'
`@''
     Generate an umlaut or acute accent, respectively, over the next
     character, as in o" and o'.  *Note Inserting Accents::.

`@*'
     Force a line break.  *Note Line Breaks::.

`@,{C}'
     Generate a cedilla accent under C, as in c,.  *Note Inserting
     Accents::.

`@-'
     Insert a discretionary hyphenation point.  *Note - and
     hyphenation::.

`@.'
     Produce a period that really does end a sentence (usually after an
     end-of-sentence capital letter).  *Note Ending a Sentence::.

`@/'
     Produces no output, but allows a line break.  *Note Line Breaks::.

`@:'
     Indicate to TeX that an immediately preceding period, question
     mark, exclamation mark, or colon does not end a sentence.  Prevent
     TeX from inserting extra whitespace as it does at the end of a
     sentence.  The command has no effect on the Info file output.
     *Note Not Ending a Sentence::.

`@='
     Generate a macron (bar) accent over the next character, as in o=.
     *Note Inserting Accents::.

`@?'
     Generate a question mark that really does end a sentence (usually
     after an end-of-sentence capital letter).  *Note Ending a
     Sentence::.

`@@'
     Stands for an at sign, `@'.  *Note Inserting @ and {} and ,:
     Atsign Braces Comma.

`@\'
     Stands for a backslash (`\') inside `@math'.  *Note `math': math.

`@^'
`@`'
     Generate a circumflex (hat) or grave accent, respectively, over
     the next character, as in o^ and e`.  *Note Inserting Accents::.

`@{'
     Stands for a left brace, `{'.  *Note Inserting @ and {} and ,:
     Atsign Braces Comma.

`@}'
     Stands for a right-hand brace, `}'.
     *Note Inserting @ and {} and ,: Atsign Braces Comma.

`@~'
     Generate a tilde accent over the next character, as in N~.  *Note
     Inserting Accents::.

`@AA{}'
`@aa{}'
     Generate the uppercase and lowercase Scandinavian A-ring letters,
     respectively: AA, aa.  *Note Inserting Accents::.

`@abbr{ABBREVIATION}'
     Tag ABBREVIATION as an abbreviation, such as `Comput.'.  *Note
     `abbr': abbr.

`@acronym{ACRONYM}'
     Tag ACRONYM as an acronym, such as `NASA'.  *Note `acronym':
     acronym.

`@AE{}'
`@ae{}'
     Generate the uppercase and lowercase AE ligatures, respectively:
     AE, ae.  *Note Inserting Accents::.

`@afivepaper'
     Change page dimensions for the A5 paper size.  *Note A4 Paper::.

`@afourlatex'
`@afourpaper'
`@afourwide'
     Change page dimensions for the A4 paper size.  *Note A4 Paper::.

`@alias NEW=EXISTING'
     Make the command `@NEW' an alias for the existing command
     `@EXISTING'.  *Note alias::.

`@anchor{NAME}'
     Define NAME as the current location for use as a cross-reference
     target.  *Note `@anchor': anchor.

`@appendix TITLE'
     Begin an appendix.  The title appears in the table of contents of
     a printed manual.  In Info, the title is underlined with
     asterisks.  *Note The `@unnumbered' and `@appendix' Commands:
     unnumbered & appendix.

`@appendixsec TITLE'
`@appendixsection TITLE'
     Begin an appendix section within an appendix.  The section title
     appears in the table of contents of a printed manual.  In Info,
     the title is underlined with equal signs.  `@appendixsection' is a
     longer spelling of the `@appendixsec' command.  *Note Section
     Commands: unnumberedsec appendixsec heading.

`@appendixsubsec TITLE'
     Begin an appendix subsection within an appendix.  The title appears
     in the table of contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the title
     is underlined with hyphens.  *Note Subsection Commands:
     unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading.

`@appendixsubsubsec TITLE'
     Begin an appendix subsubsection within an appendix subsection.  The
     title appears in the table of contents of a printed manual.  In
     Info, the title is underlined with periods.  *Note The `subsub'
     Commands: subsubsection.

`@asis'
     Used following `@table', `@ftable', and `@vtable' to print the
     table's first column without highlighting ("as is").  *Note Making
     a Two-column Table: Two-column Tables.

`@author AUTHOR'
     Typeset AUTHOR flushleft and underline it.  *Note The `@title' and
     `@author' Commands: title subtitle author.

`@b{TEXT}'
     Print TEXT in bold font.  No effect in Info.  *Note Fonts::.

`@bullet{}'
     Generate a large round dot, or the closest possible thing to one.
     *Note `@bullet': bullet.

`@bye'
     Stop formatting a file.  The formatters do not see the contents of
     a file following an `@bye' command.  *Note Ending a File::.

`@c COMMENT'
     Begin a comment in Texinfo.  The rest of the line does not appear
     in either the Info file or the printed manual.  A synonym for
     `@comment'.  *Note Comments::.

`@caption'
     Define the full caption for a `@float'.  *Note caption
     shortcaption::.

`@cartouche'
     Highlight an example or quotation by drawing a box with rounded
     corners around it.  Pair with `@end cartouche'.  No effect in
     Info.  *Note Drawing Cartouches Around Examples: cartouche.)

`@center LINE-OF-TEXT'
     Center the line of text following the command.  *Note `@center':
     titlefont center sp.

`@centerchap LINE-OF-TEXT'
     Like `@chapter', but centers the chapter title.  *Note `@chapter':
     chapter.

`@chapheading TITLE'
     Print a chapter-like heading in the text, but not in the table of
     contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the title is underlined
     with asterisks.  *Note `@majorheading' and `@chapheading':
     majorheading & chapheading.

`@chapter TITLE'
     Begin a chapter.  The chapter title appears in the table of
     contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the title is underlined
     with asterisks.  *Note `@chapter': chapter.

`@cindex ENTRY'
     Add ENTRY to the index of concepts.  *Note Defining the Entries of
     an Index: Index Entries.

`@cite{REFERENCE}'
     Highlight the name of a book or other reference that lacks a
     companion Info file.  *Note `@cite': cite.

`@clear FLAG'
     Unset FLAG, preventing the Texinfo formatting commands from
     formatting text between subsequent pairs of `@ifset FLAG' and
     `@end ifset' commands, and preventing `@value{FLAG}' from
     expanding to the value to which FLAG is set.  *Note `@set'
     `@clear' `@value': set clear value.

`@code{SAMPLE-CODE}'
     Highlight text that is an expression, a syntactically complete
     token of a program, or a program name.  *Note `@code': code.

`@comma{}'
     Insert a comma `,' character; only needed when a literal comma
     would be taken as an argument separator.  *Note Inserting a
     Comma::.

`@command{COMMAND-NAME}'
     Indicate a command name, such as `ls'.  *Note `@command': command.

`@comment COMMENT'
     Begin a comment in Texinfo.  The rest of the line does not appear
     in either the Info file or the printed manual.  A synonym for `@c'.
     *Note Comments::.

`@contents'
     Print a complete table of contents.  Has no effect in Info, which
     uses menus instead.  *Note Generating a Table of Contents:
     Contents.

`@copyright{}'
     Generate the copyright symbol (C).  *Note `@copyright{}':
     copyright symbol.

`@defcodeindex INDEX-NAME'
     Define a new index and its indexing command.  Print entries in an
     `@code' font.  *Note Defining New Indices: New Indices.

`@defcv CATEGORY CLASS NAME'
`@defcvx CATEGORY CLASS NAME'
     Format a description for a variable associated with a class in
     object-oriented programming.  Takes three arguments: the category
     of thing being defined, the class to which it belongs, and its
     name.  *Note Definition Commands::, and *Note Def Cmds in Detail:
     deffnx.

`@deffn CATEGORY NAME ARGUMENTS...'
`@deffnx CATEGORY NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     Format a description for a function, interactive command, or
     similar entity that may take arguments.  `@deffn' takes as
     arguments the category of entity being described, the name of this
     particular entity, and its arguments, if any.  *Note Definition
     Commands::.

`@defindex INDEX-NAME'
     Define a new index and its indexing command.  Print entries in a
     roman font.  *Note Defining New Indices: New Indices.

`@definfoenclose NEWCMD, BEFORE, AFTER,'
     Create new @-command NEWCMD for Info that marks text by enclosing
     it in strings that precede and follow the text.  *Note
     definfoenclose::.

`@defivar CLASS INSTANCE-VARIABLE-NAME'
`@defivarx CLASS INSTANCE-VARIABLE-NAME'
     This command formats a description for an instance variable in
     object-oriented programming.  The command is equivalent to `@defcv
     {Instance Variable} ...'.  *Note Definition Commands::, and *Note
     Def Cmds in Detail: deffnx.

`@defmac MACRONAME ARGUMENTS...'
`@defmacx MACRONAME ARGUMENTS...'
     Format a description for a macro.  The command is equivalent to
     `@deffn Macro ...'.  *Note Definition Commands::, and *Note Def
     Cmds in Detail: deffnx.

`@defmethod CLASS METHOD-NAME ARGUMENTS...'
`@defmethodx CLASS METHOD-NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     Format a description for a method in object-oriented programming.
     The command is equivalent to `@defop Method ...'.  Takes as
     arguments the name of the class of the method, the name of the
     method, and its arguments, if any.  *Note Definition Commands::,
     and *Note Def Cmds in Detail: deffnx.

`@defop CATEGORY CLASS NAME ARGUMENTS...'
`@defopx CATEGORY CLASS NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     Format a description for an operation in object-oriented
     programming.  `@defop' takes as arguments the overall name of the
     category of operation, the name of the class of the operation, the
     name of the operation, and its arguments, if any.  *Note
     Definition Commands::, and *Note Abstract Objects::.

`@defopt OPTION-NAME'
`@defoptx OPTION-NAME'
     Format a description for a user option.  The command is equivalent
     to `@defvr {User Option} ...'.  *Note Definition Commands::, and
     *Note Def Cmds in Detail: deffnx.

`@defspec SPECIAL-FORM-NAME ARGUMENTS...'
`@defspecx SPECIAL-FORM-NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     Format a description for a special form.  The command is
     equivalent to `@deffn {Special Form} ...'.  *Note Definition
     Commands::, and *Note Def Cmds in Detail: deffnx.

`@deftp CATEGORY NAME-OF-TYPE ATTRIBUTES...'
`@deftpx CATEGORY NAME-OF-TYPE ATTRIBUTES...'
     Format a description for a data type.  `@deftp' takes as arguments
     the category, the name of the type (which is a word like `int' or
     `float'), and then the names of attributes of objects of that type.
     *Note Definition Commands::, and *Note Data Types::.

`@deftypecv CATEGORY CLASS DATA-TYPE NAME'
`@deftypecvx CATEGORY CLASS DATA-TYPE NAME'
     Format a description for a typed class variable in object-oriented
     programming.  *Note Definition Commands::, and *Note Abstract
     Objects::.

`@deftypefn CLASSIFICATION DATA-TYPE NAME ARGUMENTS...'
`@deftypefnx CLASSIFICATION DATA-TYPE NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     Format a description for a function or similar entity that may take
     arguments and that is typed.  `@deftypefn' takes as arguments the
     classification of entity being described, the type, the name of the
     entity, and its arguments, if any.  *Note Definition Commands::,
     and *Note Def Cmds in Detail: deffnx.

`@deftypefun DATA-TYPE FUNCTION-NAME ARGUMENTS...'
`@deftypefunx DATA-TYPE FUNCTION-NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     Format a description for a function in a typed language.  The
     command is equivalent to `@deftypefn Function ...'.  *Note
     Definition Commands::, and *Note Def Cmds in Detail: deffnx.

`@deftypeivar CLASS DATA-TYPE VARIABLE-NAME'
`@deftypeivarx CLASS DATA-TYPE VARIABLE-NAME'
     Format a description for a typed instance variable in
     object-oriented programming. *Note Definition Commands::, and
     *Note Abstract Objects::.

`@deftypemethod CLASS DATA-TYPE METHOD-NAME ARGUMENTS...'
`@deftypemethodx CLASS DATA-TYPE METHOD-NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     Format a description for a typed method in object-oriented
     programming.  *Note Definition Commands::, and *Note Def Cmds in
     Detail: deffnx.

`@deftypeop CATEGORY CLASS DATA-TYPE NAME ARGUMENTS...'
`@deftypeopx CATEGORY CLASS DATA-TYPE NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     Format a description for a typed operation in object-oriented
     programming.  *Note Definition Commands::, and *Note Abstract
     Objects::.

`@deftypevar DATA-TYPE VARIABLE-NAME'
`@deftypevarx DATA-TYPE VARIABLE-NAME'
     Format a description for a variable in a typed language.  The
     command is equivalent to `@deftypevr Variable ...'.  *Note
     Definition Commands::, and *Note Def Cmds in Detail: deffnx.

`@deftypevr CLASSIFICATION DATA-TYPE NAME'
`@deftypevrx CLASSIFICATION DATA-TYPE NAME'
     Format a description for something like a variable in a typed
     language--an entity that records a value.  Takes as arguments the
     classification of entity being described, the type, and the name
     of the entity.  *Note Definition Commands::, and *Note Def Cmds in
     Detail: deffnx.

`@defun FUNCTION-NAME ARGUMENTS...'
`@defunx FUNCTION-NAME ARGUMENTS...'
     Format a description for functions.  The command is equivalent to
     `@deffn Function ...'.  *Note Definition Commands::, and *Note Def
     Cmds in Detail: deffnx.

`@defvar VARIABLE-NAME'
`@defvarx VARIABLE-NAME'
     Format a description for variables.  The command is equivalent to
     `@defvr Variable ...'.  *Note Definition Commands::, and *Note Def
     Cmds in Detail: deffnx.

`@defvr CATEGORY NAME'
`@defvrx CATEGORY NAME'
     Format a description for any kind of variable.  `@defvr' takes as
     arguments the category of the entity and the name of the entity.
     *Note Definition Commands::, and *Note Def Cmds in Detail: deffnx.

`@detailmenu'
     Avoid `makeinfo' confusion stemming from the detailed node listing
     in a master menu.  *Note Master Menu Parts::.

`@dfn{TERM}'
     Highlight the introductory or defining use of a term.  *Note
     `@dfn': dfn.

`@dircategory DIRPART'
     Specify a part of the Info directory menu where this file's entry
     should go.  *Note Installing Dir Entries::.

`@direntry'
     Begin the Info directory menu entry for this file.  Pair with
     `@end direntry'.  *Note Installing Dir Entries::.

`@display'
     Begin a kind of example.  Like `@example' (indent text, do not
     fill), but do not select a new font.  Pair with `@end display'.
     *Note `@display': display.

`@dmn{DIMENSION}'
     Format a unit of measure, as in 12pt.  Causes TeX to insert a thin
     space before DIMENSION.  No effect in Info.  *Note `@dmn': dmn.

`@docbook'
     Enter Docbook completely.  Pair with `@end docbook'.  *Note Raw
     Formatter Commands::.

`@documentdescription'
     Set the document description text, included in the HTML output.
     Pair with `@end documentdescription'.  *Note
     `@documentdescription': documentdescription.

`@documentencoding ENC'
     Declare the input encoding to be ENC.  *Note `@documentencoding':
     documentencoding.

`@documentlanguage CC'
     Declare the document language as the two-character ISO-639
     abbreviation CC.  *Note `@documentlanguage': documentlanguage.

`@dotaccent{C}'
     Generate a dot accent over the character C, as in o..  *Note
     Inserting Accents::.

`@dots{}'
     Insert an ellipsis: `...'.  *Note `@dots': dots.

`@email{ADDRESS[, DISPLAYED-TEXT]}'
     Indicate an electronic mail address.  *Note `@email': email.

`@emph{TEXT}'
     Highlight TEXT; text is displayed in _italics_ in printed output,
     and surrounded by asterisks in Info.  *Note Emphasizing Text:
     Emphasis.

`@end ENVIRONMENT'
     Ends ENVIRONMENT, as in `@end example'.  *Note @-commands:
     Formatting Commands.

`@env{ENVIRONMENT-VARIABLE}'
     Indicate an environment variable name, such as `PATH'.  *Note
     `@env': env.

`@enddots{}'
     Generate an end-of-sentence of ellipsis, like this ....  *Note
     `@dots{}': dots.

`@enumerate [NUMBER-OR-LETTER]'
     Begin a numbered list, using `@item' for each entry.  Optionally,
     start list with NUMBER-OR-LETTER.  Pair with `@end enumerate'.
     *Note `@enumerate': enumerate.

`@equiv{}'
     Indicate to the reader the exact equivalence of two forms with a
     glyph: `=='.  *Note Equivalence::.

`@euro{}'
     Generate the Euro currency sign.  *Note `@euro{}': euro.

`@error{}'
     Indicate to the reader with a glyph that the following text is an
     error message: `error-->'.  *Note Error Glyph::.

`@evenfooting [LEFT] @| [CENTER] @| [RIGHT]'
`@evenheading [LEFT] @| [CENTER] @| [RIGHT]'
     Specify page footings resp. headings for even-numbered (left-hand)
     pages.  *Note How to Make Your Own Headings: Custom Headings.

`@everyfooting [LEFT] @| [CENTER] @| [RIGHT]'
`@everyheading [LEFT] @| [CENTER] @| [RIGHT]'
     Specify page footings resp. headings for every page.  Not relevant
     to Info.  *Note How to Make Your Own Headings: Custom Headings.

`@example'
     Begin an example.  Indent text, do not fill, and select
     fixed-width font.  Pair with `@end example'.  *Note `@example':
     example.

`@exampleindent INDENT'
     Indent example-like environments by INDENT number of spaces
     (perhaps 0).  *Note Paragraph Indenting: exampleindent.

`@exclamdown{}'
     Produce an upside-down exclamation point.  *Note Inserting
     Accents::.

`@exdent LINE-OF-TEXT'
     Remove any indentation a line might have.  *Note Undoing the
     Indentation of a Line: exdent.

`@expansion{}'
     Indicate the result of a macro expansion to the reader with a
     special glyph: `==>'.  *Note ==> Indicating an Expansion:
     expansion.

`@file{FILENAME}'
     Highlight the name of a file, buffer, node, or directory.  *Note
     `@file': file.

`@finalout'
     Prevent TeX from printing large black warning rectangles beside
     over-wide lines.  *Note Overfull hboxes::.

`@findex ENTRY'
     Add ENTRY to the index of functions.  *Note Defining the Entries
     of an Index: Index Entries.

`@float'
     Environment to define floating material.  Pair with `@end float'.
     *Note Floats::.

`@flushleft'
`@flushright'
     Left justify every line but leave the right end ragged.  Leave
     font as is.  Pair with `@end flushleft'.  `@flushright' analogous.
     *Note `@flushleft' and `@flushright': flushleft & flushright.

`@footnote{TEXT-OF-FOOTNOTE}'
     Enter a footnote.  Footnote text is printed at the bottom of the
     page by TeX; Info may format in either `End' node or `Separate'
     node style.  *Note Footnotes::.

`@footnotestyle STYLE'
     Specify an Info file's footnote style, either `end' for the end
     node style or `separate' for the separate node style.  *Note
     Footnotes::.

`@format'
     Begin a kind of example.  Like `@display', but do not narrow the
     margins.  Pair with `@end format'.  *Note `@example': example.

`@ftable FORMATTING-COMMAND'
     Begin a two-column table, using `@item' for each entry.
     Automatically enter each of the items in the first column into the
     index of functions.  Pair with `@end ftable'.  The same as
     `@table', except for indexing.  *Note `@ftable' and `@vtable':
     ftable vtable.

`@group'
     Hold text together that must appear on one printed page.  Pair with
     `@end group'.  Not relevant to Info.  *Note `@group': group.

`@H{C}'
     Generate the long Hungarian umlaut accent over C, as in o''.

`@heading TITLE'
     Print an unnumbered section-like heading in the text, but not in
     the table of contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the title is
     underlined with equal signs.  *Note Section Commands:
     unnumberedsec appendixsec heading.

`@headings ON-OFF-SINGLE-DOUBLE'
     Turn page headings on or off, and/or specify single-sided or
     double-sided page headings for printing.  *Note The `@headings'
     Command: headings on off.

`@html'
     Enter HTML completely.  Pair with `@end html'.  *Note Raw
     Formatter Commands::.

`@hyphenation{HY-PHEN-A-TED WORDS}'
     Explicitly define hyphenation points.  *Note `@-' and
     `@hyphenation': - and hyphenation.

`@i{TEXT}'
     Print TEXT in italic font.  No effect in Info.  *Note Fonts::.

`@ifclear FLAG'
     If FLAG is cleared, the Texinfo formatting commands format text
     between `@ifclear FLAG' and the following `@end ifclear' command.
     *Note `@set' `@clear' `@value': set clear value.

`@ifdocbook'
`@ifhtml'
`@ifinfo'
     Begin text that will appear only in the given output format.
     `@ifinfo' output appears in both Info and (for historical
     compatibility) plain text output.  Pair with `@end ifdocbook'
     resp. `@end ifhtml' resp. `@end ifinfo'.  *Note Conditionals::.

`@ifnotdocbook'
`@ifnothtml'
`@ifnotinfo'
`@ifnotplaintext'
`@ifnottex'
`@ifnotxml'
     Begin a stretch of text that will be ignored in one output format
     but not the others.  The text appears in the formats not specified:
     `@ifnothtml' text is omitted from html output, etc.  The exception
     is `@ifnotinfo' text, which is omitted from plain text output as
     well as Info output.  Pair with the corresponding `@end
     ifnotFORMAT'.  *Note Conditionals::.

`@ifplaintext'
     Begin text that will appear only in the plain text output.  Pair
     with `@end ifplaintext'.  *Note Conditionals::.

`@ifset FLAG'
     If FLAG is set, the Texinfo formatting commands format text
     between `@ifset FLAG' and the following `@end ifset' command.
     *Note `@set' `@clear' `@value': set clear value.

`@iftex'
     Begin text that will not appear in the Info file or other output,
     but will be processed only by TeX.  Pair with `@end iftex'.  *Note
     Conditionally Visible Text: Conditionals.

`@ifxml'
     Begin text that will appear only in the XML output.  Pair with
     `@end ifxml'.  *Note Conditionals::.

`@ignore'
     Begin text that will not appear in any output.  Pair with `@end
     ignore'.  *Note Comments and Ignored Text: Comments.

`@image{FILENAME, [WIDTH], [HEIGHT], [ALT], [EXT]}'
     Include graphics image in external FILENAME scaled to the given
     WIDTH and/or HEIGHT, using ALT text and looking for `FILENAME.EXT'
     in HTML.  *Note Images::.

`@include FILENAME'
     Incorporate the contents of the file FILENAME into the Info file
     or printed document.  *Note Include Files::.

`@indicateurl{INDICATEURL}'
     Indicate text that is a uniform resource locator for the World Wide
     Web.  *Note `@indicateurl': indicateurl.

`@inforef{NODE-NAME, [ENTRY-NAME], INFO-FILE-NAME}'
     Make a cross reference to an Info file for which there is no
     printed manual.  *Note Cross references using `@inforef': inforef.

`\input MACRO-DEFINITIONS-FILE'
     Use the specified macro definitions file.  This command is used
     only in the first line of a Texinfo file to cause TeX to make use
     of the `texinfo' macro definitions file.  The backslash in `\input'
     is used instead of an `@' because TeX does not recognize `@' until
     after it has read the definitions file.  *Note Texinfo File
     Header::.

`@item'
     Indicate the beginning of a marked paragraph for `@itemize' and
     `@enumerate'; indicate the beginning of the text of a first column
     entry for `@table', `@ftable', and `@vtable'.  *Note Lists and
     Tables::.

`@itemize  MARK-GENERATING-CHARACTER-OR-COMMAND'
     Produce a sequence of indented paragraphs, with a mark inside the
     left margin at the beginning of each paragraph.  Pair with `@end
     itemize'.  *Note `@itemize': itemize.

`@itemx'
     Like `@item' but do not generate extra vertical space above the
     item text.  *Note `@itemx': itemx.

`@kbd{KEYBOARD-CHARACTERS}'
     Indicate text that is characters of input to be typed by users.
     *Note `@kbd': kbd.

`@kbdinputstyle STYLE'
     Specify when `@kbd' should use a font distinct from `@code'.
     *Note `@kbd': kbd.

`@key{KEY-NAME}'
     Indicate a name for a key on a keyboard.  *Note `@key': key.

`@kindex ENTRY'
     Add ENTRY to the index of keys.  *Note Defining the Entries of an
     Index: Index Entries.

`@L{}'
`@l{}'
     Generate the uppercase and lowercase Polish suppressed-L letters,
     respectively: /L, /l.

`@LaTeX{}'
     Insert the logo LaTeX.  *Note TeX and LaTeX: tex.

`@lisp'
     Begin an example of Lisp code.  Indent text, do not fill, and
     select fixed-width font.  Pair with `@end lisp'.  *Note `@lisp':
     lisp.

`@listoffloats'
     Produce a table-of-contents-like listing of `@float's.  *Note
     listoffloats::.

`@lowersections'
     Change subsequent chapters to sections, sections to subsections,
     and so on. *Note `@raisesections' and `@lowersections':
     Raise/lower sections.

`@macro MACRONAME {PARAMS}'
     Define a new Texinfo command `@MACRONAME{PARAMS}'.  Only supported
     by `makeinfo' and `texi2dvi'.  *Note Defining Macros::.

`@majorheading TITLE'
     Print a chapter-like heading in the text, but not in the table of
     contents of a printed manual.  Generate more vertical whitespace
     before the heading than the `@chapheading' command.  *Note
     `@majorheading' and `@chapheading': majorheading & chapheading.

`@math{MATHEMATICAL-EXPRESSION}'
     Format a mathematical expression.  *Note `@math': Inserting
     Mathematical Expressions: math.

`@menu'
     Mark the beginning of a menu of nodes in Info.  No effect in a
     printed manual.  Pair with `@end menu'.  *Note Menus::.

`@minus{}'
     Generate a minus sign, `-'.  *Note `@minus': minus.

`@multitable COLUMN-WIDTH-SPEC'
     Begin a multi-column table.  Pair with `@end multitable'.  *Note
     Multitable Column Widths::.

`@need N'
     Start a new page in a printed manual if fewer than N mils
     (thousandths of an inch) remain on the current page.  *Note
     `@need': need.

`@node NAME, NEXT, PREVIOUS, UP'
     Define the beginning of a new node in Info, and serve as a locator
     for references for TeX.  *Note `@node': node.

`@noindent'
     Prevent text from being indented as if it were a new paragraph.
     *Note `@noindent': noindent.

`@novalidate'
     Suppress validation of node references, omit creation of auxiliary
     files with TeX.  Use before `@setfilename'.  *Note Pointer
     Validation::.

`@O{}'
`@o{}'
     Generate the uppercase and lowercase O-with-slash letters,
     respectively: /O, /o.

`@oddfooting [LEFT] @| [CENTER] @| [RIGHT]'
`@oddheading [LEFT] @| [CENTER] @| [RIGHT]'
     Specify page footings resp. headings for odd-numbered (right-hand)
     pages.  *Note How to Make Your Own Headings: Custom Headings.

`@OE{}'
`@oe{}'
     Generate the uppercase and lowercase OE ligatures, respectively:
     OE, oe.  *Note Inserting Accents::.

`@option{OPTION-NAME}'
     Indicate a command-line option, such as `-l' or `--help'.  *Note
     `@option': option.

`@page'
     Start a new page in a printed manual.  No effect in Info.  *Note
     `@page': page.

`@pagesizes [WIDTH][, HEIGHT]'
     Change page dimensions.  *Note pagesizes::.

`@paragraphindent INDENT'
     Indent paragraphs by INDENT number of spaces (perhaps 0); preserve
     source file indentation if INDENT is `asis'.  *Note Paragraph
     Indenting: paragraphindent.

`@pindex ENTRY'
     Add ENTRY to the index of programs.  *Note Defining the Entries of
     an Index: Index Entries.

`@point{}'
     Indicate the position of point in a buffer to the reader with a
     glyph: `-!-'.  *Note Indicating Point in a Buffer: Point Glyph.

`@pounds{}'
     Generate the pounds sterling currency sign.  *Note `@pounds{}':
     pounds.

`@print{}'
     Indicate printed output to the reader with a glyph: `-|'.  *Note
     Print Glyph::.

`@printindex INDEX-NAME'
     Print an alphabetized two-column index in a printed manual or
     generate an alphabetized menu of index entries for Info.  *Note
     Printing Indices & Menus::.

`@pxref{NODE-NAME, [ENTRY], [TOPIC-OR-TITLE], [INFO-FILE], [MANUAL]}'
     Make a reference that starts with a lower case `see' in a printed
     manual.  Use within parentheses only.  Do not follow command with a
     punctuation mark--the Info formatting commands automatically insert
     terminating punctuation as needed.  Only the first argument is
     mandatory.  *Note `@pxref': pxref.

`@questiondown{}'
     Generate an upside-down question mark.  *Note Inserting Accents::.

`@quotation'
     Narrow the margins to indicate text that is quoted from another
     real or imaginary work.  Takes optional argument of prefix text.
     Pair with `@end quotation'.  *Note `@quotation': quotation.

`@r{TEXT}'
     Print TEXT in roman font.  No effect in Info.  *Note Fonts::.

`@raisesections'
     Change subsequent sections to chapters, subsections to sections,
     and so on.  *Note `@raisesections' and `@lowersections':
     Raise/lower sections.

`@ref{NODE-NAME, [ENTRY], [TOPIC-OR-TITLE], [INFO-FILE], [MANUAL]}'
     Make a reference.  In a printed manual, the reference does not
     start with a `See'.  Follow command with a punctuation mark.  Only
     the first argument is mandatory.  *Note `@ref': ref.

`@refill'
     This command used to refill and indent the paragraph after all the
     other processing has been done.  It is no longer needed, since all
     formatters now automatically refill as needed, but you may still
     see it in the source to some manuals, as it does no harm.

`@registeredsymbol{}'
     Generate the legal symbol (R).  *Note `@registeredsymbol{}':
     registered symbol.

`@result{}'
     Indicate the result of an expression to the reader with a special
     glyph: `=>'.  *Note `@result': result.

`@ringaccent{C}'
     Generate a ring accent over the next character, as in o*.  *Note
     Inserting Accents::.

`@samp{TEXT}'
     Highlight TEXT that is a literal example of a sequence of
     characters.  Used for single characters, for statements, and often
     for entire shell commands.  *Note `@samp': samp.

`@sansserif{TEXT}'
     Print TEXT in a sans serif font if possible.  No effect in Info.
     *Note Fonts::.

`@sc{TEXT}'
     Set TEXT in a printed output in THE SMALL CAPS FONT and set text
     in the Info file in uppercase letters.  *Note Smallcaps::.

`@section TITLE'
     Begin a section within a chapter.  In a printed manual, the section
     title is numbered and appears in the table of contents.  In Info,
     the title is underlined with equal signs.  *Note `@section':
     section.

`@set FLAG [STRING]'
     Make FLAG active, causing the Texinfo formatting commands to
     format text between subsequent pairs of `@ifset FLAG' and `@end
     ifset' commands.  Optionally, set value of FLAG to STRING.  *Note
     `@set' `@clear' `@value': set clear value.

`@setchapternewpage ON-OFF-ODD'
     Specify whether chapters start on new pages, and if so, whether on
     odd-numbered (right-hand) new pages.  *Note `@setchapternewpage':
     setchapternewpage.

`@setcontentsaftertitlepage'
     Put the table of contents after the `@end titlepage' even if the
     `@contents' command is not there.  *Note Contents::.

`@setfilename INFO-FILE-NAME'
     Provide a name to be used by the Info file.  This command is
     essential for TeX formatting as well, even though it produces no
     output.  *Note `@setfilename': setfilename.

`@setshortcontentsaftertitlepage'
     Place the short table of contents after the `@end titlepage'
     command even if the `@shortcontents' command is not there.  *Note
     Contents::.

`@settitle TITLE'
     Provide a title for page headers in a printed manual, and the
     default document description for HTML `<head>'.  *Note
     `@settitle': settitle.

`@shortcaption'
     Define the short caption for a `@float'.  *Note caption
     shortcaption::.

`@shortcontents'
     Print a short table of contents.  Not relevant to Info, which uses
     menus rather than tables of contents.  A synonym for
     `@summarycontents'.  *Note Generating a Table of Contents:
     Contents.

`@shorttitlepage TITLE'
     Generate a minimal title page.  *Note `@titlepage': titlepage.

`@slanted{TEXT}'
     Print TEXT in a slanted font if possible.  No effect in Info.
     *Note Fonts::.

`@smallbook'
     Cause TeX to produce a printed manual in a 7 by 9.25 inch format
     rather than the regular 8.5 by 11 inch format.  *Note Printing
     Small Books: smallbook.  Also, see *Note small::.

`@smalldisplay'
     Begin a kind of example.  Like `@smallexample' (narrow margins, no
     filling), but do not select the fixed-width font.  Pair with `@end
     smalldisplay'.  *Note small::.

`@smallexample'
     Indent text to indicate an example.  Do not fill, select
     fixed-width font, narrow the margins.  In printed manuals, print
     text in a smaller font than with `@example'.  Pair with `@end
     smallexample'.  *Note small::.

`@smallformat'
     Begin a kind of example.  Like `@smalldisplay', but do not narrow
     the margins.  Pair with `@end smallformat'.  *Note small::.

`@smalllisp'
     Begin an example of Lisp code.  Same as `@smallexample'.  Pair
     with `@end smalllisp'.  *Note small::.

`@sp N'
     Skip N blank lines.  *Note `@sp': sp.

`@ss{}'
     Generate the German sharp-S es-zet letter, ss.  *Note Inserting
     Accents::.

`@strong {TEXT}'
     Emphasize TEXT by typesetting it in a *bold* font for the printed
     manual and by surrounding it with asterisks for Info.  *Note
     Emphasizing Text: emph & strong.

`@subheading TITLE'
     Print an unnumbered subsection-like heading in the text, but not in
     the table of contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the title is
     underlined with hyphens.  *Note `@unnumberedsubsec'
     `@appendixsubsec' `@subheading': unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec
     subheading.

`@subsection TITLE'
     Begin a subsection within a section.  In a printed manual, the
     subsection title is numbered and appears in the table of contents.
     In Info, the title is underlined with hyphens.  *Note
     `@subsection': subsection.

`@subsubheading TITLE'
     Print an unnumbered subsubsection-like heading in the text, but
     not in the table of contents of a printed manual.  In Info, the
     title is underlined with periods.  *Note The `subsub' Commands:
     subsubsection.

`@subsubsection TITLE'
     Begin a subsubsection within a subsection.  In a printed manual,
     the subsubsection title is numbered and appears in the table of
     contents.  In Info, the title is underlined with periods.  *Note
     The `subsub' Commands: subsubsection.

`@subtitle TITLE'
     In a printed manual, set a subtitle in a normal sized font flush to
     the right-hand side of the page.  Not relevant to Info, which does
     not have title pages.  *Note `@title' `@subtitle' and `@author'
     Commands: title subtitle author.

`@summarycontents'
     Print a short table of contents.  Not relevant to Info, which uses
     menus rather than tables of contents.  A synonym for
     `@shortcontents'.  *Note Generating a Table of Contents: Contents.

`@syncodeindex FROM-INDEX INTO-INDEX'
     Merge the index named in the first argument into the index named in
     the second argument, printing the entries from the first index in
     `@code' font.  *Note Combining Indices::.

`@synindex FROM-INDEX INTO-INDEX'
     Merge the index named in the first argument into the index named in
     the second argument.  Do not change the font of FROM-INDEX
     entries.  *Note Combining Indices::.

`@t{TEXT}'
     Print TEXT in a fixed-width, typewriter-like font.  No effect in
     Info.  *Note Fonts::.

`@tab'
     Separate columns in a multitable.  *Note Multitable Rows::.

`@table FORMATTING-COMMAND'
     Begin a two-column table, using `@item' for each entry.  Write
     each first column entry on the same line as `@item'.  First column
     entries are printed in the font resulting from FORMATTING-COMMAND.
     Pair with `@end table'.  *Note Making a Two-column Table:
     Two-column Tables.  Also see *Note `@ftable' and `@vtable': ftable
     vtable, and *Note `@itemx': itemx.

`@TeX{}'
     Insert the logo TeX.  *Note TeX and LaTeX: tex.

`@tex'
     Enter TeX completely.  Pair with `@end tex'.  *Note Raw Formatter
     Commands::.

`@thischapter'
`@thischaptername'
`@thisfile'
`@thispage'
`@thistitle'
     Only allowed in a heading or footing.  Stands for the number and
     name of the current chapter (in the format `Chapter 1: Title'),
     the chapter name only, the filename, the current page number, and
     the title of the document, respectively.  *Note How to Make Your
     Own Headings: Custom Headings.

`@tie{}'
     Generate a normal interword space at which a line break is not
     allowed.  *Note `@tie{}': tie.

`@tieaccent{CC}'
     Generate a tie-after accent over the next two characters CC, as in
     `oo['.  *Note Inserting Accents::.

`@tindex ENTRY'
     Add ENTRY to the index of data types.  *Note Defining the Entries
     of an Index: Index Entries.

`@title TITLE'
     In a printed manual, set a title flush to the left-hand side of the
     page in a larger than normal font and underline it with a black
     rule.  Not relevant to Info, which does not have title pages.
     *Note The `@title' `@subtitle' and `@author' Commands: title
     subtitle author.

`@titlefont{TEXT}'
     In a printed manual, print TEXT in a larger than normal font.  Not
     relevant to Info, which does not have title pages.  *Note The
     `@titlefont' `@center' and `@sp' Commands: titlefont center sp.

`@titlepage'
     Indicate to Texinfo the beginning of the title page.  Write
     command on a line of its own.  Pair with `@end titlepage'.
     Nothing between `@titlepage' and `@end titlepage' appears in Info.
     *Note `@titlepage': titlepage.

`@today{}'
     Insert the current date, in `1 Jan 1900' style.  *Note How to Make
     Your Own Headings: Custom Headings.

`@top TITLE'
     In a Texinfo file to be formatted with `makeinfo', identify the
     topmost `@node' in the file, which must be written on the line
     immediately preceding the `@top' command.  Used for `makeinfo''s
     node pointer insertion feature.  The title is underlined with
     asterisks.  Both the `@node' line and the `@top' line normally
     should be enclosed by `@ifnottex' and `@end ifnottex'.  In TeX and
     `texinfo-format-buffer', the `@top' command is merely a synonym
     for `@unnumbered'.  *Note Creating Pointers with `makeinfo':
     makeinfo Pointer Creation.

`@u{C}'
`@ubaraccent{C}'
`@udotaccent{C}'
     Generate a breve, underbar, or underdot accent, respectively, over
     or under the character C, as in o(, o_, .o.  *Note Inserting
     Accents::.

`@unnumbered TITLE'
     In a printed manual, begin a chapter that appears without chapter
     numbers of any kind.  The title appears in the table of contents
     of a printed manual.  In Info, the title is underlined with
     asterisks.  *Note `@unnumbered' and `@appendix': unnumbered &
     appendix.

`@unnumberedsec TITLE'
     In a printed manual, begin a section that appears without section
     numbers of any kind.  The title appears in the table of contents
     of a printed manual.  In Info, the title is underlined with equal
     signs.  *Note Section Commands: unnumberedsec appendixsec heading.

`@unnumberedsubsec TITLE'
     In a printed manual, begin an unnumbered subsection within a
     chapter.  The title appears in the table of contents of a printed
     manual.  In Info, the title is underlined with hyphens.  *Note
     `@unnumberedsubsec' `@appendixsubsec' `@subheading':
     unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading.

`@unnumberedsubsubsec TITLE'
     In a printed manual, begin an unnumbered subsubsection within a
     chapter.  The title appears in the table of contents of a printed
     manual.  In Info, the title is underlined with periods.  *Note The
     `subsub' Commands: subsubsection.

`@uref{URL[, DISPLAYED-TEXT][, REPLACEMENT}'
`@url{URL[, DISPLAYED-TEXT][, REPLACEMENT}'
     Define a cross reference to an external uniform resource locator
     for the World Wide Web.  *Note `@uref': uref.

`@v{C}'
     Generate check accent over the character C, as in o<.  *Note
     Inserting Accents::.

`@value{FLAG}'
     Replace FLAG with the value to which it is set by `@set FLAG'.
     *Note `@set' `@clear' `@value': set clear value.

`@var{METASYNTACTIC-VARIABLE}'
     Highlight a metasyntactic variable, which is something that stands
     for another piece of text.  *Note Indicating Metasyntactic
     Variables: var.

`@verb{DELIM LITERAL DELIM}'
     Output LITERAL, delimited by the single character DELIM, exactly
     as is (in the fixed-width font), including any whitespace or
     Texinfo special characters.  *Note `verb': verb.

`@verbatim'
     Output the text of the environment exactly as is (in the
     fixed-width font).  Pair with `@end verbatim'.  *Note `verbatim':
     verbatim.

`@verbatiminclude FILENAME'
     Output the contents of FILENAME exactly as is (in the fixed-width
     font).  *Note `verbatiminclude': verbatiminclude.

`@vindex ENTRY'
     Add ENTRY to the index of variables.  *Note Defining the Entries
     of an Index: Index Entries.

`@vskip AMOUNT'
     In a printed manual, insert whitespace so as to push text on the
     remainder of the page towards the bottom of the page.  Used in
     formatting the copyright page with the argument `0pt plus 1filll'.
     (Note spelling of `filll'.)  `@vskip' may be used only in
     contexts ignored for Info.  *Note Copyright::.

`@vtable FORMATTING-COMMAND'
     Begin a two-column table, using `@item' for each entry.
     Automatically enter each of the items in the first column into the
     index of variables.  Pair with `@end vtable'.  The same as
     `@table', except for indexing.  *Note `@ftable' and `@vtable':
     ftable vtable.

`@w{TEXT}'
     Prevent TEXT from being split across two lines.  *Note `@w': w.

`@xml'
     Enter XML completely.  Pair with `@end xml'.  *Note Raw Formatter
     Commands::.

`@xref{NODE-NAME, [ENTRY], [TOPIC-OR-TITLE], [INFO-FILE], [MANUAL]}'
     Make a reference that starts with `See' in a printed manual.
     Follow command with a punctuation mark.  Only the first argument is
     mandatory.  *Note `@xref': xref.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Command Syntax,  Up: Command List

A.1 @-Command Syntax
====================

The character `@' is used to start special Texinfo commands.  (It has
the same meaning that `\' has in plain TeX.)  Texinfo has four types of
@-command:

1. Non-alphabetic commands.
     These commands consist of an @ followed by a punctuation mark or
     other character that is not part of the alphabet.  Non-alphabetic
     commands are almost always part of the text within a paragraph,
     and never take any argument.  The two characters (@ and the other
     one) are complete in themselves; none is followed by braces.  The
     non-alphabetic commands are: `@.', `@:', `@*', `@SPACE', `@TAB',
     `@NL', `@@', `@{', and `@}'.

2. Alphabetic commands that do not require arguments.
     These commands start with @ followed by a word followed by left-
     and right-hand braces.  These commands insert special symbols in
     the document; they do not require arguments.  For example,
     `@dots{}' => `...', `@equiv{}' => `==', `@TeX{}' => `TeX', and
     `@bullet{}' => `*'.

3. Alphabetic commands that require arguments within braces.
     These commands start with @ followed by a letter or a word,
     followed by an argument within braces.  For example, the command
     `@dfn' indicates the introductory or defining use of a term; it is
     used as follows: `In Texinfo, @@-commands are @dfn{mark-up}
     commands.'

4. Alphabetic commands that occupy an entire line.
     These commands occupy an entire line.  The line starts with @,
     followed by the name of the command (a word); for example,
     `@center' or `@cindex'.  If no argument is needed, the word is
     followed by the end of the line.  If there is an argument, it is
     separated from the command name by a space.  Braces are not used.

  Thus, the alphabetic commands fall into classes that have different
argument syntaxes.  You cannot tell to which class a command belongs by
the appearance of its name, but you can tell by the command's meaning:
if the command stands for a glyph, it is in class 2 and does not
require an argument; if it makes sense to use the command together with
other text as part of a paragraph, the command is in class 3 and must
be followed by an argument in braces; otherwise, it is in class 4 and
uses the rest of the line as its argument.

  The purpose of having a different syntax for commands of classes 3 and
4 is to make Texinfo files easier to read, and also to help the GNU
Emacs paragraph and filling commands work properly.  There is only one
exception to this rule: the command `@refill', which is always used at
the end of a paragraph immediately following the final period or other
punctuation character.  `@refill' takes no argument and does _not_
require braces.  `@refill' never confuses the Emacs paragraph commands
because it cannot appear at the beginning of a line.  It is also no
longer needed, since all formatters now refill paragraphs automatically.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Tips,  Next: Sample Texinfo Files,  Prev: Command List,  Up: Top

Appendix B Tips and Hints
*************************

Here are some tips for writing Texinfo documentation:

   * Write in the present tense, not in the past or the future.

   * Write actively!  For example, write "We recommend that ..." rather
     than "It is recommended that ...".

   * Use 70 or 72 as your fill column.  Longer lines are hard to read.

   * Include a copyright notice and copying permissions.

Index, Index, Index!
....................

Write many index entries, in different ways.  Readers like indices;
they are helpful and convenient.

  Although it is easiest to write index entries as you write the body of
the text, some people prefer to write entries afterwards.  In either
case, write an entry before the paragraph to which it applies.  This
way, an index entry points to the first page of a paragraph that is
split across pages.

  Here are more hints we have found valuable:

   * Write each index entry differently, so each entry refers to a
     different place in the document.

   * Write index entries only where a topic is discussed significantly.
     For example, it is not useful to index "debugging information" in
     a chapter on reporting bugs.  Someone who wants to know about
     debugging information will certainly not find it in that chapter.

   * Consistently capitalize the first word of every concept index
     entry, or else consistently use lower case.  Terse entries often
     call for lower case; longer entries for capitalization.  Whichever
     case convention you use, please use one or the other consistently!
     Mixing the two styles looks bad.

   * Always capitalize or use upper case for those words in an index for
     which this is proper, such as names of countries or acronyms.
     Always use the appropriate case for case-sensitive names, such as
     those in C or Lisp.

   * Write the indexing commands that refer to a whole section
     immediately after the section command, and write the indexing
     commands that refer to a paragraph before that paragraph.

     In the example that follows, a blank line comes after the index
     entry for "Leaping":

          @section The Dog and the Fox
          @cindex Jumping, in general
          @cindex Leaping

          @cindex Dog, lazy, jumped over
          @cindex Lazy dog jumped over
          @cindex Fox, jumps over dog
          @cindex Quick fox jumps over dog
          The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

     (Note that the example shows entries for the same concept that are
     written in different ways--`Lazy dog', and `Dog, lazy'--so readers
     can look up the concept in different ways.)

Blank Lines
...........

   * Insert a blank line between a sectioning command and the first
     following sentence or paragraph, or between the indexing commands
     associated with the sectioning command and the first following
     sentence or paragraph, as shown in the tip on indexing.
     Otherwise, a formatter may fold title and paragraph together.

   * Always insert a blank line before an `@table' command and after an
     `@end table' command; but never insert a blank line after an
     `@table' command or before an `@end table' command.

     For example,

          Types of fox:

          @table @samp
          @item Quick
          Jump over lazy dogs.

          @item Brown
          Also jump over lazy dogs.
          @end table
          @noindent
          On the other hand, ...

     Insert blank lines before and after `@itemize' ... `@end itemize'
     and `@enumerate' ... `@end enumerate' in the same way.

Complete Phrases
................

Complete phrases are easier to read than ...

   * Write entries in an itemized list as complete sentences; or at
     least, as complete phrases.  Incomplete expressions ... awkward
     ... like this.

   * Write the prefatory sentence or phrase for a multi-item list or
     table as a complete expression.  Do not write "You can set:";
     instead, write "You can set these variables:".  The former
     expression sounds cut off.

Editions, Dates and Versions
............................

Include edition numbers, version numbers, and dates in the `@copying'
text (for people reading the Texinfo file, and for the legal copyright
in the output files).  Then use `@insertcopying' in the `@titlepage'
section (for people reading the printed output) and the Top node (for
people reading the online output).

  It is easiest to do this using `@set' and `@value'.  *Note `@value'
Example: value Example, and *Note GNU Sample Texts::.

Definition Commands
...................

Definition commands are `@deffn', `@defun', `@defmac', and the like,
and enable you to write descriptions in a uniform format.

   * Write just one definition command for each entity you define with a
     definition command.  The automatic indexing feature creates an
     index entry that leads the reader to the definition.

   * Use `@table' ... `@end table' in an appendix that contains a
     summary of functions, not `@deffn' or other definition commands.

Capitalization
..............

   * Capitalize "Texinfo"; it is a name.  Do not write the `x' or `i'
     in upper case.

   * Capitalize "Info"; it is a name.

   * Write TeX using the `@TeX{}' command.  Note the uppercase `T' and
     `X'.  This command causes the formatters to typeset the name
     according to the wishes of Donald Knuth, who wrote TeX.

Spaces
......

Do not use spaces to format a Texinfo file, except inside of `@example'
... `@end example' and other literal environments and commands.

  For example, TeX fills the following:

        @kbd{C-x v}
        @kbd{M-x vc-next-action}
           Perform the next logical operation
           on the version-controlled file
           corresponding to the current buffer.

so it looks like this:

     `C-x v' `M-x vc-next-action' Perform the next logical operation on
     the version-controlled file corresponding to the current buffer.

In this case, the text should be formatted with `@table', `@item', and
`@itemx', to create a table.

@code, @samp, @var, and `---'
.............................

   * Use `@code' around Lisp symbols, including command names.  For
     example,

          The main function is @code{vc-next-action}, ...

   * Avoid putting letters such as `s' immediately after an `@code'.
     Such letters look bad.

   * Use `@var' around meta-variables.  Do not write angle brackets
     around them.

   * Use three hyphens in a row, `---', to indicate a long dash.  TeX
     typesets these as a long dash and the Info formatters reduce three
     hyphens to two.

Periods Outside of Quotes
.........................

Place periods and other punctuation marks _outside_ of quotations,
unless the punctuation is part of the quotation.  This practice goes
against publishing conventions in the United States, but enables the
reader to distinguish between the contents of the quotation and the
whole passage.

  For example, you should write the following sentence with the period
outside the end quotation marks:

     Evidently, `au' is an abbreviation for ``author''.

since `au' does _not_ serve as an  abbreviation for `author.' (with a
period following the word).

Introducing New Terms
.....................

   * Introduce new terms so that a reader who does not know them can
     understand them from context; or write a definition for the term.

     For example, in the following, the terms "check in", "register" and
     "delta" are all appearing for the first time; the example sentence
     should be rewritten so they are understandable.

          The major function assists you in checking in a file to your
          version control system and registering successive sets of
          changes to it as deltas.

   * Use the `@dfn' command around a word being introduced, to indicate
     that the reader should not expect to know the meaning already, and
     should expect to learn the meaning from this passage.

@pxref
......

Absolutely never use `@pxref' except in the special context for which
it is designed: inside parentheses, with the closing parenthesis
following immediately after the closing brace.  One formatter
automatically inserts closing punctuation and the other does not.  This
means that the output looks right both in printed output and in an Info
file, but only when the command is used inside parentheses.

Invoking from a Shell
.....................

You can invoke programs such as Emacs, GCC, and `gawk' from a shell.
The documentation for each program should contain a section that
describes this.  Unfortunately, if the node names and titles for these
sections are all different, they are difficult for users to find.

  So, there is a convention to name such sections with a phrase
beginning with the word `Invoking', as in `Invoking Emacs'; this way,
users can find the section easily.

ANSI C Syntax
.............

When you use `@example' to describe a C function's calling conventions,
use the ANSI C syntax, like this:

     void dld_init (char *@var{path});

And in the subsequent discussion, refer to the argument values by
writing the same argument names, again highlighted with `@var'.

  Avoid the obsolete style that looks like this:

     #include <dld.h>

     dld_init (path)
     char *path;

  Also, it is best to avoid writing `#include' above the declaration
just to indicate that the function is declared in a header file.  The
practice may give the misimpression that the `#include' belongs near
the declaration of the function.  Either state explicitly which header
file holds the declaration or, better yet, name the header file used
for a group of functions at the beginning of the section that describes
the functions.

Bad Examples
............

Here are several examples of bad writing to avoid:

  In this example, say, " ... you must `@dfn'{check in} the new
version."  That flows better.

     When you are done editing the file, you must perform a
     `@dfn'{check in}.

  In the following example, say, "... makes a unified interface such as
VC mode possible."

     SCCS, RCS and other version-control systems all perform similar
     functions in broadly similar ways (it is this resemblance which
     makes a unified control mode like this possible).

  And in this example, you should specify what `it' refers to:

     If you are working with other people, it assists in coordinating
     everyone's changes so they do not step on each other.

And Finally ...
...............

   * Pronounce TeX as if the `X' were a Greek `chi', as the last sound
     in the name `Bach'.  But pronounce Texinfo as in `speck':
     "teckinfo".

   * Write notes for yourself at the very end of a Texinfo file after
     the `@bye'.  None of the formatters process text after the `@bye';
     it is as if the text were within `@ignore' ...  `@end ignore'.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Sample Texinfo Files,  Next: Include Files,  Prev: Tips,  Up: Top

Appendix C Sample Texinfo Files
*******************************

The first example is from the first chapter (*note Short Sample::),
given here in its entirety, without commentary.  The second includes
the full texts to be used in GNU manuals.

* Menu:

* Short Sample Texinfo File::
* GNU Sample Texts::
* Verbatim Copying License::
* All-permissive Copying License::


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Short Sample Texinfo File,  Next: GNU Sample Texts,  Up: Sample Texinfo Files

C.1 Short Sample
================

Here is a complete, short sample Texinfo file, without any commentary.
You can see this file, with comments, in the first chapter.  *Note
Short Sample::.

  In a nutshell: The `makeinfo' program transforms a Texinfo source
file such as this into an Info file or HTML; and TeX typesets it for a
printed manual.


     \input texinfo   @c -*-texinfo-*-
     @c %**start of header
     @setfilename sample.info
     @settitle Sample Manual 1.0
     @c %**end of header

     @copying
     This is a short example of a complete Texinfo file.

     Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     @end copying

     @titlepage
     @title Sample Title
     @page
     @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
     @insertcopying
     @end titlepage

     @c Output the table of the contents at the beginning.
     @contents

     @ifnottex
     @node Top
     @top GNU Sample

     @insertcopying
     @end ifnottex

     @menu
     * First Chapter::    The first chapter is the
                           only chapter in this sample.
     * Index::            Complete index.
     @end menu


     @node First Chapter
     @chapter First Chapter

     @cindex chapter, first

     This is the first chapter.
     @cindex index entry, another

     Here is a numbered list.

     @enumerate
     @item
     This is the first item.

     @item
     This is the second item.
     @end enumerate


     @node Index
     @unnumbered Index

     @printindex cp

     @bye


File: texinfo.info,  Node: GNU Sample Texts,  Next: Verbatim Copying License,  Prev: Short Sample Texinfo File,  Up: Sample Texinfo Files

C.2 GNU Sample Texts
====================

Following is a sample Texinfo document with the full texts that should
be used in GNU manuals.

  As well as the legal texts, it also serves as a practical example of
how many elements in a GNU system can affect the manual.  If you're not
familiar with all these different elements, don't worry.  They're not
required and a perfectly good manual can be written without them.
They're included here nonetheless because many manuals do (or could)
benefit from them.

  *Note Short Sample::, for a minimal example of a Texinfo file.  *Note
Beginning a File::, for a full explanation of that minimal example.

  Here are some notes on the example:

   * The `$Id:' comment is for the CVS (*note Overview: (cvs)Top.) or
     RCS (see rcsintro(1)) version control systems, which expand it
     into a string such as:
          Id: texinfo.txi,v 1.128 2004/12/29 15:06:41 karl Exp
     (This is useful in all sources that use version control, not just
     manuals.)  You may wish to include the `$Id:' comment in the
     `@copying' text, if you want a completely unambiguous reference to
     the documentation version.

     If you want to literally write $Id$, use `@w': `@w{$}Id$'.

   * The `version.texi' in the `@include' command is maintained
     automatically by Automake (*note Introduction: (automake)Top.).
     It sets the `VERSION' and `UPDATED' values used elsewhere.  If
     your distribution doesn't use Automake, but you do use Emacs, you
     may find the time-stamp.el package helpful (*note Time Stamps:
     (emacs)Time Stamps.).

   * The `@syncodeindex' command reflects the recommendation to use
     only one index where possible, to make it easier for readers to
     look up index entries.

   * The `@dircategory' is for constructing the Info directory.  *Note
     Installing Dir Entries::, which includes a variety of recommended
     category names.

   * The `Invoking' node is a GNU standard to help users find the basic
     information about command-line usage of a given program.  *Note
     Manual Structure Details: (standards)Manual Structure Details.

   * It is best to include the entire GNU Free Documentation License in
     a GNU manual, unless the manual is only a few pages long.  Of
     course this sample is even shorter than that, but it includes the
     FDL anyway in order to show one conventional way to do so.  The
     `fdl.texi' file is available on the GNU machines and in the
     Texinfo and other GNU source distributions.

     The FDL provides for omitting itself under certain conditions, but
     in that case the sample texts given here have to be modified.
     *Note GNU Free Documentation License::.

   * If your manual has invariant sections (again, see the license
     itself for details), then don't forget to change the text here
     accordingly.

   * For documents that express your personal views, feelings or
     experiences, it is more appropriate to use a license permitting
     only verbatim copying, rather than the FDL.  *Note Verbatim
     Copying License::.


  Here is the sample document:


\input texinfo   @c -*-texinfo-*-
@comment Id: texinfo.txi,v 1.128 2004/12/29 15:06:41 karl Exp
@comment %**start of header
@setfilename sample.info
@include version.texi
@settitle GNU Sample @value{VERSION}
@syncodeindex pg cp
@comment %**end of header
@copying
This manual is for GNU Sample
(version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}),
which is an example in the Texinfo documentation.

Copyright @copyright{} 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being ``A GNU Manual,''
and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below.  A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
License.''

(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
this GNU Manual, like GNU software.  Copies published by the Free
Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
@end quotation
@end copying

@dircategory Texinfo documentation system
@direntry
* sample: (sample)Invoking sample.
@end direntry

@titlepage
@title GNU Sample
@subtitle for version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}
@author A.U. Thor (@email{bug-texinfo@@gnu.org})
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying
@end titlepage

@contents

@ifnottex
@node Top
@top GNU Sample

@insertcopying
@end ifnottex

@menu
* Invoking sample::
* Copying This Manual::
* Index::
@end menu


@node Invoking sample
@chapter Invoking sample

@pindex sample
@cindex invoking @command{sample}

This is a sample manual.  There is no sample program to
invoke, but if there was, you could see its basic usage
and command line options here.


@node Copying This Manual
@appendix Copying This Manual

@menu
* GNU Free Documentation License::  License for copying this manual.
@end menu

@include fdl.texi


@node Index
@unnumbered Index

@printindex cp

@bye


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Verbatim Copying License,  Next: All-permissive Copying License,  Prev: GNU Sample Texts,  Up: Sample Texinfo Files

C.3 Verbatim Copying License
============================

For software manuals and other documentation, it is important to use a
license permitting free redistribution and updating, so that when a free
program is changed, the documentation can be updated as well.

  On the other hand, for documents that express your personal views,
feelings or experiences, it is more appropriate to use a license
permitting only verbatim copying.

  Here is sample text for such a license permitting verbatim copying
only.  This is just the license text itself.  For a complete sample
document, see the previous sections.


@copying
This document is a sample for allowing verbatim copying only.

Copyright @copyright{} 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

@quotation
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies
of this entire document without royalty provided the
copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved.
@end quotation
@end copying


File: texinfo.info,  Node: All-permissive Copying License,  Prev: Verbatim Copying License,  Up: Sample Texinfo Files

C.4 All-permissive Copying License
==================================

For software manuals and other documentation, it is important to use a
license permitting free redistribution and updating, so that when a free
program is changed, the documentation can be updated as well.

  On the other hand, for small supporting files, short manuals (under
300 lines long) and rough documentation (README files, INSTALL files,
etc.), the full FDL would be overkill.  They can use a simple
all-permissive license.

  Here is sample text for such an all-permissive license.  This is just
the license text itself.  For a complete sample document, see the
previous sections.

     Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

     Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
     are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
     notice and this notice are preserved.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Include Files,  Next: Headings,  Prev: Sample Texinfo Files,  Up: Top

Appendix D Include Files
************************

When TeX or an Info formatting command sees an `@include' command in a
Texinfo file, it processes the contents of the file named by the
command and incorporates them into the DVI or Info file being created.
Index entries from the included file are incorporated into the indices
of the output file.

  Include files let you keep a single large document as a collection of
conveniently small parts.

* Menu:

* Using Include Files::         How to use the `@include' command.
* texinfo-multiple-files-update::  How to create and update nodes and
                                     menus when using included files.
* Include Files Requirements::  `texinfo-multiple-files-update' needs.
* Sample Include File::         A sample outer file with included files
                                     within it; and a sample included file.
* Include Files Evolution::     How use of the `@include' command
                                     has changed over time.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Using Include Files,  Next: texinfo-multiple-files-update,  Up: Include Files

D.1 How to Use Include Files
============================

To include another file within a Texinfo file, write the `@include'
command at the beginning of a line and follow it on the same line by
the name of a file to be included.  For example:

     @include buffers.texi

  The name of the file is taken literally, with a single exception:
`@value{VAR}' references are expanded.  This makes it possible to
reliably include files in other directories in a distribution.  *Note
`@verbatiminclude': verbatiminclude, for an example.

  An included file should simply be a segment of text that you expect to
be included as is into the overall or "outer" Texinfo file; it should
not contain the standard beginning and end parts of a Texinfo file.  In
particular, you should not start an included file with a line saying
`\input texinfo'; if you do, that phrase is inserted into the output
file as is.  Likewise, you should not end an included file with an
`@bye' command; nothing after `@bye' is formatted.

  In the past, you were required to write an `@setfilename' line at the
beginning of an included file, but no longer.  Now, it does not matter
whether you write such a line.  If an `@setfilename' line exists in an
included file, it is ignored.

  Conventionally, an included file begins with an `@node' line that is
followed by an `@chapter' line.  Each included file is one chapter.
This makes it easy to use the regular node and menu creating and
updating commands to create the node pointers and menus within the
included file.  However, the simple Emacs node and menu creating and
updating commands do not work with multiple Texinfo files.  Thus you
cannot use these commands to fill in the `Next', `Previous', and `Up'
pointers of the `@node' line that begins the included file.  Also, you
cannot use the regular commands to create a master menu for the whole
file.  Either you must insert the menus and the `Next', `Previous', and
`Up' pointers by hand, or you must use the GNU Emacs Texinfo mode
command, `texinfo-multiple-files-update', that is designed for
`@include' files.

  When an included file does not have any node lines in it, the
multiple files update command does not try to create a menu entry for
it.  Consequently, you can include any file, such as a version or an
update file without node lines, not just files that are chapters.
Small includable files like this are created by Automake (*note GNU
Sample Texts::).


File: texinfo.info,  Node: texinfo-multiple-files-update,  Next: Include Files Requirements,  Prev: Using Include Files,  Up: Include Files

D.2 `texinfo-multiple-files-update'
===================================

GNU Emacs Texinfo mode provides the `texinfo-multiple-files-update'
command.  This command creates or updates `Next', `Previous', and `Up'
pointers of included files as well as those in the outer or overall
Texinfo file, and it creates or updates a main menu in the outer file.
Depending whether you call it with optional arguments, the command
updates only the pointers in the first `@node' line of the included
files or all of them:

`M-x texinfo-multiple-files-update'
     Called without any arguments:

        - Create or update the `Next', `Previous', and `Up' pointers of
          the first `@node' line in each file included in an outer or
          overall Texinfo file.

        - Create or update the `Top' level node pointers of the outer or
          overall file.

        - Create or update a main menu in the outer file.

`C-u M-x texinfo-multiple-files-update'
     Called with `C-u' as a prefix argument:

        - Create or update pointers in the first `@node' line in each
          included file.

        - Create or update the `Top' level node pointers of the outer
          file.

        - Create and insert a master menu in the outer file.  The
          master menu is made from all the menus in all the included
          files.

`C-u 8 M-x texinfo-multiple-files-update'
     Called with a numeric prefix argument, such as `C-u 8':

        - Create or update *all* the `Next', `Previous', and `Up'
          pointers of all the included files.

        - Create or update *all* the menus of all the included files.

        - Create or update the `Top' level node pointers of the outer or
          overall file.

        - And then create a master menu in the outer file.  This is
          similar to invoking `texinfo-master-menu' with an argument
          when you are working with just one file.

  Note the use of the prefix argument in interactive use: with a regular
prefix argument, just `C-u', the `texinfo-multiple-files-update'
command inserts a master menu; with a numeric prefix argument, such as
`C-u 8', the command updates *every* pointer and menu in *all* the
files and then inserts a master menu.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Include Files Requirements,  Next: Sample Include File,  Prev: texinfo-multiple-files-update,  Up: Include Files

D.3 Include Files Requirements
==============================

If you plan to use the `texinfo-multiple-files-update' command, the
outer Texinfo file that lists included files within it should contain
nothing but the beginning and end parts of a Texinfo file, and a number
of `@include' commands listing the included files.  It should not even
include indices, which should be listed in an included file of their
own.

  Moreover, each of the included files must contain exactly one highest
level node (conventionally, `@chapter' or equivalent), and this node
must be the first node in the included file.  Furthermore, each of
these highest level nodes in each included file must be at the same
hierarchical level in the file structure.  Usually, each is an
`@chapter', an `@appendix', or an `@unnumbered' node.  Thus, normally,
each included file contains one, and only one, chapter or
equivalent-level node.

  The outer file should contain only _one_ node, the `Top' node.  It
should _not_ contain any nodes besides the single `Top' node.  The
`texinfo-multiple-files-update' command will not process them.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Sample Include File,  Next: Include Files Evolution,  Prev: Include Files Requirements,  Up: Include Files

D.4 Sample File with `@include'
===============================

Here is an example of an outer Texinfo file with `@include' files
within it before running `texinfo-multiple-files-update', which would
insert a main or master menu:

     \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
     @setfilename include-example.info
     @settitle Include Example

     ... *Note Sample Texinfo Files::, for
     examples of the rest of the frontmatter ...

     @ifnottex
     @node Top
     @top Include Example
     @end ifnottex

     @include foo.texinfo
     @include bar.texinfo
     @include concept-index.texinfo
     @bye

  An included file, such as `foo.texinfo', might look like this:

     @node First
     @chapter First Chapter

     Contents of first chapter ...

  The full contents of `concept-index.texinfo' might be as simple as
this:

     @node Concept Index
     @unnumbered Concept Index

     @printindex cp

  The outer Texinfo source file for `The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference
Manual' is named `elisp.texi'.  This outer file contains a master menu
with 417 entries and a list of 41 `@include' files.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Include Files Evolution,  Prev: Sample Include File,  Up: Include Files

D.5 Evolution of Include Files
==============================

When Info was first created, it was customary to create many small Info
files on one subject.  Each Info file was formatted from its own
Texinfo source file.  This custom meant that Emacs did not need to make
a large buffer to hold the whole of a large Info file when someone
wanted information; instead, Emacs allocated just enough memory for the
small Info file that contained the particular information sought.  This
way, Emacs could avoid wasting memory.

  References from one file to another were made by referring to the file
name as well as the node name. (*Note Referring to Other Info Files:
Other Info Files.  Also, see *Note `@xref' with Four and Five
Arguments: Four and Five Arguments.)

  Include files were designed primarily as a way to create a single,
large printed manual out of several smaller Info files.  In a printed
manual, all the references were within the same document, so TeX could
automatically determine the references' page numbers.  The Info
formatting commands used include files only for creating joint indices;
each of the individual Texinfo files had to be formatted for Info
individually.  (Each, therefore, required its own `@setfilename' line.)

  However, because large Info files are now split automatically, it is
no longer necessary to keep them small.

  Nowadays, multiple Texinfo files are used mostly for large documents,
such as `The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual', and for projects in
which several different people write different sections of a document
simultaneously.

  In addition, the Info formatting commands have been extended to work
with the `@include' command so as to create a single large Info file
that is split into smaller files if necessary.  This means that you can
write menus and cross references without naming the different Texinfo
files.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Headings,  Next: Catching Mistakes,  Prev: Include Files,  Up: Top

Appendix E Page Headings
************************

Most printed manuals contain headings along the top of every page
except the title and copyright pages.  Some manuals also contain
footings.  (Headings and footings have no meaning to Info, which is not
paginated.)

* Menu:

* Headings Introduced::         Conventions for using page headings.
* Heading Format::              Standard page heading formats.
* Heading Choice::              How to specify the type of page heading.
* Custom Headings::             How to create your own headings and footings.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Headings Introduced,  Next: Heading Format,  Up: Headings

E.1 Headings Introduced
=======================

Texinfo provides standard page heading formats for manuals that are
printed on one side of each sheet of paper and for manuals that are
printed on both sides of the paper.  Typically, you will use these
formats, but you can specify your own format if you wish.

  In addition, you can specify whether chapters should begin on a new
page, or merely continue the same page as the previous chapter; and if
chapters begin on new pages, you can specify whether they must be
odd-numbered pages.

  By convention, a book is printed on both sides of each sheet of paper.
When you open a book, the right-hand page is odd-numbered, and chapters
begin on right-hand pages--a preceding left-hand page is left blank if
necessary.  Reports, however, are often printed on just one side of
paper, and chapters begin on a fresh page immediately following the end
of the preceding chapter.  In short or informal reports, chapters often
do not begin on a new page at all, but are separated from the preceding
text by a small amount of whitespace.

  The `@setchapternewpage' command controls whether chapters begin on
new pages, and whether one of the standard heading formats is used.  In
addition, Texinfo has several heading and footing commands that you can
use to generate your own heading and footing formats.

  In Texinfo, headings and footings are single lines at the tops and
bottoms of pages; you cannot create multiline headings or footings.
Each header or footer line is divided into three parts: a left part, a
middle part, and a right part.  Any part, or a whole line, may be left
blank.  Text for the left part of a header or footer line is set
flushleft; text for the middle part is centered; and, text for the
right part is set flushright.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Heading Format,  Next: Heading Choice,  Prev: Headings Introduced,  Up: Headings

E.2 Standard Heading Formats
============================

Texinfo provides two standard heading formats, one for manuals printed
on one side of each sheet of paper, and the other for manuals printed
on both sides of the paper.

  By default, nothing is specified for the footing of a Texinfo file,
so the footing remains blank.

  The standard format for single-sided printing consists of a header
line in which the left-hand part contains the name of the chapter, the
central part is blank, and the right-hand part contains the page number.

  A single-sided page looks like this:

       _______________________
      |                       |
      | chapter   page number |
      |                       |
      | Start of text ...     |
      | ...                   |
      |                       |

  The standard format for two-sided printing depends on whether the page
number is even or odd.  By convention, even-numbered pages are on the
left- and odd-numbered pages are on the right.  (TeX will adjust the
widths of the left- and right-hand margins.  Usually, widths are
correct, but during double-sided printing, it is wise to check that
pages will bind properly--sometimes a printer will produce output in
which the even-numbered pages have a larger right-hand margin than the
odd-numbered pages.)

  In the standard double-sided format, the left part of the left-hand
(even-numbered) page contains the page number, the central part is
blank, and the right part contains the title (specified by the
`@settitle' command).  The left part of the right-hand (odd-numbered)
page contains the name of the chapter, the central part is blank, and
the right part contains the page number.

  Two pages, side by side as in an open book, look like this:

       _______________________     _______________________
      |                       |   |                       |
      | page number     title |   | chapter   page number |
      |                       |   |                       |
      | Start of text ...     |   | More  text ...        |
      | ...                   |   | ...                   |
      |                       |   |                       |

The chapter name is preceded by the word "Chapter", the chapter number
and a colon.  This makes it easier to keep track of where you are in the
manual.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Heading Choice,  Next: Custom Headings,  Prev: Heading Format,  Up: Headings

E.3 Specifying the Type of Heading
==================================

TeX does not begin to generate page headings for a standard Texinfo
file until it reaches the `@end titlepage' command.  Thus, the title
and copyright pages are not numbered.  The `@end titlepage' command
causes TeX to begin to generate page headings according to a standard
format specified by the `@setchapternewpage' command that precedes the
`@titlepage' section.

  There are four possibilities:

No `@setchapternewpage' command
     Cause TeX to specify the single-sided heading format, with chapters
     on new pages. This is the same as `@setchapternewpage on'.

`@setchapternewpage on'
     Specify the single-sided heading format, with chapters on new
     pages.

`@setchapternewpage off'
     Cause TeX to start a new chapter on the same page as the last page
     of the preceding chapter, after skipping some vertical whitespace.
     Also cause TeX to typeset for single-sided printing.  (You can
     override the headers format with the `@headings double' command;
     see *Note The `@headings' Command: headings on off.)

`@setchapternewpage odd'
     Specify the double-sided heading format, with chapters on new
     pages.

Texinfo lacks an `@setchapternewpage even' command.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Custom Headings,  Prev: Heading Choice,  Up: Headings

E.4 How to Make Your Own Headings
=================================

You can use the standard headings provided with Texinfo or specify your
own.  By default, Texinfo has no footers, so if you specify them, the
available page size for the main text will be slightly reduced.

  Texinfo provides six commands for specifying headings and footings:
   * `@everyheading' `@everyfooting' generate page headers and footers
     that are the same for both even- and odd-numbered pages.

   * `@evenheading' and `@evenfooting' command generate headers and
     footers for even-numbered (left-hand) pages.

   * `@oddheading' and `@oddfooting' generate headers and footers for
     odd-numbered (right-hand) pages.

  Write custom heading specifications in the Texinfo file immediately
after the `@end titlepage' command.  You must cancel the predefined
heading commands with the `@headings off' command before defining your
own specifications.

  Here is how to tell TeX to place the chapter name at the left, the
page number in the center, and the date at the right of every header
for both even- and odd-numbered pages:

     @headings off
     @everyheading @thischapter @| @thispage @| @today{}

You need to divide the left part from the central part and the central
part from the right part by inserting `@|' between parts.  Otherwise,
the specification command will not be able to tell where the text for
one part ends and the next part begins.

  Each part can contain text or @-commands.  The text is printed as if
the part were within an ordinary paragraph in the body of the page.
The @-commands replace themselves with the page number, date, chapter
name, or whatever.

  Here are the six heading and footing commands:

`@everyheading LEFT @| CENTER @| RIGHT'
`@everyfooting LEFT @| CENTER @| RIGHT'
     The `every' commands specify the format for both even- and
     odd-numbered pages.  These commands are for documents that are
     printed on one side of each sheet of paper, or for documents in
     which you want symmetrical headers or footers.

`@evenheading LEFT @| CENTER @| RIGHT'
`@oddheading  LEFT @| CENTER @| RIGHT'
`@evenfooting LEFT @| CENTER @| RIGHT'
`@oddfooting  LEFT @| CENTER @| RIGHT'
     The `even' and `odd' commands specify the format for even-numbered
     pages and odd-numbered pages.  These commands are for books and
     manuals that are printed on both sides of each sheet of paper.

  Use the `@this...' series of @-commands to provide the names of
chapters and sections and the page number.  You can use the `@this...'
commands in the left, center, or right portions of headers and footers,
or anywhere else in a Texinfo file so long as they are between `@iftex'
and `@end iftex' commands.

  Here are the `@this...' commands:

`@thispage'
     Expands to the current page number.

`@thischaptername'
     Expands to the name of the current chapter.

`@thischapter'
     Expands to the number and name of the current chapter, in the
     format `Chapter 1: Title'.

`@thistitle'
     Expands to the name of the document, as specified by the
     `@settitle' command.

`@thisfile'
     For `@include' files only: expands to the name of the current
     `@include' file.  If the current Texinfo source file is not an
     `@include' file, this command has no effect.  This command does
     _not_ provide the name of the current Texinfo source file unless
     it is an `@include' file.  (*Note Include Files::, for more
     information about `@include' files.)

You can also use the `@today{}' command, which expands to the current
date, in `1 Jan 1900' format.  

  Other @-commands and text are printed in a header or footer just as
if they were in the body of a page.  It is useful to incorporate text,
particularly when you are writing drafts:

     @headings off
     @everyheading @emph{Draft!} @| @thispage @| @thischapter
     @everyfooting @| @| Version: 0.27: @today{}

  Beware of overlong titles: they may overlap another part of the
header or footer and blot it out.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Catching Mistakes,  Next: Copying This Manual,  Prev: Headings,  Up: Top

Appendix F Formatting Mistakes
******************************

Besides mistakes in the content of your documentation, there are two
kinds of mistake you can make with Texinfo: you can make mistakes with
@-commands, and you can make mistakes with the structure of the nodes
and chapters.

  Emacs has two tools for catching the @-command mistakes and two for
catching structuring mistakes.

  For finding problems with @-commands, you can run TeX or a region
formatting command on the region that has a problem; indeed, you can
run these commands on each region as you write it.

  For finding problems with the structure of nodes and chapters, you
can use `C-c C-s' (`texinfo-show-structure') and the related `occur'
command and you can use the `M-x Info-validate' command.

* Menu:

* makeinfo Preferred::          `makeinfo' finds errors.
* Debugging with Info::         How to catch errors with Info formatting.
* Debugging with TeX::          How to catch errors with TeX formatting.
* Using texinfo-show-structure::  How to use `texinfo-show-structure'.
* Using occur::                 How to list all lines containing a pattern.
* Running Info-Validate::       How to find badly referenced nodes.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: makeinfo Preferred,  Next: Debugging with Info,  Up: Catching Mistakes

F.1 `makeinfo' Find Errors
==========================

The `makeinfo' program does an excellent job of catching errors and
reporting them--far better than `texinfo-format-region' or
`texinfo-format-buffer'.  In addition, the various functions for
automatically creating and updating node pointers and menus remove many
opportunities for human error.

  If you can, use the updating commands to create and insert pointers
and menus.  These prevent many errors.  Then use `makeinfo' (or its
Texinfo mode manifestations, `makeinfo-region' and `makeinfo-buffer')
to format your file and check for other errors.  This is the best way
to work with Texinfo.  But if you cannot use `makeinfo', or your
problem is very puzzling, then you may want to use the tools described
in this appendix.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Debugging with Info,  Next: Debugging with TeX,  Prev: makeinfo Preferred,  Up: Catching Mistakes

F.2 Catching Errors with Info Formatting
========================================

After you have written part of a Texinfo file, you can use the
`texinfo-format-region' or the `makeinfo-region' command to see whether
the region formats properly.

  Most likely, however, you are reading this section because for some
reason you cannot use the `makeinfo-region' command; therefore, the
rest of this section presumes that you are using
`texinfo-format-region'.

  If you have made a mistake with an @-command, `texinfo-format-region'
will stop processing at or after the error and display an error
message.  To see where in the buffer the error occurred, switch to the
`*Info Region*' buffer; the cursor will be in a position that is after
the location of the error.  Also, the text will not be formatted after
the place where the error occurred (or more precisely, where it was
detected).

  For example, if you accidentally end a menu with the command `@end
menus' with an `s' on the end, instead of with `@end menu', you will
see an error message that says:

     @end menus is not handled by texinfo

The cursor will stop at the point in the buffer where the error occurs,
or not long after it.  The buffer will look like this:

     ---------- Buffer: *Info Region* ----------
     * Menu:

     * Using texinfo-show-structure::  How to use
                                      `texinfo-show-structure'
                                      to catch mistakes.
     * Running Info-Validate::         How to check for
                                      unreferenced nodes.
     @end menus
     -!-
     ---------- Buffer: *Info Region* ----------

  The `texinfo-format-region' command sometimes provides slightly odd
error messages.  For example, the following cross reference fails to
format:

     (@xref{Catching Mistakes, for more info.)

In this case, `texinfo-format-region' detects the missing closing brace
but displays a message that says `Unbalanced parentheses' rather than
`Unbalanced braces'.  This is because the formatting command looks for
mismatches between braces as if they were parentheses.

  Sometimes `texinfo-format-region' fails to detect mistakes.  For
example, in the following, the closing brace is swapped with the
closing parenthesis:

     (@xref{Catching Mistakes), for more info.}

Formatting produces:
     (*Note for more info.: Catching Mistakes)

  The only way for you to detect this error is to realize that the
reference should have looked like this:

     (*Note Catching Mistakes::, for more info.)

  Incidentally, if you are reading this node in Info and type `f <RET>'
(`Info-follow-reference'), you will generate an error message that says:

     No such node: "Catching Mistakes) The only way ...

This is because Info perceives the example of the error as the first
cross reference in this node and if you type a <RET> immediately after
typing the Info `f' command, Info will attempt to go to the referenced
node.  If you type `f catch <TAB> <RET>', Info will complete the node
name of the correctly written example and take you to the `Catching
Mistakes' node.  (If you try this, you can return from the `Catching
Mistakes' node by typing `l' (`Info-last').)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Debugging with TeX,  Next: Using texinfo-show-structure,  Prev: Debugging with Info,  Up: Catching Mistakes

F.3 Catching Errors with TeX Formatting
=======================================

You can also catch mistakes when you format a file with TeX.

  Usually, you will want to do this after you have run
`texinfo-format-buffer' (or, better, `makeinfo-buffer') on the same
file, because `texinfo-format-buffer' sometimes displays error messages
that make more sense than TeX.  (*Note Debugging with Info::, for more
information.)

  For example, TeX was run on a Texinfo file, part of which is shown
here:

     ---------- Buffer: texinfo.texi ----------
     name of the Texinfo file as an extension.  The
     @samp{??} are `wildcards' that cause the shell to
     substitute all the raw index files.  (@xref{sorting
     indices, for more information about sorting
     indices.)@refill
     ---------- Buffer: texinfo.texi ----------

(The cross reference lacks a closing brace.)  TeX produced the
following output, after which it stopped:

     ---------- Buffer: *tex-shell* ----------
     Runaway argument?
     {sorting indices, for more information about sorting
     indices.) @refill @ETC.
     ! Paragraph ended before @xref was complete.
     <to be read again>
                       @par
     l.27

     ?
     ---------- Buffer: *tex-shell* ----------

  In this case, TeX produced an accurate and understandable error
message:

     Paragraph ended before @xref was complete.

`@par' is an internal TeX command of no relevance to Texinfo.  `l.27'
means that TeX detected the problem on line 27 of the Texinfo file.
The `?' is the prompt TeX uses in this circumstance.

  Unfortunately, TeX is not always so helpful, and sometimes you must
truly be a Sherlock Holmes to discover what went wrong.

  In any case, if you run into a problem like this, you can do one of
three things.

  1. You can tell TeX to continue running and ignore just this error by
     typing <RET> at the `?' prompt.

  2. You can tell TeX to continue running and to ignore all errors as
     best it can by typing `r <RET>' at the `?' prompt.

     This is often the best thing to do.  However, beware: the one error
     may produce a cascade of additional error messages as its
     consequences are felt through the rest of the file.  To stop TeX
     when it is producing such an avalanche of error messages, type
     `C-c' (or `C-c C-c', if you are running a shell inside Emacs).

  3. You can tell TeX to stop this run by typing `x <RET>' at the `?'
     prompt.

  If you are running TeX inside Emacs, you need to switch to the shell
buffer and line at which TeX offers the `?' prompt.

  Sometimes TeX will format a file without producing error messages even
though there is a problem.  This usually occurs if a command is not
ended but TeX is able to continue processing anyhow.  For example, if
you fail to end an itemized list with the `@end itemize' command, TeX
will write a DVI file that you can print out.  The only error message
that TeX will give you is the somewhat mysterious comment that

     (@end occurred inside a group at level 1)

However, if you print the DVI file, you will find that the text of the
file that follows the itemized list is entirely indented as if it were
part of the last item in the itemized list.  The error message is the
way TeX says that it expected to find an `@end' command somewhere in
the file; but that it could not determine where it was needed.

  Another source of notoriously hard-to-find errors is a missing `@end
group' command.  If you ever are stumped by incomprehensible errors,
look for a missing `@end group' command first.

  If the Texinfo file lacks header lines, TeX may stop in the beginning
of its run and display output that looks like the following.  The `*'
indicates that TeX is waiting for input.

     This is TeX, Version 3.14159 (Web2c 7.0)
     (test.texinfo [1])
     *

In this case, simply type `\end <RET>' after the asterisk.  Then write
the header lines in the Texinfo file and run the TeX command again.
(Note the use of the backslash, `\'.  TeX uses `\' instead of `@'; and
in this circumstance, you are working directly with TeX, not with
Texinfo.)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Using texinfo-show-structure,  Next: Using occur,  Prev: Debugging with TeX,  Up: Catching Mistakes

F.4 Using `texinfo-show-structure'
==================================

It is not always easy to keep track of the nodes, chapters, sections,
and subsections of a Texinfo file.  This is especially true if you are
revising or adding to a Texinfo file that someone else has written.

  In GNU Emacs, in Texinfo mode, the `texinfo-show-structure' command
lists all the lines that begin with the @-commands that specify the
structure: `@chapter', `@section', `@appendix', and so on.  With an
argument (`C-u' as prefix argument, if interactive), the command also
shows the `@node' lines.  The `texinfo-show-structure' command is bound
to `C-c C-s' in Texinfo mode, by default.

  The lines are displayed in a buffer called the `*Occur*' buffer,
indented by hierarchical level.  For example, here is a part of what was
produced by running `texinfo-show-structure' on this manual:

     Lines matching "^@\\(chapter \\|sect\\|subs\\|subh\\|
     unnum\\|major\\|chapheading \\|heading \\|appendix\\)"
     in buffer texinfo.texi.
     ...
     4177:@chapter Nodes
     4198:    @heading Two Paths
     4231:    @section Node and Menu Illustration
     4337:    @section The @code{@@node} Command
     4393:        @subheading Choosing Node and Pointer Names
     4417:        @subsection How to Write an @code{@@node} Line
     4469:        @subsection @code{@@node} Line Tips
     ...

  This says that lines 4337, 4393, and 4417 of `texinfo.texi' begin
with the `@section', `@subheading', and `@subsection' commands
respectively.  If you move your cursor into the `*Occur*' window, you
can position the cursor over one of the lines and use the `C-c C-c'
command (`occur-mode-goto-occurrence'), to jump to the corresponding
spot in the Texinfo file.  *Note Using Occur: (emacs)Other Repeating
Search, for more information about `occur-mode-goto-occurrence'.

  The first line in the `*Occur*' window describes the "regular
expression" specified by TEXINFO-HEADING-PATTERN.  This regular
expression is the pattern that `texinfo-show-structure' looks for.
*Note Using Regular Expressions: (emacs)Regexps, for more information.

  When you invoke the `texinfo-show-structure' command, Emacs will
display the structure of the whole buffer.  If you want to see the
structure of just a part of the buffer, of one chapter, for example,
use the `C-x n n' (`narrow-to-region') command to mark the region.
(*Note Narrowing: (emacs)Narrowing.)  This is how the example used
above was generated.  (To see the whole buffer again, use `C-x n w'
(`widen').)

  If you call `texinfo-show-structure' with a prefix argument by typing
`C-u C-c C-s', it will list lines beginning with `@node' as well as the
lines beginning with the @-sign commands for `@chapter', `@section',
and the like.

  You can remind yourself of the structure of a Texinfo file by looking
at the list in the `*Occur*' window; and if you have mis-named a node
or left out a section, you can correct the mistake.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Using occur,  Next: Running Info-Validate,  Prev: Using texinfo-show-structure,  Up: Catching Mistakes

F.5 Using `occur'
=================

Sometimes the `texinfo-show-structure' command produces too much
information.  Perhaps you want to remind yourself of the overall
structure of a Texinfo file, and are overwhelmed by the detailed list
produced by `texinfo-show-structure'.  In this case, you can use the
`occur' command directly.  To do this, type

     M-x occur

and then, when prompted, type a "regexp", a regular expression for the
pattern you want to match.  (*Note Regular Expressions:
(emacs)Regexps.)  The `occur' command works from the current location
of the cursor in the buffer to the end of the buffer.  If you want to
run `occur' on the whole buffer, place the cursor at the beginning of
the buffer.

  For example, to see all the lines that contain the word `@chapter' in
them, just type `@chapter'.  This will produce a list of the chapters.
It will also list all the sentences with `@chapter' in the middle of
the line.

  If you want to see only those lines that start with the word
`@chapter', type `^@chapter' when prompted by `occur'.  If you want to
see all the lines that end with a word or phrase, end the last word
with a `$'; for example, `catching mistakes$'.  This can be helpful
when you want to see all the nodes that are part of the same chapter or
section and therefore have the same `Up' pointer.

  *Note Using Occur: (emacs)Other Repeating Search, for more
information.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Running Info-Validate,  Prev: Using occur,  Up: Catching Mistakes

F.6 Finding Badly Referenced Nodes
==================================

You can use the `Info-validate' command to check whether any of the
`Next', `Previous', `Up' or other node pointers fail to point to a
node.  This command checks that every node pointer points to an
existing node.  The `Info-validate' command works only on Info files,
not on Texinfo files.

  The `makeinfo' program validates pointers automatically, so you do
not need to use the `Info-validate' command if you are using
`makeinfo'.  You only may need to use `Info-validate' if you are unable
to run `makeinfo' and instead must create an Info file using
`texinfo-format-region' or `texinfo-format-buffer', or if you write an
Info file from scratch.

* Menu:

* Using Info-validate::         How to run `Info-validate'.
* Unsplit::                     How to create an unsplit file.
* Tagifying::                   How to tagify a file.
* Splitting::                   How to split a file manually.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Using Info-validate,  Next: Unsplit,  Up: Running Info-Validate

F.6.1 Running `Info-validate'
-----------------------------

To use `Info-validate', visit the Info file you wish to check and type:

     M-x Info-validate

Note that the `Info-validate' command requires an upper case `I'.  You
may also need to create a tag table before running `Info-validate'.
*Note Tagifying::.

  If your file is valid, you will receive a message that says "File
appears valid".  However, if you have a pointer that does not point to
a node, error messages will be displayed in a buffer called `*problems
in info file*'.

  For example, `Info-validate' was run on a test file that contained
only the first node of this manual.  One of the messages said:

     In node "Overview", invalid Next: Texinfo Mode

This meant that the node called `Overview' had a `Next' pointer that
did not point to anything (which was true in this case, since the test
file had only one node in it).

  Now suppose we add a node named `Texinfo Mode' to our test case but
we do not specify a `Previous' for this node.  Then we will get the
following error message:

     In node "Texinfo Mode", should have Previous: Overview

This is because every `Next' pointer should be matched by a `Previous'
(in the node where the `Next' points) which points back.

  `Info-validate' also checks that all menu entries and cross references
point to actual nodes.

  `Info-validate' requires a tag table and does not work with files
that have been split.  (The `texinfo-format-buffer' command
automatically splits large files.)  In order to use `Info-validate' on
a large file, you must run `texinfo-format-buffer' with an argument so
that it does not split the Info file; and you must create a tag table
for the unsplit file.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Unsplit,  Next: Tagifying,  Prev: Using Info-validate,  Up: Running Info-Validate

F.6.2 Creating an Unsplit File
------------------------------

You can run `Info-validate' only on a single Info file that has a tag
table.  The command will not work on the indirect subfiles that are
generated when a master file is split.  If you have a large file
(longer than 300,000 bytes or so), you need to run the
`texinfo-format-buffer' or `makeinfo-buffer' command in such a way that
it does not create indirect subfiles.  You will also need to create a
tag table for the Info file.  After you have done this, you can run
`Info-validate' and look for badly referenced nodes.

  The first step is to create an unsplit Info file.  To prevent
`texinfo-format-buffer' from splitting a Texinfo file into smaller Info
files, give a prefix to the `M-x texinfo-format-buffer' command:

     C-u M-x texinfo-format-buffer

or else

     C-u C-c C-e C-b

When you do this, Texinfo will not split the file and will not create a
tag table for it.  


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Tagifying,  Next: Splitting,  Prev: Unsplit,  Up: Running Info-Validate

F.6.3 Tagifying a File
----------------------

After creating an unsplit Info file, you must create a tag table for
it.  Visit the Info file you wish to tagify and type:

     M-x Info-tagify

(Note the upper case `I' in `Info-tagify'.)  This creates an Info file
with a tag table that you can validate.

  The third step is to validate the Info file:

     M-x Info-validate

(Note the upper case `I' in `Info-validate'.)  In brief, the steps are:

     C-u M-x texinfo-format-buffer
     M-x Info-tagify
     M-x Info-validate

  After you have validated the node structure, you can rerun
`texinfo-format-buffer' in the normal way so it will construct a tag
table and split the file automatically, or you can make the tag table
and split the file manually.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Splitting,  Prev: Tagifying,  Up: Running Info-Validate

F.6.4 Splitting a File Manually
-------------------------------

You should split a large file or else let the `texinfo-format-buffer'
or `makeinfo-buffer' command do it for you automatically.  (Generally
you will let one of the formatting commands do this job for you.  *Note
Creating an Info File::.)

  The split-off files are called the indirect subfiles.

  Info files are split to save memory.  With smaller files, Emacs does
not have make such a large buffer to hold the information.

  If an Info file has more than 30 nodes, you should also make a tag
table for it. *Note Using Info-validate::, for information about
creating a tag table.  (Again, tag tables are usually created
automatically by the formatting command; you only need to create a tag
table yourself if you are doing the job manually.  Most likely, you
will do this for a large, unsplit file on which you have run
`Info-validate'.)

  Visit the Info file you wish to tagify and split and type the two
commands:

     M-x Info-tagify
     M-x Info-split

(Note that the `I' in `Info' is upper case.)

  When you use the `Info-split' command, the buffer is modified into a
(small) Info file which lists the indirect subfiles.  This file should
be saved in place of the original visited file.  The indirect subfiles
are written in the same directory the original file is in, with names
generated by appending `-' and a number to the original file name.

  The primary file still functions as an Info file, but it contains just
the tag table and a directory of subfiles.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Copying This Manual,  Next: Command and Variable Index,  Prev: Catching Mistakes,  Up: Top

Appendix G Copying This Manual
******************************

* Menu:

* GNU Free Documentation License::  License for copying this manual.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: GNU Free Documentation License,  Up: Copying This Manual

G.1 GNU Free Documentation License
==================================

                      Version 1.2, November 2002

     Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

  0. PREAMBLE

     The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
     functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
     assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
     with or without modifying it, either commercially or
     noncommercially.  Secondarily, this License preserves for the
     author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
     being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

     This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
     works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
     It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
     license designed for free software.

     We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
     free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
     free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
     that the software does.  But this License is not limited to
     software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
     of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
     We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
     instruction or reference.

  1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

     This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
     that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
     can be distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice
     grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
     to use that work under the conditions stated herein.  The
     "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work.  Any member
     of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You
     accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
     way requiring permission under copyright law.

     A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
     Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
     modifications and/or translated into another language.

     A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
     of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
     publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
     subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
     fall directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document
     is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
     explain any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of
     historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
     of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
     regarding them.

     The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
     titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
     the notice that says that the Document is released under this
     License.  If a section does not fit the above definition of
     Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
     The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document
     does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.

     The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
     listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
     that says that the Document is released under this License.  A
     Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
     be at most 25 words.

     A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
     represented in a format whose specification is available to the
     general public, that is suitable for revising the document
     straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
     composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
     widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
     text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
     formats suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in an
     otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
     markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
     modification by readers is not Transparent.  An image format is
     not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text.  A
     copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

     Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
     ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
     SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
     standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
     human modification.  Examples of transparent image formats include
     PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats include proprietary formats that
     can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
     XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
     available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
     produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

     The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
     plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
     material this License requires to appear in the title page.  For
     works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
     Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
     work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

     A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
     whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
     following text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ
     stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
     "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
     To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
     Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
     to this definition.

     The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
     which states that this License applies to the Document.  These
     Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
     this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
     implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
     has no effect on the meaning of this License.

  2. VERBATIM COPYING

     You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
     commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
     copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
     applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
     add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You
     may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
     or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However,
     you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you
     distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
     the conditions in section 3.

     You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
     and you may publicly display copies.

  3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

     If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
     have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
     the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
     enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
     these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
     Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly
     and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The
     front cover must present the full title with all words of the
     title equally prominent and visible.  You may add other material
     on the covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the
     covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
     satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
     other respects.

     If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
     legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
     reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
     adjacent pages.

     If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
     numbering more than 100, you must either include a
     machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
     state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
     which the general network-using public has access to download
     using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
     copy of the Document, free of added material.  If you use the
     latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
     begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
     this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
     location until at least one year after the last time you
     distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
     retailers) of that edition to the public.

     It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
     the Document well before redistributing any large number of
     copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
     version of the Document.

  4. MODIFICATIONS

     You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
     under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
     release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
     the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
     licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
     whoever possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these
     things in the Modified Version:

       A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
          distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
          previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
          in the History section of the Document).  You may use the
          same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
          that version gives permission.

       B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
          entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
          the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
          principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
          authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
          from this requirement.

       C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
          Modified Version, as the publisher.

       D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

       E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
          adjacent to the other copyright notices.

       F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
          notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
          Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
          the Addendum below.

       G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
          Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
          license notice.

       H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

       I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
          and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
          authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
          the Title Page.  If there is no section Entitled "History" in
          the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
          and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
          then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
          the previous sentence.

       J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
          for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
          likewise the network locations given in the Document for
          previous versions it was based on.  These may be placed in
          the "History" section.  You may omit a network location for a
          work that was published at least four years before the
          Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
          it refers to gives permission.

       K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
          Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
          section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
          acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

       L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
          unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
          or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
          titles.

       M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
          may not be included in the Modified Version.

       N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
          "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
          Section.

       O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

     If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
     appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
     material copied from the Document, you may at your option
     designate some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this,
     add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
     Version's license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any
     other section titles.

     You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
     nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
     parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
     has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
     definition of a standard.

     You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
     and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
     of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one
     passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
     added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the
     Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
     previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
     you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
     replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
     publisher that added the old one.

     The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
     License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
     assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

  5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

     You may combine the Document with other documents released under
     this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
     modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
     all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
     unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
     combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
     their Warranty Disclaimers.

     The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
     multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
     copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
     but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
     by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
     original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
     unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
     the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
     combined work.

     In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
     "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
     Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
     "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You
     must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."

  6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

     You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
     documents released under this License, and replace the individual
     copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
     that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
     rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
     documents in all other respects.

     You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
     distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
     a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
     this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
     that document.

  7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

     A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
     separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
     a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
     copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
     legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
     works permit.  When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
     License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
     are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

     If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
     copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
     of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
     on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
     electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
     form.  Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
     the whole aggregate.

  8. TRANSLATION

     Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
     distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
     4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
     permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
     translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
     original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
     translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
     Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
     include the original English version of this License and the
     original versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a
     disagreement between the translation and the original version of
     this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
     prevail.

     If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
     "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
     Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
     actual title.

  9. TERMINATION

     You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
     except as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other
     attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
     void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
     License.  However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
     from you under this License will not have their licenses
     terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

     The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
     the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
     versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
     differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
     `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.

     Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
     number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
     version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
     have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
     that specified version or of any later version that has been
     published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If
     the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
     you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
     Free Software Foundation.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:

       Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
       under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
       or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
       with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
       Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
       Free Documentation License''.

  If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

         with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
         the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
         being LIST.

  If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.

  If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Command and Variable Index,  Next: Concept Index,  Prev: Copying This Manual,  Up: Top

Command and Variable Index
**************************

This is an alphabetical list of all the @-commands, assorted Emacs Lisp
functions, and several variables.  To make the list easier to use, the
commands are listed without their preceding `@'.

[index]
* Menu:

* ! (end of sentence):                   Ending a Sentence.   (line   6)
* " (umlaut accent):                     Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* ' (umlaut accent):                     Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* * (force line break):                  Line Breaks.         (line   6)
* , (cedilla accent):                    Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* - (discretionary hyphen):              - and hyphenation.   (line   6)
* .  (end of sentence):                  Ending a Sentence.   (line   6)
* / (allow line break):                  Line Breaks.         (line   6)
* <colon> (suppress end-of-sentence space): Not Ending a Sentence.
                                                              (line  16)
* <newline>:                             Multiple Spaces.     (line   6)
* <space>:                               Multiple Spaces.     (line   6)
* <tab>:                                 Multiple Spaces.     (line   6)
* = (macron accent):                     Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* ? (end of sentence):                   Ending a Sentence.   (line   6)
* @ (literal @):                         Inserting an Atsign. (line   6)
* \ (literal \ in @math):                math.                (line  28)
* \emergencystretch:                     Overfull hboxes.     (line  31)
* \gdef within @tex:                     Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line  29)
* \input (raw TeX startup):              Minimum.             (line  24)
* \mag (raw TeX magnification):          Cropmarks and Magnification.
                                                              (line  24)
* ^ (circumflex accent):                 Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* ` (grave accent):                      Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* aa:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* AA:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* abbr:                                  abbr.                (line   6)
* acronym:                               acronym.             (line   6)
* ae:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* AE:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* afourlatex:                            A4 Paper.            (line  23)
* afourpaper:                            A4 Paper.            (line   6)
* afourwide:                             A4 Paper.            (line  23)
* alias:                                 alias.               (line   6)
* anchor:                                anchor.              (line   6)
* appendix:                              unnumbered & appendix.
                                                              (line   6)
* appendixsec:                           unnumberedsec appendixsec heading.
                                                              (line   6)
* appendixsection:                       unnumberedsec appendixsec heading.
                                                              (line  18)
* appendixsubsec:                        unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading.
                                                              (line   6)
* appendixsubsubsec:                     subsubsection.       (line   6)
* apply:                                 Sample Function Definition.
                                                              (line  14)
* asis:                                  table.               (line  20)
* author:                                title subtitle author.
                                                              (line   6)
* b (bold font):                         Fonts.               (line  12)
* bullet:                                bullet.              (line   6)
* bye <1>:                               File End.            (line   6)
* bye:                                   Ending a File.       (line   6)
* c (comment):                           Comments.            (line   6)
* caption:                               caption shortcaption.
                                                              (line   6)
* cartouche:                             cartouche.           (line   6)
* center:                                titlefont center sp. (line   6)
* centerchap:                            chapter.             (line  25)
* chapheading:                           majorheading & chapheading.
                                                              (line   6)
* chapter:                               chapter.             (line   6)
* cite:                                  cite.                (line   6)
* code:                                  code.                (line   6)
* columnfractions:                       Multitable Column Widths.
                                                              (line  11)
* comma:                                 Inserting a Comma.   (line   6)
* command:                               command.             (line   6)
* comment:                               Comments.            (line   6)
* contents:                              Contents.            (line   6)
* copying:                               copying.             (line   6)
* copyright <1>:                         copyright symbol.    (line   6)
* copyright:                             copying.             (line  37)
* cropmarks:                             Cropmarks and Magnification.
                                                              (line   6)
* defcodeindex:                          New Indices.         (line   6)
* defcv:                                 Object-Oriented Variables.
                                                              (line  10)
* deffn:                                 Functions Commands.  (line   9)
* deffnx:                                deffnx.              (line   6)
* defindex:                              New Indices.         (line   6)
* definfoenclose:                        definfoenclose.      (line   6)
* defivar:                               Object-Oriented Variables.
                                                              (line  47)
* defmac:                                Functions Commands.  (line  58)
* defmethod:                             Object-Oriented Methods.
                                                              (line  59)
* defop:                                 Object-Oriented Methods.
                                                              (line  11)
* defopt:                                Variables Commands.  (line  56)
* defspec:                               Functions Commands.  (line  63)
* deftp:                                 Data Types.          (line   8)
* deftypecv:                             Object-Oriented Variables.
                                                              (line  28)
* deftypefn:                             Typed Functions.     (line  10)
* deftypefun:                            Typed Functions.     (line  76)
* deftypeivar:                           Object-Oriented Variables.
                                                              (line  63)
* deftypeop:                             Object-Oriented Methods.
                                                              (line  51)
* deftypevar:                            Typed Variables.     (line  40)
* deftypevr:                             Typed Variables.     (line  12)
* defun:                                 Functions Commands.  (line  48)
* defvar:                                Variables Commands.  (line  38)
* defvr:                                 Variables Commands.  (line   8)
* dfn:                                   dfn.                 (line   6)
* dircategory:                           Installing Dir Entries.
                                                              (line  11)
* direntry:                              Installing Dir Entries.
                                                              (line  11)
* display:                               display.             (line   6)
* dmn:                                   dmn.                 (line   6)
* docbook:                               Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line  53)
* documentdescription:                   documentdescription. (line   6)
* documentencoding:                      documentencoding.    (line   6)
* documentlanguage:                      documentlanguage.    (line   6)
* dotaccent:                             Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* dotless:                               Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* dots:                                  dots.                (line   6)
* email:                                 email.               (line   6)
* emph:                                  emph & strong.       (line   6)
* end <1>:                               Quotations and Examples.
                                                              (line  10)
* end:                                   Introducing Lists.   (line  20)
* end titlepage:                         end titlepage.       (line   6)
* enddots:                               dots.                (line   6)
* enumerate:                             enumerate.           (line   6)
* env:                                   env.                 (line   6)
* equiv:                                 Equivalence.         (line   6)
* error:                                 Error Glyph.         (line   6)
* euro:                                  euro.                (line   6)
* evenfooting:                           Custom Headings.     (line  51)
* evenheading:                           Custom Headings.     (line  51)
* everyfooting:                          Custom Headings.     (line  44)
* everyheading:                          Custom Headings.     (line  44)
* example:                               example.             (line   6)
* exampleindent:                         exampleindent.       (line   6)
* exclamdown:                            Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* exdent:                                exdent.              (line   6)
* expansion:                             expansion.           (line   6)
* file:                                  file.                (line   6)
* filll TeX dimension:                   Copyright.           (line  12)
* finalout:                              Overfull hboxes.     (line  46)
* firstparagraphindent:                  firstparagraphindent.
                                                              (line   6)
* float:                                 float.               (line   6)
* flushleft:                             flushleft & flushright.
                                                              (line   6)
* flushright:                            flushleft & flushright.
                                                              (line   6)
* fn-name:                               Def Cmd Continuation Lines.
                                                              (line  19)
* foobar:                                Optional Arguments.  (line  23)
* footnote:                              Footnotes.           (line   6)
* footnotestyle:                         Footnote Styles.     (line  44)
* format:                                format.              (line   6)
* forward-word:                          Def Cmd Template.    (line  35)
* ftable:                                ftable vtable.       (line   6)
* group:                                 group.               (line   6)
* H (Hungarian umlaut accent):           Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* hbox:                                  Overfull hboxes.     (line  14)
* heading:                               unnumberedsec appendixsec heading.
                                                              (line   6)
* headings:                              headings on off.     (line   6)
* headitem:                              Multitable Rows.     (line  12)
* headword:                              definfoenclose.      (line  58)
* html:                                  Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line  45)
* hyphenation:                           - and hyphenation.   (line   6)
* i (italic font):                       Fonts.               (line  15)
* ifclear:                               ifset ifclear.       (line  47)
* ifdocbook <1>:                         Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line  53)
* ifdocbook:                             Conditional Commands.
                                                              (line  14)
* ifhtml <1>:                            Conditional Commands.
                                                              (line  14)
* ifhtml:                                Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line  45)
* ifinfo:                                Conditional Commands.
                                                              (line   9)
* ifnotdocbook:                          Conditional Not Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* ifnothtml:                             Conditional Not Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* ifnotinfo:                             Conditional Not Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* ifnotplaintext:                        Conditional Not Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* ifnottex:                              Conditional Not Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* ifnotxml:                              Conditional Not Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* ifplaintext:                           Conditional Commands.
                                                              (line  14)
* ifset:                                 ifset ifclear.       (line   6)
* iftex:                                 Conditional Commands.
                                                              (line  14)
* ifxml <1>:                             Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line  49)
* ifxml:                                 Conditional Commands.
                                                              (line  14)
* ignore:                                Comments.            (line  19)
* image:                                 Images.              (line   6)
* include:                               Using Include Files. (line   6)
* indent:                                indent.              (line   6)
* indicateurl:                           indicateurl.         (line   6)
* Info-validate:                         Running Info-Validate.
                                                              (line   6)
* inforef:                               inforef.             (line   6)
* insertcopying:                         insertcopying.       (line   6)
* isearch-backward:                      deffnx.              (line  22)
* isearch-forward:                       deffnx.              (line  21)
* item <1>:                              Multitable Rows.     (line   6)
* item <2>:                              itemize.             (line  22)
* item:                                  table.               (line  31)
* itemize:                               itemize.             (line   6)
* itemx:                                 itemx.               (line   6)
* kbd:                                   kbd.                 (line   6)
* kbdinputstyle:                         kbd.                 (line  26)
* key:                                   key.                 (line   6)
* L:                                     Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* l:                                     Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* LaTeX:                                 tex.                 (line   6)
* lisp:                                  lisp.                (line   6)
* listoffloats:                          listoffloats.        (line   6)
* lowersections:                         Raise/lower sections.
                                                              (line   6)
* macro:                                 Defining Macros.     (line   6)
* majorheading:                          majorheading & chapheading.
                                                              (line   6)
* makeinfo-buffer:                       makeinfo in Emacs.   (line  16)
* makeinfo-kill-job:                     makeinfo in Emacs.   (line  37)
* makeinfo-recenter-output-buffer:       makeinfo in Emacs.   (line  42)
* makeinfo-region:                       makeinfo in Emacs.   (line  12)
* math:                                  math.                (line   6)
* menu:                                  Menus.               (line   6)
* minus:                                 minus.               (line   6)
* multitable:                            Multi-column Tables. (line   6)
* need:                                  need.                (line   6)
* next-error:                            makeinfo in Emacs.   (line  26)
* node:                                  node.                (line   6)
* noindent:                              noindent.            (line   6)
* novalidate:                            Format with tex/texindex.
                                                              (line  83)
* O:                                     Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* o:                                     Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* occur:                                 Using occur.         (line   6)
* occur-mode-goto-occurrence:            Showing the Structure.
                                                              (line  22)
* oddfooting:                            Custom Headings.     (line  51)
* oddheading:                            Custom Headings.     (line  51)
* OE:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* oe:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* option:                                option.              (line   6)
* ordf:                                  Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* ordm:                                  Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* page:                                  page.                (line   6)
* page, within @titlepage:               titlepage.           (line  17)
* pagesizes:                             pagesizes.           (line   6)
* paragraphindent:                       paragraphindent.     (line   6)
* phoo:                                  definfoenclose.      (line  35)
* point:                                 Point Glyph.         (line   6)
* pounds:                                pounds.              (line   6)
* print:                                 Print Glyph.         (line   6)
* printindex:                            Printing Indices & Menus.
                                                              (line  23)
* pxref:                                 pxref.               (line   6)
* questiondown:                          Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* quotation:                             quotation.           (line   6)
* r (roman font):                        Fonts.               (line  18)
* raisesections:                         Raise/lower sections.
                                                              (line   6)
* ref:                                   ref.                 (line   6)
* registeredsymbol:                      registered symbol.   (line   6)
* result:                                result.              (line   6)
* ringaccent:                            Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* rmacro:                                Defining Macros.     (line  44)
* samp:                                  samp.                (line   6)
* sansserif (sans serif font):           Fonts.               (line  22)
* sc (small caps font):                  Smallcaps.           (line   6)
* section:                               section.             (line   6)
* setchapternewpage:                     setchapternewpage.   (line   6)
* setcontentsaftertitlepage:             Contents.            (line  51)
* setfilename:                           setfilename.         (line   6)
* setshortcontentsaftertitlepage:        Contents.            (line  51)
* settitle:                              settitle.            (line   6)
* shortcaption:                          caption shortcaption.
                                                              (line   6)
* shortcontents:                         Contents.            (line   6)
* shorttitlepage:                        titlepage.           (line  46)
* slanted (slanted font):                Fonts.               (line  25)
* smallbook:                             smallbook.           (line   6)
* smalldisplay <1>:                      small.               (line   6)
* smalldisplay:                          display.             (line  17)
* smallexample:                          small.               (line   6)
* smallformat <1>:                       small.               (line   6)
* smallformat:                           format.              (line  15)
* smalllisp:                             small.               (line   6)
* sp (line spacing):                     sp.                  (line   6)
* sp (titlepage line spacing):           titlefont center sp. (line   6)
* ss:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* strong:                                emph & strong.       (line   6)
* subheading:                            unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading.
                                                              (line   6)
* subsection:                            subsection.          (line   6)
* subsubheading:                         subsubsection.       (line   6)
* subsubsection:                         subsubsection.       (line   6)
* subtitle:                              title subtitle author.
                                                              (line   6)
* summarycontents:                       Contents.            (line   6)
* syncodeindex:                          syncodeindex.        (line   6)
* synindex:                              synindex.            (line   6)
* t (typewriter font):                   Fonts.               (line  28)
* tab:                                   Multitable Rows.     (line   6)
* table:                                 Two-column Tables.   (line   6)
* TeX:                                   tex.                 (line   6)
* tex:                                   Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line  21)
* texinfo-all-menus-update:              Updating Commands.   (line 112)
* texinfo-every-node-update:             Updating Commands.   (line 107)
* texinfo-format-buffer <1>:             Info Formatting.     (line  22)
* texinfo-format-buffer:                 texinfo-format commands.
                                                              (line  23)
* texinfo-format-region <1>:             texinfo-format commands.
                                                              (line  19)
* texinfo-format-region:                 Info Formatting.     (line  13)
* texinfo-indent-menu-description:       Other Updating Commands.
                                                              (line  45)
* texinfo-insert-@code:                  Inserting.           (line  15)
* texinfo-insert-@dfn:                   Inserting.           (line  19)
* texinfo-insert-@end:                   Inserting.           (line  23)
* texinfo-insert-@example:               Inserting.           (line  62)
* texinfo-insert-@item:                  Inserting.           (line  30)
* texinfo-insert-@kbd:                   Inserting.           (line  35)
* texinfo-insert-@node:                  Inserting.           (line  39)
* texinfo-insert-@noindent:              Inserting.           (line  44)
* texinfo-insert-@samp:                  Inserting.           (line  49)
* texinfo-insert-@table:                 Inserting.           (line  53)
* texinfo-insert-@var:                   Inserting.           (line  58)
* texinfo-insert-braces:                 Inserting.           (line  67)
* texinfo-insert-node-lines:             Other Updating Commands.
                                                              (line  10)
* texinfo-make-menu:                     Updating Commands.   (line  93)
* texinfo-master-menu:                   Updating Commands.   (line  55)
* texinfo-multiple-files-update:         texinfo-multiple-files-update.
                                                              (line   6)
* texinfo-multiple-files-update (in brief): Other Updating Commands.
                                                              (line  34)
* texinfo-sequential-node-update:        Other Updating Commands.
                                                              (line  54)
* texinfo-show-structure <1>:            Showing the Structure.
                                                              (line  18)
* texinfo-show-structure:                Using texinfo-show-structure.
                                                              (line   6)
* texinfo-start-menu-description:        Inserting.           (line  94)
* texinfo-tex-buffer:                    Printing.            (line  21)
* texinfo-tex-print:                     Printing.            (line  42)
* texinfo-tex-region:                    Printing.            (line  27)
* texinfo-update-node:                   Updating Commands.   (line  83)
* thischapter:                           Custom Headings.     (line  73)
* thischaptername:                       Custom Headings.     (line  70)
* thisfile:                              Custom Headings.     (line  81)
* thispage:                              Custom Headings.     (line  67)
* thistitle:                             Custom Headings.     (line  77)
* tie (unbreakable interword space):     tie.                 (line   6)
* tieaccent:                             Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* title:                                 title subtitle author.
                                                              (line   6)
* titlefont:                             titlefont center sp. (line   6)
* titlepage:                             titlepage.           (line   6)
* today:                                 Custom Headings.     (line  90)
* top:                                   The Top Node.        (line  13)
* top (@-command):                       makeinfo top command.
                                                              (line   6)
* u (breve accent):                      Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* ubaraccent:                            Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* udotaccent:                            Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* unmacro:                               Defining Macros.     (line  56)
* unnumbered:                            unnumbered & appendix.
                                                              (line   6)
* unnumberedsec:                         unnumberedsec appendixsec heading.
                                                              (line   6)
* unnumberedsubsec:                      unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading.
                                                              (line   6)
* unnumberedsubsubsec:                   subsubsection.       (line   6)
* up-list:                               Inserting.           (line  72)
* uref:                                  uref.                (line   6)
* v (check accent):                      Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* value:                                 set value.           (line   6)
* var:                                   var.                 (line   6)
* verb:                                  verb.                (line   6)
* verbatim:                              verbatim.            (line   6)
* verbatiminclude:                       verbatiminclude.     (line   6)
* vskip TeX vertical skip:               Copyright.           (line  12)
* vtable:                                ftable vtable.       (line   6)
* w (prevent line break):                w.                   (line   6)
* xml:                                   Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line  49)
* xref:                                  xref.                (line   6)
* { (literal {):                         Inserting Braces.    (line   6)
* } (literal }):                         Inserting Braces.    (line   6)
* ~ (tilde accent):                      Inserting Accents.   (line  17)


File: texinfo.info,  Node: Concept Index,  Prev: Command and Variable Index,  Up: Top

Concept Index
*************

[index]
* Menu:

* !:                                     Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* $Id:                                   GNU Sample Texts.    (line  21)
* $Id expansion, preventing:             w.                   (line  28)
* (dir) as Up node of Top node:          First Node.          (line  13)
* --commands-in-node-names:              makeinfo options.    (line  34)
* --css-include:                         makeinfo options.    (line  41)
* --delete:                              Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  32)
* --dir-file=NAME:                       Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  38)
* --docbook:                             makeinfo options.    (line  46)
* --enable-encoding <1>:                 documentencoding.    (line  30)
* --enable-encoding:                     makeinfo options.    (line  49)
* --entry=TEXT:                          Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  43)
* --error-limit=LIMIT:                   makeinfo options.    (line  55)
* --fill-column=WIDTH:                   makeinfo options.    (line  61)
* --footnote-style, ignored in HTML output: HTML Translation. (line  13)
* --footnote-style=STYLE:                makeinfo options.    (line  70)
* --force:                               makeinfo options.    (line  81)
* --help <1>:                            makeinfo options.    (line  86)
* --help:                                Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  51)
* --html:                                makeinfo options.    (line  90)
* --ifdocbook:                           makeinfo options.    (line 104)
* --ifhtml:                              makeinfo options.    (line 105)
* --ifinfo:                              makeinfo options.    (line 106)
* --ifplaintext:                         makeinfo options.    (line 107)
* --iftex:                               makeinfo options.    (line 108)
* --ifxml:                               makeinfo options.    (line 109)
* --info-dir=DIR:                        Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  61)
* --info-file=FILE:                      Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  56)
* --item=TEXT:                           Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  65)
* --macro-expand=FILE:                   makeinfo options.    (line 116)
* --no-headers:                          makeinfo options.    (line 124)
* --no-ifdocbook:                        makeinfo options.    (line 139)
* --no-ifhtml:                           makeinfo options.    (line 140)
* --no-ifinfo:                           makeinfo options.    (line 141)
* --no-ifplaintext:                      makeinfo options.    (line 142)
* --no-iftex:                            makeinfo options.    (line 143)
* --no-ifxml:                            makeinfo options.    (line 144)
* --no-number-footnotes:                 makeinfo options.    (line 150)
* --no-number-sections:                  makeinfo options.    (line 155)
* --no-pointer-validate:                 makeinfo options.    (line 167)
* --no-split:                            makeinfo options.    (line 159)
* --no-validate:                         makeinfo options.    (line 167)
* --no-warn:                             makeinfo options.    (line 174)
* --number-sections:                     makeinfo options.    (line 177)
* --output=FILE:                         makeinfo options.    (line 183)
* --paragraph-indent=INDENT:             makeinfo options.    (line 197)
* --plaintext:                           makeinfo options.    (line 124)
* --quiet:                               Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  69)
* --reference-limit=LIMIT:               makeinfo options.    (line 213)
* --remove:                              Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  73)
* --section=SEC:                         Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  77)
* --split-size=NUM:                      makeinfo options.    (line 219)
* --verbose:                             makeinfo options.    (line 226)
* --version <1>:                         Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  84)
* --version:                             makeinfo options.    (line 232)
* --xml:                                 makeinfo options.    (line 235)
* -D DIR:                                Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  61)
* -d NAME:                               Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  38)
* -D VAR:                                makeinfo options.    (line  30)
* -E FILE:                               makeinfo options.    (line 116)
* -e LIMIT:                              makeinfo options.    (line  55)
* -e TEXT:                               Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  43)
* -F:                                    makeinfo options.    (line  81)
* -f WIDTH:                              makeinfo options.    (line  61)
* -h <1>:                                makeinfo options.    (line  86)
* -h:                                    Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  51)
* -I DIR:                                makeinfo options.    (line  96)
* -i FILE:                               Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  56)
* -o FILE:                               makeinfo options.    (line 183)
* -P DIR:                                makeinfo options.    (line 191)
* -p INDENT:                             makeinfo options.    (line 197)
* -r:                                    Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  73)
* -r LIMIT:                              makeinfo options.    (line 213)
* -s SEC:                                Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  77)
* -s STYLE:                              makeinfo options.    (line  70)
* -V <1>:                                makeinfo options.    (line 232)
* -V:                                    Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  84)
* .cshrc initialization file:            Preparing for TeX.   (line   6)
* .profile initialization file:          Preparing for TeX.   (line   6)
* /L:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* /l:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* /o:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* /O:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* 8-bit characters, in HTML cross-references: HTML Xref 8-bit Character Expansion.
                                                              (line   6)
* <abbr> tag:                            abbr.                (line  22)
* <acronym> tag:                         acronym.             (line  19)
* <blockquote> HTML tag:                 quotation.           (line  44)
* <lineannotation> Docbook tag:          Fonts.               (line  35)
* <meta> HTML tag, and charset specification: documentencoding.
                                                              (line  39)
* <meta> HTML tag, and document description: documentdescription.
                                                              (line   6)
* <note> Docbook tag:                    quotation.           (line  44)
* <small> tag:                           Smallcaps.           (line  25)
* <thead> HTML tag:                      Multitable Rows.     (line  12)
* <title> HTML tag:                      settitle.            (line  21)
* <URL: convention, not used:            uref.                (line  71)
* ?:                                     Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* @ as continuation in definition commands: Def Cmd Continuation Lines.
                                                              (line   6)
* @-command list:                        Command List.        (line   6)
* @-command syntax:                      Command Syntax.      (line   6)
* @-commands:                            Formatting Commands. (line   6)
* @-commands in @node, limited support:  Pointer Validation.  (line  36)
* @-commands in nodename:                Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line  23)
* @import specifications, in CSS files:  HTML CSS.            (line  30)
* @include file sample:                  Sample Include File. (line   6)
* @menu parts:                           Menu Parts.          (line   6)
* @node line writing:                    Writing a Node.      (line   6)
* @value in @node lines:                 Pointer Validation.  (line  66)
* @w, for blank items:                   itemize.             (line  10)
* \input source line ignored:            setfilename.         (line  16)
* a:                                     Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* A4 paper, printing on:                 A4 Paper.            (line   6)
* A5 paper, printing on:                 A4 Paper.            (line   6)
* aa:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* AA:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* Abbreviations for keys:                key.                 (line  19)
* Abbreviations, tagging:                abbr.                (line   6)
* Abstract of document:                  documentdescription. (line   6)
* Accents, inserting:                    Inserting Accents.   (line   6)
* Acronyms, tagging:                     acronym.             (line   6)
* Acute accent:                          Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Adding a new Info file:                New Info File.       (line   6)
* ae:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* AE:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* Aliases, command:                      alias.               (line   6)
* All-permissive copying license:        All-permissive Copying License.
                                                              (line   6)
* Allow line break:                      Line Breaks.         (line   6)
* Alphabetical @-command list:           Command List.        (line   6)
* Alt attribute for images:              Image Syntax.        (line  36)
* Anchors:                               anchor.              (line   6)
* Another Info directory:                Other Info Directories.
                                                              (line   6)
* Arguments, repeated and optional:      Optional Arguments.  (line   6)
* ASCII text output:                     makeinfo options.    (line 124)
* Aspect ratio of images:                Image Scaling.       (line   6)
* autoexec.bat:                          Other Info Directories.
                                                              (line  70)
* automake, and version info:            GNU Sample Texts.    (line  32)
* Automatic pointer creation with makeinfo: makeinfo Pointer Creation.
                                                              (line   6)
* Automatically insert nodes, menus:     Updating Nodes and Menus.
                                                              (line   6)
* Auxiliary files, avoiding:             Format with tex/texindex.
                                                              (line  83)
* B5 paper, printing on:                 pagesizes.           (line  16)
* Back-end output formats:               Output Formats.      (line   6)
* Backslash in macros:                   Defining Macros.     (line  37)
* Backslash, and macros:                 Invoking Macros.     (line  23)
* Badly referenced nodes:                Running Info-Validate.
                                                              (line   6)
* Bastard title page:                    titlepage.           (line  46)
* Batch formatting for Info:             Batch Formatting.    (line   6)
* Beebe, Nelson:                         Output Formats.      (line  51)
* Beginning a Texinfo file:              Beginning a File.    (line   6)
* Beginning line of a Texinfo file:      First Line.          (line   6)
* Berry, Karl:                           History.             (line   6)
* Big points:                            Image Scaling.       (line  24)
* Black rectangle in hardcopy:           Overfull hboxes.     (line  41)
* Blank lines:                           sp.                  (line   6)
* Blank lines, as paragraph separator:   Conventions.         (line  16)
* Body of a macro:                       Defining Macros.     (line  26)
* Bold font:                             Fonts.               (line  12)
* Bolio:                                 History.             (line  30)
* Book characteristics, printed:         Printed Books.       (line   6)
* Book, printing small:                  smallbook.           (line   6)
* border-pattern:                        Object-Oriented Variables.
                                                              (line  42)
* border-pattern of Window:              Object-Oriented Variables.
                                                              (line  77)
* BoTeX:                                 History.             (line  30)
* Box with rounded corners:              cartouche.           (line   6)
* Box, ugly black in hardcopy:           Overfull hboxes.     (line  41)
* Braces and argument syntax:            Command Syntax.      (line  40)
* Braces, in macro arguments:            Invoking Macros.     (line  38)
* Braces, inserting:                     Inserting Braces.    (line   6)
* Braces, when to use:                   Formatting Commands. (line  50)
* Breaks in a line:                      Line Breaks.         (line   6)
* Breve accent:                          Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Buffer formatting and printing:        Printing.            (line   6)
* Bugs, reporting:                       Reporting Bugs.      (line   6)
* Bullets, inserting:                    Dots Bullets.        (line   6)
* Captions, for floats:                  caption shortcaption.
                                                              (line   6)
* Caron accent:                          Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Cascading Style Sheets, and HTML output: HTML CSS.          (line   6)
* Case in node name:                     Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line  42)
* Case, not altering in @code:           code.                (line  19)
* Catching errors with Info formatting:  Debugging with Info. (line   6)
* Catching errors with TeX formatting:   Debugging with TeX.  (line   6)
* Catching mistakes:                     Catching Mistakes.   (line   6)
* Categories, choosing:                  Installing Dir Entries.
                                                              (line  45)
* Caveats for macro usage:               Macro Details.       (line   6)
* Cedilla accent:                        Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Centimeters:                           Image Scaling.       (line  30)
* Chapter structuring:                   Structuring.         (line   6)
* Chapters, formatting one at a time:    Format with tex/texindex.
                                                              (line  83)
* Character set, declaring:              documentencoding.    (line   6)
* Characteristics, printed books or manuals: Printed Books.   (line   6)
* Characters, basic input:               Conventions.         (line   6)
* Characters, invalid in node name:      Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line  30)
* Chassell, Robert J.:                   History.             (line   6)
* Check accent:                          Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Checking for badly referenced nodes:   Running Info-Validate.
                                                              (line   6)
* Checklist for bug reports:             Reporting Bugs.      (line  11)
* Ciceros:                               Image Scaling.       (line  39)
* Circumflex accent:                     Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* code, value for @kbdinputstyle:        kbd.                 (line  32)
* Collapsing whitespace around continuations: Def Cmd Continuation Lines.
                                                              (line  31)
* Colon in nodename:                     Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line  30)
* Colon, last in INFOPATH:               Other Info Directories.
                                                              (line  80)
* Column widths, defining for multitables: Multitable Column Widths.
                                                              (line   6)
* Combining indices:                     Combining Indices.   (line   6)
* Comma in nodename:                     Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line  30)
* Comma, in macro arguments:             Invoking Macros.     (line  38)
* Command aliases:                       alias.               (line   6)
* Command definitions:                   Sample Function Definition.
                                                              (line   6)
* Command names, indicating:             command.             (line   6)
* Command syntax:                        Command Syntax.      (line   6)
* Commands to insert special characters: Atsign Braces Comma. (line   6)
* Commands using raw TeX:                Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* Commands, inserting them:              Inserting.           (line   6)
* Commas, inserting:                     Inserting a Comma.   (line   6)
* Comments:                              Comments.            (line   6)
* Comments, in CSS files:                HTML CSS.            (line  36)
* Compile command for formatting:        Compile-Command.     (line   6)
* Compressed files, reading:             Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  22)
* Conditionally visible text:            Conditionals.        (line   6)
* Conditionals, nested:                  Conditional Nesting. (line   6)
* Conditions for copying Texinfo:        Copying Conditions.  (line   6)
* Contents, after title page:            Contents.            (line  51)
* Contents, Table of:                    Contents.            (line   6)
* Contents-like outline of file structure: Showing the Structure.
                                                              (line   6)
* Continuation lines in definition commands: Def Cmd Continuation Lines.
                                                              (line   6)
* Conventions for writing definitions:   Def Cmd Conventions. (line   6)
* Conventions, syntactic:                Conventions.         (line   6)
* Copying conditions:                    Copying Conditions.  (line   6)
* Copying Permissions:                   Document Permissions.
                                                              (line   6)
* Copying software:                      Software Copying Permissions.
                                                              (line   6)
* Copying text, including:               insertcopying.       (line   6)
* Copyright holder for FSF works:        copying.             (line  53)
* Copyright page:                        Copyright.           (line   6)
* Copyright page, for plain text:        Titlepage & Copyright Page.
                                                              (line  16)
* Copyright word, always in English:     copying.             (line  44)
* Correcting mistakes:                   Catching Mistakes.   (line   6)
* cp (concept) index:                    Predefined Indices.  (line  10)
* Create nodes, menus automatically:     Updating Nodes and Menus.
                                                              (line   6)
* Creating an Info file:                 Creating an Info File.
                                                              (line   6)
* Creating an unsplit file:              Unsplit.             (line   6)
* Creating index entries:                Indexing Commands.   (line   6)
* Creating pointers with makeinfo:       makeinfo Pointer Creation.
                                                              (line   6)
* Cropmarks for printing:                Cropmarks and Magnification.
                                                              (line   6)
* Cross reference parts:                 Cross Reference Parts.
                                                              (line   6)
* Cross references:                      Cross References.    (line   6)
* Cross references using @inforef:       inforef.             (line   6)
* Cross references using @pxref:         pxref.               (line   6)
* Cross references using @ref:           ref.                 (line   6)
* Cross references using @xref:          xref.                (line   6)
* Cross-reference targets, arbitrary:    anchor.              (line   6)
* Cross-references, in HTML output:      HTML Xref.           (line   6)
* CSS, and HTML output:                  HTML CSS.            (line   6)
* Custom page sizes:                     pagesizes.           (line   6)
* Customize Emacs package (Development/Docs/Texinfo): Texinfo Mode Printing.
                                                              (line  92)
* Customized highlighting:               definfoenclose.      (line   6)
* Customizing of TeX for Texinfo:        Preparing for TeX.   (line  27)
* CVS $Id:                               GNU Sample Texts.    (line  21)
* Dashes in source:                      Conventions.         (line  41)
* Debugging the Texinfo structure:       Catching Mistakes.   (line   6)
* Debugging with Info formatting:        Debugging with Info. (line   6)
* Debugging with TeX formatting:         Debugging with TeX.  (line   6)
* Default font:                          Fonts.               (line  18)
* Defining indexing entries:             Indexing Commands.   (line   6)
* Defining macros:                       Defining Macros.     (line   6)
* Defining new indices:                  New Indices.         (line   6)
* Defining new Texinfo commands:         Defining New Texinfo Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* Definition command headings, continuing: Def Cmd Continuation Lines.
                                                              (line   6)
* Definition commands:                   Definition Commands. (line   6)
* Definition conventions:                Def Cmd Conventions. (line   6)
* Definition lists, typesetting:         table.               (line   6)
* Definition template:                   Def Cmd Template.    (line   6)
* Definitions grouped together:          deffnx.              (line   6)
* Delimiter character, for verbatim:     verb.                (line   6)
* Depth of text area:                    pagesizes.           (line   6)
* Description for menu, start:           Inserting.           (line  94)
* Description of document:               documentdescription. (line   6)
* Details of macro usage:                Macro Details.       (line   6)
* Dido^t points:                         Image Scaling.       (line  36)
* Different cross reference commands:    Cross Reference Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* Dimension formatting:                  dmn.                 (line   6)
* Dimensions and image sizes:            Image Scaling.       (line  14)
* Dir categories, choosing:              Installing Dir Entries.
                                                              (line  45)
* dir directory for Info installation:   Installing an Info File.
                                                              (line   6)
* dir file listing:                      New Info File.       (line   6)
* dir file, creating your own:           Other Info Directories.
                                                              (line  91)
* dir files and Info directories:        Other Info Directories.
                                                              (line   6)
* Dir files, compressed:                 Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  22)
* dir, created by install-info:          Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  19)
* Display formatting:                    display.             (line   6)
* Displayed equations:                   math.                (line  33)
* distinct, value for @kbdinputstyle:    kbd.                 (line  32)
* Distorting images:                     Image Scaling.       (line   6)
* Distribution:                          Software Copying Permissions.
                                                              (line   6)
* Docbook output:                        Output Formats.      (line  72)
* Docbook, including raw:                Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* Document description:                  documentdescription. (line   6)
* Document input encoding:               documentencoding.    (line   6)
* Document language, declaring:          documentlanguage.    (line   6)
* Document Permissions:                  Document Permissions.
                                                              (line   6)
* Documentation identification:          GNU Sample Texts.    (line  21)
* Dot accent:                            Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Dotless i, j:                          Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* Dots, inserting <1>:                   dots.                (line   6)
* Dots, inserting:                       Dots Bullets.        (line   6)
* Double-colon menu entries:             Less Cluttered Menu Entry.
                                                              (line   6)
* DTD, for Texinfo XML:                  Output Formats.      (line  62)
* Dumas, Patrice:                        HTML Xref.           (line  21)
* Dumping a .fmt file:                   Preparing for TeX.   (line  74)
* DVI file:                              Format with tex/texindex.
                                                              (line   6)
* DVI output:                            Output Formats.      (line  36)
* dvips:                                 Output Formats.      (line  36)
* Ellipsis, inserting:                   Dots Bullets.        (line   6)
* Em dash, compared to minus sign:       minus.               (line   6)
* Em dash, producing:                    Conventions.         (line  41)
* Emacs:                                 Texinfo Mode.        (line   6)
* Emacs shell, format, print from:       Within Emacs.        (line   6)
* Emacs-W3:                              Output Formats.      (line  26)
* Emphasizing text:                      Emphasis.            (line   6)
* Emphasizing text, font for:            emph & strong.       (line   6)
* En dash, producing:                    Conventions.         (line  41)
* Encoding, declaring:                   documentencoding.    (line   6)
* End node footnote style:               Footnote Styles.     (line   9)
* End of header line:                    End of Header.       (line   6)
* End titlepage starts headings:         end titlepage.       (line   6)
* Ending a Sentence:                     Ending a Sentence.   (line   6)
* Ending a Texinfo file:                 Ending a File.       (line   6)
* Entries for an index:                  Indexing Commands.   (line   6)
* Entries, making index:                 Index Entries.       (line   6)
* Enumeration:                           enumerate.           (line   6)
* Environment indentation:               exampleindent.       (line   6)
* Environment variable INFOPATH:         Other Info Directories.
                                                              (line  50)
* Environment variable TEXINFO_OUTPUT_FORMAT: makeinfo options.
                                                              (line 238)
* Environment variable TEXINPUTS:        Preparing for TeX.   (line  37)
* epsf.tex:                              Image Scaling.       (line  49)
* epsf.tex, installing:                  Preparing for TeX.   (line  20)
* Equations, displayed:                  math.                (line  33)
* Equivalence, indicating:               Equivalence.         (line   6)
* Error message, indicating:             Error Glyph.         (line   6)
* Errors, parsing:                       makeinfo in Emacs.   (line  26)
* Es-zet:                                Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* European A4 paper:                     A4 Paper.            (line   6)
* Evaluation glyph:                      result.              (line   6)
* Example beginning of Texinfo file:     Sample Beginning.    (line   6)
* Example indentation:                   exampleindent.       (line   6)
* Example menu:                          Menu Example.        (line   6)
* example, value for @kbdinputstyle:     kbd.                 (line  32)
* Examples in smaller fonts:             small.               (line   6)
* Examples, formatting them:             example.             (line   6)
* Examples, glyphs for:                  Glyphs.              (line   6)
* Expanding macros:                      Invoking Macros.     (line   6)
* Expansion of 8-bit characters in HTML cross-references: HTML Xref 8-bit Character Expansion.
                                                              (line   6)
* Expansion, indicating:                 expansion.           (line   6)
* expansion, of node names in HTML cross-references: HTML Xref Node Name Expansion.
                                                              (line   6)
* Expressions in a program, indicating:  code.                (line  10)
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License:   GNU Free Documentation License.
                                                              (line   6)
* Feminine ordinal:                      Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* File beginning:                        Beginning a File.    (line   6)
* File ending:                           Ending a File.       (line   6)
* File name collision:                   setfilename.         (line  26)
* File section structure, showing it:    Showing the Structure.
                                                              (line   6)
* Final output:                          Overfull hboxes.     (line   6)
* Finding badly referenced nodes:        Running Info-Validate.
                                                              (line   6)
* Fine-tuning, and hyphenation:          - and hyphenation.   (line   6)
* First line of a Texinfo file:          First Line.          (line   6)
* First node:                            First Node.          (line   6)
* First paragraph, suppressing indentation of: firstparagraphindent.
                                                              (line   6)
* Fixed-width font:                      Fonts.               (line  28)
* Float environment:                     float.               (line   6)
* Floating accents, inserting:           Inserting Accents.   (line   6)
* Floating, not yet implemented:         Floats.              (line  10)
* Floats, in general:                    Floats.              (line   6)
* Floats, list of:                       listoffloats.        (line   6)
* Floats, making unnumbered:             float.               (line  39)
* Floats, numbering of:                  float.               (line  46)
* Flooding:                              pxref.               (line  35)
* fn (function) index:                   Predefined Indices.  (line  13)
* Fonts for indices:                     syncodeindex.        (line  52)
* Fonts for printing, not Info:          Fonts.               (line   6)
* Footings:                              Headings.            (line   6)
* Footnotes:                             Footnotes.           (line   6)
* Force line break:                      Line Breaks.         (line   6)
* Forcing indentation:                   indent.              (line   6)
* Forcing line and page breaks:          Breaks.              (line   6)
* Format a dimension:                    dmn.                 (line   6)
* Format and print hardcopy:             Hardcopy.            (line   6)
* Format and print in Texinfo mode:      Texinfo Mode Printing.
                                                              (line   6)
* Format file, dumping:                  Preparing for TeX.   (line  74)
* Format with the compile command:       Compile-Command.     (line   6)
* Format, print from Emacs shell:        Within Emacs.        (line   6)
* Formats for images:                    Image Syntax.        (line  10)
* Formatting a file for Info:            Creating an Info File.
                                                              (line   6)
* Formatting commands:                   Formatting Commands. (line   6)
* Formatting examples:                   example.             (line   6)
* Formatting for Info:                   Info Formatting.     (line   6)
* Formatting for printing:               Printing.            (line   6)
* Formatting headings and footings:      Headings.            (line   6)
* Formatting requirements:               Requirements Summary.
                                                              (line   6)
* Formatting with tex and texindex:      Format with tex/texindex.
                                                              (line   6)
* Formulas, mathematical:                math.                (line   6)
* Fox, Brian:                            History.             (line   6)
* Free Documentation License, including entire: GNU Sample Texts.
                                                              (line  51)
* Free Software Directory:               Installing Dir Entries.
                                                              (line  45)
* Frequently used commands, inserting:   Inserting.           (line   6)
* Frontmatter, text in:                  Beginning a File.    (line  15)
* Full texts, GNU:                       GNU Sample Texts.    (line   6)
* Function definitions:                  Sample Function Definition.
                                                              (line   6)
* General syntactic conventions:         Conventions.         (line   6)
* Generating menus with indices:         Printing Indices & Menus.
                                                              (line   6)
* Generating plain text files:           makeinfo options.    (line 124)
* German S:                              Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* GIF images, unsupported due to patents: Image Syntax.       (line  43)
* Global Document Commands:              Global Document Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* Globbing:                              Format with tex/texindex.
                                                              (line  31)
* Glyphs:                                Glyphs.              (line   6)
* GNU Emacs:                             Texinfo Mode.        (line   6)
* GNU Emacs shell, format, print from:   Within Emacs.        (line   6)
* GNU Free Documentation License, including entire: GNU Sample Texts.
                                                              (line  51)
* GNU sample texts:                      GNU Sample Texts.    (line   6)
* Going to other Info files' nodes:      Other Info Files.    (line   6)
* Grave accent:                          Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Grave accent, vs. left quote:          Conventions.         (line  35)
* Group (hold text together vertically): group.               (line   6)
* Grouping two definitions together:     deffnx.              (line   6)
* Hacek accent:                          Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Hardcopy, printing it:                 Hardcopy.            (line   6)
* hboxes, overfull:                      Overfull hboxes.     (line   6)
* Header for Texinfo files:              Texinfo File Header. (line   6)
* Header of a Texinfo file:              First Line.          (line   6)
* Heading row, in table:                 Multitable Rows.     (line  12)
* Headings:                              Headings.            (line   6)
* Headings, indentation after:           firstparagraphindent.
                                                              (line   6)
* Headings, page, begin to appear:       end titlepage.       (line   6)
* Height of images:                      Image Scaling.       (line   6)
* Height of text area:                   pagesizes.           (line   6)
* help2man:                              Output Formats.      (line  90)
* Hierarchical documents, and menus:     Menu Location.       (line  16)
* Highlighting text:                     Indicating.          (line   6)
* Highlighting, customized:              definfoenclose.      (line   6)
* Hints:                                 Tips.                (line   8)
* History of Texinfo:                    History.             (line  24)
* Holder of copyright for FSF works:     copying.             (line  53)
* Holding text together vertically:      group.               (line   6)
* href, producing HTML:                  uref.                (line   6)
* HTML cross-reference 8-bit character expansion: HTML Xref 8-bit Character Expansion.
                                                              (line   6)
* HTML cross-reference command expansion: HTML Xref Command Expansion.
                                                              (line   6)
* HTML cross-reference link basics:      HTML Xref Link Basics.
                                                              (line   6)
* HTML cross-reference mismatch:         HTML Xref Mismatch.  (line   6)
* HTML cross-reference node name expansion: HTML Xref Node Name Expansion.
                                                              (line   6)
* HTML cross-references:                 HTML Xref.           (line   6)
* HTML output <1>:                       Generating HTML.     (line   6)
* HTML output:                           Output Formats.      (line  26)
* HTML output, and encodings:            documentencoding.    (line  39)
* HTML output, browser compatibility of: HTML Translation.    (line  22)
* HTML output, split:                    HTML Splitting.      (line   6)
* HTML, and CSS:                         HTML CSS.            (line   6)
* HTML, including raw:                   Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* http-equiv, and charset specification: documentencoding.    (line  39)
* Hungarian umlaut accent:               Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Hurricanes:                            ref.                 (line  12)
* Hyphen, compared to minus:             minus.               (line   6)
* Hyphenation patterns, language-dependent: documentlanguage. (line  18)
* Hyphenation, helping TeX do:           - and hyphenation.   (line   6)
* Hyphenation, preventing:               w.                   (line  24)
* Hyphens in source, two or three in a row: Conventions.      (line  41)
* i (dotless i):                         Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* Identification of documentation:       GNU Sample Texts.    (line  21)
* If text conditionally visible:         Conditionals.        (line   6)
* Ignored before @setfilename:           setfilename.         (line  16)
* Ignored text:                          Comments.            (line  19)
* Image formats:                         Image Syntax.        (line  10)
* Images, alternate text for:            Image Syntax.        (line  36)
* Images, inserting:                     Images.              (line   6)
* Images, scaling:                       Image Scaling.       (line   6)
* Inches:                                Image Scaling.       (line  27)
* Include file sample:                   Sample Include File. (line   6)
* Include files:                         Include Files.       (line   6)
* Include files requirements:            Include Files Requirements.
                                                              (line   6)
* Include files, and section levels:     Raise/lower sections.
                                                              (line  16)
* Including a file verbatim:             verbatiminclude.     (line   6)
* Including permissions text:            insertcopying.       (line   6)
* Indentation undoing:                   exdent.              (line   6)
* Indentation, forcing:                  indent.              (line   6)
* Indentation, omitting:                 noindent.            (line   6)
* Indenting environments:                exampleindent.       (line   6)
* Indenting paragraphs, control of:      paragraphindent.     (line   6)
* Indenting, suppressing of first paragraph: firstparagraphindent.
                                                              (line   6)
* Index entries:                         Indexing Commands.   (line   6)
* Index entries, making:                 Index Entries.       (line   6)
* Index entry writing:                   Indexing Commands.   (line  27)
* Index file names:                      Format with tex/texindex.
                                                              (line  23)
* Index font types:                      Indexing Commands.   (line  48)
* Indexing table entries automatically:  ftable vtable.       (line   6)
* Indicating commands, definitions, etc.: Indicating.         (line   6)
* Indicating evaluation:                 result.              (line   6)
* Indices:                               Indices.             (line   6)
* Indices, combining them:               Combining Indices.   (line   6)
* Indices, defining new:                 New Indices.         (line   6)
* Indices, printing and menus:           Printing Indices & Menus.
                                                              (line   6)
* Indices, sorting:                      Hardcopy.            (line   6)
* Indices, two letter names:             syncodeindex.        (line  17)
* Indirect subfiles:                     Tag and Split Files. (line  11)
* Info batch formatting:                 Batch Formatting.    (line   6)
* Info file installation:                Installing an Info File.
                                                              (line   6)
* Info file name, choosing:              setfilename.         (line  26)
* Info file, listing a new:              New Info File.       (line   6)
* Info file, splitting manually:         Splitting.           (line   6)
* Info files:                            Info Files.          (line   6)
* Info format, and menus:                Menu Location.       (line  10)
* Info formatting:                       Info Formatting.     (line   6)
* Info installed in another directory:   Other Info Directories.
                                                              (line   6)
* Info output:                           Output Formats.      (line  10)
* Info output, and encoding:             documentencoding.    (line  30)
* Info validating a large file:          Using Info-validate. (line   6)
* Info, creating an online file:         Creating an Info File.
                                                              (line   6)
* Info-directory-list:                   Other Info Directories.
                                                              (line  37)
* Info; other files' nodes:              Other Info Files.    (line   6)
* INFOPATH:                              Other Info Directories.
                                                              (line  50)
* Initialization file for TeX input:     Preparing for TeX.   (line   6)
* Input encoding, declaring:             documentencoding.    (line   6)
* Insert nodes, menus automatically:     Updating Nodes and Menus.
                                                              (line   6)
* Inserting @ (literal @):               Inserting an Atsign. (line   6)
* Inserting accents:                     Inserting Accents.   (line   6)
* Inserting dots <1>:                    Dots Bullets.        (line   6)
* Inserting dots:                        dots.                (line   6)
* Inserting ellipsis:                    Dots Bullets.        (line   6)
* Inserting frequently used commands:    Inserting.           (line   6)
* Inserting indentation:                 indent.              (line   6)
* Inserting space:                       Inserting Space.     (line   6)
* Inserting special characters and symbols: Insertions.       (line   6)
* INSTALL file, generating:              makeinfo options.    (line 124)
* install-info:                          Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line   6)
* Installing an Info file:               Installing an Info File.
                                                              (line   6)
* Installing Info in another directory:  Other Info Directories.
                                                              (line   6)
* Internationalization:                  Internationalization.
                                                              (line   6)
* Introduction to Texinfo:               Using Texinfo.       (line   6)
* Introduction, as part of file:         Software Copying Permissions.
                                                              (line  16)
* Invalid characters in node names:      Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line  30)
* Invoking macros:                       Invoking Macros.     (line   6)
* Invoking nodes, including in dir file: Installing Dir Entries.
                                                              (line  62)
* ISO 639 codes:                         documentlanguage.    (line  22)
* ISO 8859-15:                           euro.                (line  18)
* Italic font:                           Fonts.               (line  15)
* Itemization:                           itemize.             (line   6)
* j (dotless j):                         Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* JPG image format:                      Image Syntax.        (line  43)
* Keyboard input:                        kbd.                 (line   6)
* Keys, recommended names:               key.                 (line  19)
* Keyword expansion, preventing:         w.                   (line  28)
* Keywords, indicating:                  code.                (line  10)
* Knuth, Donald:                         Printed Books.       (line   6)
* ky (keystroke) index:                  Predefined Indices.  (line  17)
* Language codes:                        documentlanguage.    (line  22)
* Language, declaring:                   documentlanguage.    (line   6)
* Larger or smaller pages:               Cropmarks and Magnification.
                                                              (line  24)
* LaTeX, processing with texi2dvi:       Format with texi2dvi.
                                                              (line  37)
* Latin 9:                               euro.                (line  18)
* Legal paper, printing on:              pagesizes.           (line  16)
* Length of file names:                  setfilename.         (line  26)
* Less cluttered menu entry:             Less Cluttered Menu Entry.
                                                              (line   6)
* License agreement:                     Software Copying Permissions.
                                                              (line   6)
* License for all-permissive copying:    All-permissive Copying License.
                                                              (line   6)
* License for verbatim copying:          Verbatim Copying License.
                                                              (line   6)
* Line breaks <1>:                       Breaks.              (line   6)
* Line breaks:                           Line Breaks.         (line   6)
* Line breaks, preventing:               w.                   (line   6)
* Line length, column widths as fraction of: Multitable Column Widths.
                                                              (line  11)
* Line spacing:                          sp.                  (line   6)
* Lisp example:                          lisp.                (line   6)
* Lisp examples in smaller fonts:        small.               (line   6)
* List of  @-commands:                   Command List.        (line   6)
* List of floats:                        listoffloats.        (line   6)
* Listing a new Info file:               New Info File.       (line   6)
* Lists and tables, making:              Lists and Tables.    (line   6)
* Local variables:                       Compile-Command.     (line   6)
* Local Variables: section, for encoding: documentencoding.   (line  30)
* Location of menus:                     Menu Location.       (line   6)
* Looking for badly referenced nodes:    Running Info-Validate.
                                                              (line   6)
* Lowering and raising sections:         Raise/lower sections.
                                                              (line   6)
* lpr (DVI print command):               Print with lpr.      (line   6)
* lpr-d, replacements on MS-DOS/MS-Windows: Print with lpr.   (line  27)
* Lynx:                                  Output Formats.      (line  26)
* Macro definitions <1>:                 Sample Function Definition.
                                                              (line   6)
* Macro definitions:                     Defining Macros.     (line   6)
* Macro details:                         Macro Details.       (line   6)
* Macro expansion, indicating:           expansion.           (line   6)
* Macro invocation:                      Invoking Macros.     (line   6)
* Macro names, valid characters in:      Defining Macros.     (line  16)
* Macron accent:                         Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Macros:                                Defining New Texinfo Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* Macros in definition commands:         Def Cmd Template.    (line  66)
* Macros, undefining:                    Defining Macros.     (line  56)
* Magnified printing:                    Cropmarks and Magnification.
                                                              (line  24)
* Mailto link:                           email.               (line  10)
* makeinfo:                              Invoking makeinfo.   (line   6)
* makeinfo inside Emacs:                 makeinfo in Emacs.   (line   6)
* makeinfo options:                      makeinfo options.    (line   6)
* Making a printed manual:               Hardcopy.            (line   6)
* Making a tag table automatically:      Tag and Split Files. (line   6)
* Making a tag table manually:           Unsplit.             (line  26)
* Making cross references:               Cross References.    (line   6)
* Making line and page breaks:           Breaks.              (line   6)
* Making lists and tables:               Lists and Tables.    (line   6)
* Man page output, not supported:        Output Formats.      (line  80)
* Man page, reference to:                uref.                (line  20)
* Manual characteristics, printed:       Printed Books.       (line   6)
* Margins on page, not controllable:     pagesizes.           (line  20)
* Marking text within a paragraph:       Marking Text.        (line   6)
* Marking words and phrases:             Marking Text.        (line   6)
* Masculine ordinal:                     Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* Master menu:                           Master Menu Parts.   (line   6)
* Mathematical expressions <1>:          Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line  33)
* Mathematical expressions:              math.                (line   6)
* Menu description, start:               Inserting.           (line  94)
* Menu entries with two colons:          Less Cluttered Menu Entry.
                                                              (line   6)
* Menu example:                          Menu Example.        (line   6)
* Menu location:                         Menu Location.       (line   6)
* Menu parts:                            Menu Parts.          (line   6)
* Menu writing:                          Writing a Menu.      (line   6)
* Menu, master:                          Master Menu Parts.   (line   6)
* Menus:                                 Menus.               (line   6)
* Menus generated with indices:          Printing Indices & Menus.
                                                              (line   6)
* Menus, omitting:                       makeinfo options.    (line 124)
* META key:                              key.                 (line  53)
* Meta-syntactic chars for arguments:    Optional Arguments.  (line   6)
* Methods, object-oriented:              Object-Oriented Methods.
                                                              (line   6)
* Millimeters:                           Image Scaling.       (line  33)
* Minimal requirements for formatting:   Requirements Summary.
                                                              (line   6)
* Minimal Texinfo file (requirements):   Minimum.             (line   6)
* Mismatched HTML cross-reference source and target: HTML Xref Mismatch.
                                                              (line   6)
* Mistakes, catching:                    Catching Mistakes.   (line   6)
* Mode, using Texinfo:                   Texinfo Mode.        (line   6)
* Monospace font:                        Fonts.               (line  28)
* Mozilla:                               Output Formats.      (line  26)
* Multiple dashes in source:             Conventions.         (line  41)
* Multiple spaces:                       Multiple Spaces.     (line   6)
* Multitable column widths:              Multitable Column Widths.
                                                              (line   6)
* Multitable rows:                       Multitable Rows.     (line   6)
* Must have in Texinfo file:             Minimum.             (line   6)
* Mutually recursive macros:             Defining Macros.     (line  26)
* Names for indices:                     syncodeindex.        (line  17)
* Names of index files:                  Format with tex/texindex.
                                                              (line  23)
* Names of macros, valid characters of:  Defining Macros.     (line  16)
* Names recommended for keys:            key.                 (line  19)
* Naming a `Top' Node in references:     Top Node Naming.     (line   6)
* NASA, as acronym:                      acronym.             (line   6)
* Navigation bar, in HTML output:        HTML Translation.    (line  16)
* Navigation links, omitting:            makeinfo options.    (line 130)
* Need space at page bottom:             need.                (line   6)
* Nesting conditionals:                  Conditional Nesting. (line   6)
* New index defining:                    New Indices.         (line   6)
* New Info file, listing it in dir file: New Info File.       (line   6)
* New Texinfo commands, defining:        Defining New Texinfo Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* Newlines, as blank lines:              Conventions.         (line  16)
* Next node of Top node:                 First Node.          (line  30)
* Node line requirements:                Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line   6)
* Node line writing:                     Writing a Node.      (line   6)
* node name expansion, in HTML cross-references: HTML Xref Node Name Expansion.
                                                              (line   6)
* Node name must be unique:              Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line   8)
* Node name, should not contain @-commands: Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line  23)
* Node names, choosing:                  Node Names.          (line   6)
* Node names, invalid characters in:     Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line  30)
* Node separators, omitting:             makeinfo options.    (line 124)
* Node, `Top':                           The Top Node.        (line   6)
* Node, defined:                         node.                (line   6)
* Nodes in other Info files:             Other Info Files.    (line   6)
* Nodes, catching mistakes:              Catching Mistakes.   (line   6)
* Nodes, checking for badly referenced:  Running Info-Validate.
                                                              (line   6)
* Non-breakable space, fixed:            w.                   (line   9)
* Non-breakable space, variable:         tie.                 (line   6)
* Not ending a sentence:                 Not Ending a Sentence.
                                                              (line   6)
* Numbering of floats:                   float.               (line  46)
* o:                                     Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* O'Dea, Brendan:                        Output Formats.      (line  90)
* Object-oriented programming:           Abstract Objects.    (line   6)
* Oblique font:                          Fonts.               (line  25)
* Obtaining TeX:                         Obtaining TeX.       (line   6)
* Occurrences, listing with @occur:      Using occur.         (line   6)
* oe:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* OE:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* Omitting indentation:                  noindent.            (line   6)
* Optional and repeated arguments:       Optional Arguments.  (line   6)
* Options for makeinfo:                  makeinfo options.    (line   6)
* Ordinals, Romance:                     Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* Ordinary TeX commands, using:          Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* Other Info files' nodes:               Other Info Files.    (line   6)
* Outline of file structure, showing it: Showing the Structure.
                                                              (line   6)
* Output file splitting:                 makeinfo options.    (line 159)
* Output formats:                        Output Formats.      (line   6)
* Output formats, supporting more:       Output Formats.      (line  97)
* Overfull hboxes:                       Overfull hboxes.     (line   6)
* Overview of Texinfo:                   Overview.            (line   6)
* Owner of copyright for FSF works:      copying.             (line  53)
* Page breaks <1>:                       Breaks.              (line  11)
* Page breaks:                           page.                (line   6)
* Page delimiter in Texinfo mode:        Showing the Structure.
                                                              (line  40)
* Page headings:                         Headings.            (line   6)
* Page numbering:                        Headings.            (line   6)
* Page sizes for books:                  smallbook.           (line   6)
* Page sizes, customized:                pagesizes.           (line   6)
* page-delimiter:                        Showing the Structure.
                                                              (line  40)
* Pages, starting odd:                   setchapternewpage.   (line   6)
* Paper size, A4:                        A4 Paper.            (line   6)
* Paragraph indentation control:         paragraphindent.     (line   6)
* Paragraph separator:                   Conventions.         (line  16)
* Paragraph, marking text within:        Marking Text.        (line   6)
* Parameters to macros:                  Defining Macros.     (line  32)
* Parentheses in nodename:               Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line  30)
* Parsing errors:                        makeinfo in Emacs.   (line  26)
* Part of file formatting and printing:  Printing.            (line   6)
* Parts of a cross reference:            Cross Reference Parts.
                                                              (line   6)
* Parts of a master menu:                Master Menu Parts.   (line   6)
* Parts of a menu:                       Menu Parts.          (line   6)
* Patches, contributing:                 Reporting Bugs.      (line  30)
* PDF output <1>:                        Output Formats.      (line  51)
* PDF output:                            PDF Output.          (line   6)
* pdfcolor.tex, installing:              Preparing for TeX.   (line  24)
* pdftex <1>:                            Output Formats.      (line  51)
* pdftex:                                PDF Output.          (line   6)
* pdftex, and images:                    Image Syntax.        (line  15)
* Period in nodename:                    Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line  30)
* Periods, inserting:                    Not Ending a Sentence.
                                                              (line   6)
* Permissions text, including:           insertcopying.       (line   6)
* Permissions, printed:                  Copyright.           (line   6)
* pg (program) index:                    Predefined Indices.  (line  20)
* Picas:                                 Image Scaling.       (line  21)
* Pictures, inserting:                   Images.              (line   6)
* Pinard, Franc,ois:                     History.             (line  14)
* Plain TeX:                             Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* Plain text output <1>:                 makeinfo options.    (line 124)
* Plain text output:                     Output Formats.      (line  21)
* PNG image format:                      Image Syntax.        (line  43)
* Point, indicating in a buffer:         Point Glyph.         (line   6)
* Pointer creation with makeinfo:        makeinfo Pointer Creation.
                                                              (line   6)
* Pointer validation with makeinfo:      Pointer Validation.  (line   6)
* Pointer validation, suppressing <1>:   Format with tex/texindex.
                                                              (line  83)
* Pointer validation, suppressing:       makeinfo options.    (line 167)
* Points (dimension):                    Image Scaling.       (line  18)
* Predefined names for indices:          syncodeindex.        (line  17)
* Preparing for TeX:                     Preparing for TeX.   (line   6)
* Preventing first paragraph indentation: firstparagraphindent.
                                                              (line   6)
* Preventing line and page breaks:       Breaks.              (line   6)
* Previous node of Top node:             First Node.          (line  24)
* Print and format in Texinfo mode:      Texinfo Mode Printing.
                                                              (line   6)
* Print, format from Emacs shell:        Within Emacs.        (line   6)
* Printed book and manual characteristics: Printed Books.     (line   6)
* Printed output, indicating:            Print Glyph.         (line   6)
* Printed permissions:                   Copyright.           (line   6)
* Printing a region or buffer:           Printing.            (line   6)
* Printing an index:                     Printing Indices & Menus.
                                                              (line   6)
* Printing cropmarks:                    Cropmarks and Magnification.
                                                              (line   6)
* Printing DVI files, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows: Print with lpr.   (line  27)
* Printing hardcopy:                     Hardcopy.            (line   6)
* Problems, catching:                    Catching Mistakes.   (line   6)
* Program names, indicating:             command.             (line   6)
* Prototype row, column widths defined by: Multitable Column Widths.
                                                              (line  22)
* Quotation characters (`'), in source:  Conventions.         (line  24)
* Quotations:                            quotation.           (line   6)
* Ragged left:                           flushleft & flushright.
                                                              (line   6)
* Ragged right:                          flushleft & flushright.
                                                              (line   6)
* Raising and lowering sections:         Raise/lower sections.
                                                              (line   6)
* Raw formatter commands:                Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* RCS $Id:                               GNU Sample Texts.    (line  21)
* Recommended names for keys:            key.                 (line  19)
* Rectangle, black in hardcopy:          Overfull hboxes.     (line  41)
* Recursion, mutual:                     Defining Macros.     (line  26)
* Recursive macro invocations:           Defining Macros.     (line  44)
* Reference to @-commands:               Command List.        (line   6)
* References:                            Cross References.    (line   6)
* References using @inforef:             inforef.             (line   6)
* References using @pxref:               pxref.               (line   6)
* References using @ref:                 ref.                 (line   6)
* References using @xref:                xref.                (line   6)
* Referring to other Info files:         Other Info Files.    (line   6)
* Region formatting and printing:        Printing.            (line   6)
* Region printing in Texinfo mode:       Texinfo Mode Printing.
                                                              (line   6)
* Reid, Brian:                           History.             (line  24)
* Repeated and optional arguments:       Optional Arguments.  (line   6)
* Reporting bugs:                        Reporting Bugs.      (line   6)
* Required in Texinfo file:              Minimum.             (line   6)
* Requirements for formatting:           Requirements Summary.
                                                              (line   6)
* Requirements for include files:        Include Files Requirements.
                                                              (line   6)
* Requirements for updating commands:    Updating Requirements.
                                                              (line   6)
* Reserved words, indicating:            code.                (line  10)
* Restrictions on node names:            Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line   6)
* Result of an expression:               result.              (line   6)
* ridt.eps:                              Image Scaling.       (line  44)
* Ring accent:                           Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Roman font:                            Fonts.               (line  18)
* Romance ordinals:                      Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* Rounded rectangles, around examples:   cartouche.           (line   6)
* Rows, of a multitable:                 Multitable Rows.     (line   6)
* Running an Info formatter:             Info Formatting.     (line   6)
* Running Info-validate:                 Using Info-validate. (line   6)
* Running macros:                        Invoking Macros.     (line   6)
* Running makeinfo in Emacs:             makeinfo in Emacs.   (line   6)
* Sample @include file:                  Sample Include File. (line   6)
* Sample function definition:            Sample Function Definition.
                                                              (line   6)
* Sample Texinfo file, no comments:      Short Sample Texinfo File.
                                                              (line   6)
* Sample Texinfo file, with comments:    Short Sample.        (line   6)
* Sample Texinfo files:                  Sample Texinfo Files.
                                                              (line   6)
* Sample texts, GNU:                     GNU Sample Texts.    (line   6)
* Sans serif font:                       Fonts.               (line  22)
* Scaled points:                         Image Scaling.       (line  42)
* Scaling images:                        Image Scaling.       (line   6)
* Schwab, Andreas:                       History.             (line  14)
* Scribe:                                History.             (line  24)
* Sea surges:                            ref.                 (line  27)
* Section structure of a file, showing it: Showing the Structure.
                                                              (line   6)
* Sections, raising and lowering:        Raise/lower sections.
                                                              (line   6)
* Sentence ending punctuation:           Ending a Sentence.   (line   6)
* Sentence non-ending punctuation:       Not Ending a Sentence.
                                                              (line   6)
* Separate footnote style:               Footnote Styles.     (line  20)
* SGML-tools output format:              Output Formats.      (line  97)
* Sharp S:                               Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* Shell formatting with tex and texindex: Format with tex/texindex.
                                                              (line   6)
* Shell printing, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows:  Print with lpr.      (line  27)
* Shell, format, print from:             Within Emacs.        (line   6)
* Shell, running makeinfo in:            makeinfo in Emacs.   (line   6)
* Short captions, for lists of floats:   caption shortcaption.
                                                              (line   6)
* Short table of contents:               Contents.            (line   6)
* Showing the section structure of a file: Showing the Structure.
                                                              (line   6)
* Showing the structure of a file:       Using texinfo-show-structure.
                                                              (line   6)
* Shrubbery:                             ifset ifclear.       (line  21)
* Site-wide Texinfo configuration file:  Preparing for TeX.   (line  27)
* Size of printed book:                  smallbook.           (line   6)
* Slanted font:                          Fonts.               (line  25)
* Slanted typewriter font, for @kbd:     kbd.                 (line  15)
* Small book size:                       smallbook.           (line   6)
* Small caps font:                       Smallcaps.           (line   6)
* Small examples:                        small.               (line   6)
* Software copying permissions:          Software Copying Permissions.
                                                              (line   6)
* Sorting indices:                       Hardcopy.            (line   6)
* Source file format:                    Using Texinfo.       (line  19)
* Source files, characters used:         Conventions.         (line   9)
* Space, inserting horizontal:           Multiple Spaces.     (line   6)
* Space, inserting vertical:             sp.                  (line   6)
* Spaces in macros:                      Defining Macros.     (line  40)
* Spaces in node name:                   Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line  44)
* Spaces, in menus:                      Writing a Menu.      (line  25)
* Spacing, inserting:                    Inserting Space.     (line   6)
* Special characters, inserting:         Atsign Braces Comma. (line   6)
* Special displays:                      Special Displays.    (line   6)
* Special insertions:                    Insertions.          (line   6)
* Special typesetting commands:          Dots Bullets.        (line   6)
* Specifying index entries:              Indexing Commands.   (line   6)
* Split HTML output:                     HTML Splitting.      (line   6)
* Splitting an Info file manually:       Splitting.           (line   6)
* Splitting of output files:             makeinfo options.    (line 159)
* ss:                                    Inserting Accents.   (line  37)
* Stallman, Richard M.:                  History.             (line   6)
* Start of header line:                  Start of Header.     (line   6)
* Starting chapters:                     setchapternewpage.   (line   6)
* Structure of a file, showing it:       Showing the Structure.
                                                              (line   6)
* Structure, catching mistakes in:       Catching Mistakes.   (line   6)
* Structuring of chapters:               Structuring.         (line   6)
* Subsection-like commands:              unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading.
                                                              (line   6)
* Subsub commands:                       subsubsection.       (line   6)
* Suggestions for Texinfo, making:       Reporting Bugs.      (line   6)
* Summary of document:                   documentdescription. (line   6)
* Suppressing first paragraph indentation: firstparagraphindent.
                                                              (line   6)
* Suppressing indentation:               noindent.            (line   6)
* Syntactic conventions:                 Conventions.         (line   6)
* Syntactic tokens, indicating:          code.                (line   6)
* Syntax, of @-commands:                 Command Syntax.      (line   6)
* Syntax, optional & repeated arguments: Optional Arguments.  (line   6)
* Table of contents:                     Contents.            (line   6)
* Table of contents, after title page:   Contents.            (line  51)
* Table of contents, for floats:         listoffloats.        (line   6)
* Tables and lists, making:              Lists and Tables.    (line   6)
* Tables with indexes:                   ftable vtable.       (line   6)
* Tables, making multi-column:           Multi-column Tables. (line   6)
* Tables, making two-column:             Two-column Tables.   (line   6)
* Tabs; don't use!:                      Conventions.         (line  51)
* Tag table, making automatically:       Tag and Split Files. (line   6)
* Tag table, making manually:            Unsplit.             (line  26)
* Targets for cross-references, arbitrary: anchor.            (line   6)
* Template for a definition:             Def Cmd Template.    (line   6)
* TeX commands, using ordinary:          Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* TeX index sorting:                     Hardcopy.            (line   6)
* TeX input initialization:              Preparing for TeX.   (line   6)
* TeX, how to obtain:                    Obtaining TeX.       (line   6)
* texi2dvi:                              Format with tex/texindex.
                                                              (line  75)
* texi2dvi (shell script):               Format with texi2dvi.
                                                              (line   6)
* texi2roff, unsupported software:       Printed Books.       (line  59)
* texindex <1>:                          Hardcopy.            (line   6)
* texindex:                              Format with tex/texindex.
                                                              (line  16)
* Texinfo commands, defining new:        Defining New Texinfo Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* Texinfo file beginning:                Beginning a File.    (line   6)
* Texinfo file ending:                   Ending a File.       (line   6)
* Texinfo file header:                   Texinfo File Header. (line   6)
* Texinfo file minimum:                  Minimum.             (line   6)
* Texinfo file section structure, showing it: Showing the Structure.
                                                              (line   6)
* Texinfo history:                       History.             (line  24)
* Texinfo mode:                          Texinfo Mode.        (line   6)
* Texinfo overview:                      Overview.            (line   6)
* Texinfo printed book characteristics:  Printed Books.       (line   6)
* Texinfo requires @setfilename:         setfilename.         (line   6)
* Texinfo, introduction to:              Using Texinfo.       (line   6)
* texinfo.cnf:                           setfilename.         (line  43)
* texinfo.cnf installation:              Preparing for TeX.   (line  27)
* texinfo.dtd:                           Output Formats.      (line  62)
* texinfo.tex, installing:               Preparing for TeX.   (line  13)
* TEXINFO_OUTPUT_FORMAT:                 makeinfo options.    (line 238)
* TEXINPUTS:                             Preparing for TeX.   (line  37)
* Text width and height:                 pagesizes.           (line   6)
* Text, conditionally visible:           Conditionals.        (line   6)
* Text, marking up:                      Marking Text.        (line   6)
* Thin space between number, dimension:  dmn.                 (line   6)
* Tie-after accent:                      Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Tied space:                            tie.                 (line   6)
* Tilde accent:                          Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* time-stamp.el:                         GNU Sample Texts.    (line  32)
* Tips:                                  Tips.                (line   8)
* Title page:                            titlepage.           (line   6)
* Title page, bastard:                   titlepage.           (line  46)
* Title page, for plain text:            Titlepage & Copyright Page.
                                                              (line  16)
* Titlepage end starts headings:         end titlepage.       (line   6)
* Top node:                              The Top Node.        (line   6)
* Top node example:                      Top Node Example.    (line   6)
* Top node is first:                     First Node.          (line   6)
* Top node naming for references:        Top Node Naming.     (line   6)
* tp (data type) index:                  Predefined Indices.  (line  23)
* Tree structuring:                      Tree Structuring.    (line   6)
* Two `First' Lines for @deffn:          deffnx.              (line   6)
* Two letter names for indices:          syncodeindex.        (line  17)
* Two named items for @table:            itemx.               (line   6)
* Two part menu entry:                   Less Cluttered Menu Entry.
                                                              (line   6)
* txi-CC.tex:                            documentlanguage.    (line  13)
* Typesetting commands for dots, etc.:   Dots Bullets.        (line   6)
* Typewriter font:                       Fonts.               (line  28)
* Ugly black rectangles in hardcopy:     Overfull hboxes.     (line  41)
* Umlaut accent:                         Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Unbreakable space, fixed:              w.                   (line   9)
* Unbreakable space, variable:           tie.                 (line   6)
* Uncluttered menu entry:                Less Cluttered Menu Entry.
                                                              (line   6)
* Undefining macros:                     Defining Macros.     (line  56)
* Underbar accent:                       Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Underdot accent:                       Inserting Accents.   (line  17)
* Unicode quotation characters:          Conventions.         (line  35)
* Uniform resource locator, indicating:  indicateurl.         (line   6)
* Uniform resource locator, referring to: uref.               (line   6)
* Unique nodename requirement:           Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line   8)
* Unnumbered float, creating:            float.               (line  39)
* Unprocessed text:                      Comments.            (line  19)
* Unsplit file creation:                 Unsplit.             (line   6)
* Up node of Top node:                   First Node.          (line  13)
* UPDATED Automake variable:             GNU Sample Texts.    (line  32)
* Updating nodes and menus:              Updating Nodes and Menus.
                                                              (line   6)
* Updating requirements:                 Updating Requirements.
                                                              (line   6)
* URI syntax for Info:                   Info Files.          (line  78)
* URL, indicating:                       indicateurl.         (line   6)
* URL, referring to:                     uref.                (line   6)
* Usage tips:                            Tips.                (line   8)
* User input:                            kbd.                 (line  15)
* User options, marking:                 Variables Commands.  (line  57)
* User-defined Texinfo commands:         Defining New Texinfo Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* Using Texinfo in general:              Using Texinfo.       (line   6)
* Validating a large file:               Using Info-validate. (line   6)
* Validation of pointers:                Pointer Validation.  (line   6)
* Value of an expression, indicating:    result.              (line   6)
* Variables, object-oriented:            Object-Oriented Variables.
                                                              (line   6)
* Verbatim copying license:              Verbatim Copying License.
                                                              (line   6)
* Verbatim environment:                  verbatim.            (line   6)
* Verbatim in-line text:                 verb.                (line   6)
* Verbatim, include file:                verbatiminclude.     (line   6)
* VERSION Automake variable:             GNU Sample Texts.    (line  32)
* Version control keywords, preventing expansion of: w.       (line  28)
* Version number, for install-info:      Invoking install-info.
                                                              (line  84)
* Vertically holding text together:      group.               (line   6)
* Visibility of conditional text:        Conditionals.        (line   6)
* vr (variable) index:                   Predefined Indices.  (line  27)
* W3 consortium:                         Output Formats.      (line  26)
* Weinberg, Zack:                        History.             (line  14)
* Weisshaus, Melissa:                    History.             (line  14)
* White space in node name:              Node Line Requirements.
                                                              (line  44)
* White space, excessive:                Breaks.              (line  11)
* Whitespace in macros:                  Defining Macros.     (line  40)
* Whitespace, collapsed around continuations: Def Cmd Continuation Lines.
                                                              (line  31)
* Whitespace, inserting:                 Multiple Spaces.     (line   6)
* Width of images:                       Image Scaling.       (line   6)
* Width of text area:                    pagesizes.           (line   6)
* Widths, defining multitable column:    Multitable Column Widths.
                                                              (line   6)
* Wildcards:                             Format with tex/texindex.
                                                              (line  31)
* Words and phrases, marking them:       Marking Text.        (line   6)
* Writing a menu:                        Writing a Menu.      (line   6)
* Writing an @node line:                 Writing a Node.      (line   6)
* Writing index entries:                 Indexing Commands.   (line  27)
* xdvi:                                  Output Formats.      (line  36)
* XML output:                            Output Formats.      (line  62)
* XML, including raw:                    Raw Formatter Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* XPM image format:                      Image Syntax.        (line  23)
* Years, in copyright line:              copying.             (line  48)
* Zaretskii, Eli:                        History.             (line  14)
* Zuhn, David D.:                        History.             (line  14)



Tag Table:
Node: Top1485
Node: Copying Conditions26922
Node: Overview28989
Ref: Overview-Footnote-130368
Node: Reporting Bugs30825
Node: Using Texinfo32349
Node: Output Formats33938
Node: Info Files39224
Ref: Info Files-Footnote-143632
Node: Printed Books43811
Ref: Printed Books-Footnote-146640
Node: Formatting Commands46974
Ref: Formatting Commands-Footnote-149827
Node: Conventions50435
Node: Comments53781
Node: Minimum55411
Node: Six Parts57974
Node: Short Sample59628
Node: History63762
Node: Texinfo Mode65814
Node: Texinfo Mode Overview67191
Node: Emacs Editing67961
Node: Inserting70105
Node: Showing the Structure74392
Node: Updating Nodes and Menus76713
Node: Updating Commands77792
Node: Updating Requirements83796
Node: Other Updating Commands86185
Node: Info Formatting89451
Node: Printing90717
Node: Texinfo Mode Summary93025
Node: Beginning a File97719
Node: Sample Beginning99138
Node: Texinfo File Header100735
Node: First Line102199
Node: Start of Header103230
Node: setfilename104221
Node: settitle106726
Node: End of Header108987
Node: Document Permissions109271
Node: copying109902
Node: insertcopying112456
Node: Titlepage & Copyright Page113991
Node: titlepage115670
Ref: titlepage-Footnote-1118177
Node: titlefont center sp118463
Node: title subtitle author120145
Node: Copyright122919
Node: end titlepage124448
Node: headings on off126239
Node: Contents128309
Node: The Top Node131539
Node: Top Node Example132843
Node: Master Menu Parts133228
Node: Global Document Commands135038
Node: documentdescription135794
Node: setchapternewpage136610
Node: paragraphindent139496
Node: firstparagraphindent140770
Node: exampleindent142038
Node: Software Copying Permissions143203
Node: Ending a File144261
Node: Printing Indices & Menus144836
Node: File End147936
Node: Structuring148622
Node: Tree Structuring150281
Node: Structuring Command Types151700
Node: makeinfo top154195
Node: chapter154986
Node: unnumbered & appendix156016
Node: majorheading & chapheading156867
Node: section157694
Node: unnumberedsec appendixsec heading158464
Node: subsection159461
Node: unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading160039
Node: subsubsection161000
Node: Raise/lower sections162558
Node: Nodes164734
Node: Two Paths165944
Node: Node Menu Illustration167280
Node: node171088
Node: Node Names173847
Node: Writing a Node175231
Node: Node Line Tips177277
Node: Node Line Requirements178081
Node: First Node180238
Node: makeinfo top command182056
Node: makeinfo Pointer Creation183337
Node: anchor184966
Node: Menus186442
Node: Menu Location187508
Node: Writing a Menu189139
Node: Menu Parts190202
Node: Less Cluttered Menu Entry191366
Node: Menu Example191997
Node: Other Info Files193507
Node: Cross References195359
Node: References196330
Node: Cross Reference Commands198102
Node: Cross Reference Parts199167
Node: xref202023
Node: Reference Syntax202828
Node: One Argument204465
Node: Two Arguments205492
Node: Three Arguments206617
Node: Four and Five Arguments209018
Node: Top Node Naming211440
Node: ref212456
Node: pxref213828
Node: inforef216318
Node: uref217699
Node: Marking Text220449
Node: Indicating221102
Node: Useful Highlighting223309
Node: code225487
Node: kbd228729
Node: key230949
Node: samp232293
Node: verb233774
Node: var234895
Node: env236869
Node: file237380
Node: command238001
Node: option238707
Node: dfn239227
Node: cite240151
Node: abbr240616
Node: acronym242047
Node: indicateurl244463
Node: email245161
Node: Emphasis246017
Node: emph & strong246854
Node: Smallcaps248069
Node: Fonts249410
Node: Quotations and Examples250910
Node: Block Enclosing Commands252669
Node: quotation254856
Node: example256435
Node: verbatim258754
Node: verbatiminclude260524
Node: lisp261518
Ref: lisp-Footnote-1262257
Node: small262375
Node: display263906
Node: format265015
Node: exdent265661
Node: flushleft & flushright266751
Node: noindent268026
Node: indent269890
Node: cartouche270934
Node: Lists and Tables272130
Node: Introducing Lists272819
Node: itemize274481
Node: enumerate276759
Node: Two-column Tables279257
Node: table279954
Node: ftable vtable282632
Node: itemx283729
Node: Multi-column Tables284915
Node: Multitable Column Widths285624
Node: Multitable Rows287106
Node: Special Displays289159
Node: Floats289948
Node: float290845
Ref: fig:ex1291519
Node: caption shortcaption292790
Node: listoffloats294378
Node: Images295781
Node: Image Syntax296216
Node: Image Scaling299154
Node: Footnotes300878
Ref: Footnotes-Footnote-1301444
Node: Footnote Commands301724
Ref: Footnote Commands-Footnote-1303601
Node: Footnote Styles303637
Node: Indices306252
Node: Index Entries307466
Node: Predefined Indices308591
Node: Indexing Commands310700
Node: Combining Indices313413
Node: syncodeindex314766
Node: synindex316414
Node: New Indices316951
Node: Insertions318720
Node: Atsign Braces Comma319919
Node: Inserting an Atsign320487
Node: Inserting Braces320759
Node: Inserting a Comma321178
Node: Inserting Space322212
Node: Not Ending a Sentence322729
Node: Ending a Sentence324341
Node: Multiple Spaces325365
Node: dmn326656
Node: Inserting Accents327881
Node: Dots Bullets329884
Node: dots330700
Node: bullet331323
Node: TeX and copyright331732
Node: tex332406
Node: copyright symbol333223
Node: registered symbol333533
Node: euro333855
Node: pounds335015
Node: minus335312
Node: math336231
Node: Glyphs337579
Node: Glyphs Summary338687
Node: result339314
Node: expansion339826
Node: Print Glyph340790
Node: Error Glyph341684
Node: Equivalence342540
Node: Point Glyph343292
Node: Breaks344865
Node: Break Commands346349
Node: Line Breaks347245
Node: - and hyphenation348219
Node: w349485
Node: tie350593
Node: sp351497
Node: page351916
Node: group352301
Node: need354053
Node: Definition Commands354791
Node: Def Cmd Template356442
Node: Def Cmd Continuation Lines359167
Node: Optional Arguments360978
Node: deffnx362585
Node: Def Cmds in Detail363528
Node: Functions Commands364646
Node: Variables Commands367548
Node: Typed Functions369691
Node: Typed Variables373196
Node: Data Types374917
Node: Abstract Objects376208
Node: Object-Oriented Variables376815
Node: Object-Oriented Methods379448
Node: Def Cmd Conventions383259
Node: Sample Function Definition383830
Node: Conditionals386666
Node: Conditional Commands387860
Node: Conditional Not Commands389751
Node: Raw Formatter Commands391035
Node: set clear value393663
Node: set value394878
Node: ifset ifclear396480
Node: value Example398611
Node: Conditional Nesting400628
Node: Internationalization402169
Node: documentlanguage402705
Node: documentencoding406892
Node: Defining New Texinfo Commands408599
Node: Defining Macros409777
Node: Invoking Macros412155
Node: Macro Details413956
Node: alias417992
Node: definfoenclose419416
Node: Hardcopy422164
Node: Use TeX424240
Node: Format with tex/texindex424873
Node: Format with texi2dvi429182
Node: Print with lpr431259
Node: Within Emacs433418
Node: Texinfo Mode Printing434309
Node: Compile-Command437978
Node: Requirements Summary438860
Node: Preparing for TeX440200
Ref: Preparing for TeX-Footnote-1443953
Node: Overfull hboxes444052
Node: smallbook446211
Node: A4 Paper447417
Node: pagesizes448353
Node: Cropmarks and Magnification449547
Node: PDF Output451616
Node: Obtaining TeX453170
Node: Creating and Installing Info Files454147
Node: Creating an Info File454541
Node: makeinfo advantages455769
Node: Invoking makeinfo456705
Node: makeinfo options457271
Node: Pointer Validation466446
Node: makeinfo in Emacs469639
Node: texinfo-format commands472122
Node: Batch Formatting473409
Node: Tag and Split Files474621
Node: Installing an Info File478018
Node: Directory File478857
Node: New Info File480656
Ref: New Info File-Footnote-1481770
Node: Other Info Directories481851
Ref: Other Info Directories-Footnote-1486126
Ref: Other Info Directories-Footnote-2486253
Node: Installing Dir Entries486314
Node: Invoking install-info488976
Node: Generating HTML491873
Node: HTML Translation492654
Node: HTML Splitting494036
Node: HTML CSS495719
Node: HTML Xref499208
Node: HTML Xref Link Basics500415
Node: HTML Xref Node Name Expansion503457
Node: HTML Xref Command Expansion506553
Node: HTML Xref 8-bit Character Expansion509608
Node: HTML Xref Mismatch511298
Node: Command List513116
Node: Command Syntax556290
Node: Tips559299
Node: Sample Texinfo Files570296
Node: Short Sample Texinfo File570762
Node: GNU Sample Texts572357
Node: Verbatim Copying License577628
Node: All-permissive Copying License578730
Node: Include Files579760
Node: Using Include Files580871
Node: texinfo-multiple-files-update583423
Node: Include Files Requirements585791
Node: Sample Include File587045
Node: Include Files Evolution588282
Node: Headings590262
Node: Headings Introduced590919
Node: Heading Format592796
Node: Heading Choice595240
Node: Custom Headings596618
Node: Catching Mistakes600725
Node: makeinfo Preferred602032
Node: Debugging with Info602917
Node: Debugging with TeX606261
Node: Using texinfo-show-structure610524
Node: Using occur613614
Node: Running Info-Validate615155
Node: Using Info-validate616222
Node: Unsplit618032
Node: Tagifying619091
Node: Splitting619953
Node: Copying This Manual621581
Node: GNU Free Documentation License621844
Node: Command and Variable Index644240
Node: Concept Index673780

End Tag Table
