urtwn
—
Realtek RTL8188CU/RTL8188EU/RTL8192CU/RTL8192EU USB IEEE
802.11b/g/n wireless network device
The urtwn
driver supports USB 2.0 wireless network
devices based on Realtek RTL8188CUS, RTL8188CE-VAU, RTL8188EUS, RTL8188RU,
RTL8192CU and RTL8192EU chipsets.
The RTL8188CUS and RTL8188EUS are highly integrated 802.11n
adapters that combine a MAC, a 1T1R capable baseband and an RF in a single
chip. They operate in the 2GHz spectrum only. The RTL8188RU is a high-power
variant of the RTL8188CUS. The RTL8188CE-VAU is a PCI Express Mini Card
adapter that attaches to the USB interface.
The RTL8192CU and RTL8192EU are highly integrated multiple-in,
multiple-out (MIMO) 802.11n adapters that combine a MAC, a 2T2R capable
baseband and an RF in a single chip. It operates in the 2GHz spectrum
only.
These are the modes the urtwn
driver can
operate in:
- BSS mode
- Also known as infrastructure mode, this is used when
associating with an access point, through which all traffic passes. This
mode is the default.
- IBSS mode
- Also known as IEEE ad-hoc mode or
peer-to-peer mode. This is the standardized method of
operating without an access point. Stations associate with a service set.
However, actual connections between stations are peer-to-peer.
- Host AP
- In this mode the driver acts as an access point (base station) for other
cards.
- monitor mode
- In this mode the driver is able to receive packets without associating
with an access point. This disables the internal receive filter and
enables the card to capture packets from networks which it wouldn't
normally have access to, or to scan for access points.
The urtwn
driver can be configured to use
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) or Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA-PSK and
WPA2-PSK). WPA is the de facto encryption standard for wireless networks. It
is strongly recommended that WEP not be used as the sole mechanism to secure
wireless communication, due to serious weaknesses in it.
The urtwn
driver can be configured at
runtime with ifconfig(8) or
on boot with
ifconfig.if(5).
The driver needs the following firmware files, which are loaded when an
interface is attached:
- /libdata/firmware/if_urtwn/rtl8188eufw.bin
-
- /libdata/firmware/if_urtwn/rtl8192cfw.bin
-
- /libdata/firmware/if_urtwn/rtl8192cfwU.bin
-
- /libdata/firmware/if_urtwn/rtl8192efw.bin
-
The following adapters should work:
- Airlink101 AWLL5088
-
- Aus. Linx AL-9604R1S
-
- ASUSTeK USB-N10 NANO
-
- B-Link BL-LW05-5R
-
- Belkin F7D1102 Surf Wireless Micro
-
- D-Link DWA-121
-
- D-Link DWA-131
-
- D-Link DWA-133
-
- D-Link DWA-135
-
- Digitus DN-7042
-
- Edimax EW-7811Un
-
- EDUP EP-N8508
-
- ELECOM WDC-150SU2M
-
- Full River FR-W100NUL
-
- Hercules Wireless N USB Pico HWNUp-150
-
- IO-DATA WN-G150UMW
-
- Netgear WNA1000A
-
- Planex GW-USEco300
-
- Planex GW-USNano2
-
- Planex GW-USValue-EZ
-
- Planex GW-USWExtreme
-
- POWCHIP POW-N18
-
- Sitecom N300 USB (WLA-2102 v1)
-
- Sitecom WL-365
-
- Solwise NET-WL-UMD-606N
-
- TP-LINK TL-WN723N v3
-
- TP-LINK TL-WN725N v2
-
- TRENDnet TEW-648UBM
-
The following ifconfig.if(5)
example configures urtwn0 to join whatever network is available on boot, using
WEP key “0x1deadbeef1”, channel 11, obtaining an IP address
using DHCP:
nwkey 0x1deadbeef1 chan 11
dhcp
Join an existing BSS network, “my_net”:
# ifconfig urtwn0 192.168.1.1 netmask 0xffffff00 nwid my_net
- urtwn%d: error %d, could not read firmware %s
- For some reason, the driver was unable to read the microcode file from the
filesystem. The file might be missing or corrupted.
- urtwn%d: device timeout
- A frame dispatched to the hardware for transmission did not complete in
time. The driver will reset the hardware. This should not happen.
The urtwn
device driver first appeared in
OpenBSD 4.9 and in NetBSD 6.0.
The urtwn
driver was written by Damien
Bergamini ⟨damien@openbsd.org⟩ for
OpenBSD and ported to NetBSD
by NONAKA Kimihiro ⟨nonaka@NetBSD.org⟩.
The urtwn
driver does not support any of the 802.11n
capabilities offered by the adapters. Additional work is required in
ieee80211(9) before those
features can be supported.