PS(1) | General Commands Manual | PS(1)

# NAME

`ps` —
process status

# SYNOPSIS

`ps` | [`-AaCcdehjlmrSsTuvwx`] [`-G` group] [`-k` key] [`-M` core] [`-N` system] [`-O` fmt] [`-o` fmt] [`-p` pid] [`-t` tty] [`-U` user] [`-W` swap]

`ps` | `-L`

# DESCRIPTION

`ps` displays a header line followed by lines containing information about running processes. By default, the display includes only processes that have controlling terminals and are owned by your uid. The default sort order of controlling terminal and (among processes with the same controlling terminal) process ID may be changed using the `-k`, `-m`, or `-r` options.

The information displayed for each process is selected based on a set of keywords (see the `-L`, `-O`, and `-o` options). The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID, controlling terminal, CPU time (including both user and system time), state, and associated command.

The options are as follows:

`-A`
  Display information about all processes. This is equivalent to `-a` `-x`.
`-a`
  Display information about other users' processes as well as your own. Note that this does not display information about processes without controlling terminals.
`-C`
  Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a “raw” CPU calculation that ignores “resident” time (this normally has no effect).
`-c`
  Do not display full command with arguments, but only the executable name. This may be somewhat confusing; for example, all sh(1) scripts will show as “sh”.
`-d`
  Arrange processes into descendancy order and prefix each command with indentation text showing sibling and parent/child relationships. If either of the `-m` and `-r` options are also used, they control how sibling processes are sorted relative to each other.
`-e`
  Display the environment as well. The environment for other users' processes can only be displayed by the super-user.
`-G` group
  Display processes belonging to the users belonging to the specified group, given either as a group name or a gid.
`-h`
  Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one header per page of information.
`-j`
  Print information associated with the following keywords: user, pid, ppid, pgid, sess, jobc, state, tt, time, and command.
`-k` key
  Sort the output using the space or comma separated list of keywords. Multiple sort keys may be specified, using any of the `-k`, `-m`, or `-r` options. The default sort order is equivalent to `-k` tdev,pid.
`-L`
  List the set of available keywords.
`-l`
  Display information associated with the following keywords: uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, state, tt, time, and command.
`-M` core
  Extract values from the specified core file instead of the running system.
`-m`
  Sort by memory usage. This is equivalent to `-k` vsz.
`-N` system
  Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default, “/netbsd”. Ignored unless `-M` is specified.
`-O` fmt
  Display information associated with the space or comma separated list of keywords specified. The `-O` option does not suppress the default display; it inserts additional keywords just after the pid keyword in the default display, or after the pid keyword (if any) in a non-default display specified before the first use of the `-O` flag. Keywords inserted by multiple `-O` options will be adjacent.

  An equals sign (“=”) followed by a customised header string may be appended to a keyword, as described in more detail under the `-o` option.

`-o` fmt
  Display information associated with the space or comma separated list of keywords specified. Use of the `-o` option suppresses the set of keywords that would be displayed by default, or appends to the set of keywords specified by other options.

  An equals sign (“=”) followed by a customised header string may be appended to a keyword. This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of the default header associated with the keyword.

  Everything after the first equals sign is part of the customised header text, and this may include embedded spaces (“ ”), commas (“,”), or equals signs (“=”). To specify multiple keywords with customised headers, use multiple `-o` or `-O` options.

  If all the keywords to be displayed have customised headers, and all the customised headers are entirely empty, then the header line is not printed at all.

  If the keyword is capitalized, then an alternate (symbolic) form of it is printed, if available.

`-p` pid
  Display information associated with the specified process ID.
`-r`
  Sort by current CPU usage. This is equivalent to `-k` %cpu.
`-S`
  Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited children to their parent process.
`-s`
  Display one line for each LWP, rather than one line for each process, and display information associated with the following keywords: uid, pid, ppid, cpu, lid, nlwp, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, lstate, tt, time, and command.
`-T`
  Display information about processes attached to the device associated with the standard input.
`-t` tty
  Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal device. Use a question mark (“?”) for processes not attached to a terminal device and a minus sign (“-”) for processes that have been revoked from their terminal device.
`-U` user
  Display processes belonging to the specified user, given either as a user name or a uid.
`-u`
  Display information associated with the following keywords: user, pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time, and command. The `-u` option implies the `-r` option.
`-v`
  Display information associated with the following keywords: pid, state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz, %cpu, %mem, and command. The `-v` option implies the `-m` option.
`-W` swap
  Extract swap information from the specified file instead of the default, “/dev/drum”. Ignored unless `-M` is specified.
`-w`
  Use 132 columns to display information instead of the default, which is your window size. If the `-w` option is specified more than once, `ps` will use as many columns as necessary without regard to your window size.
`-x`
  Also display information about processes without controlling terminals.

A complete list of the available keywords are listed below. Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:

%cpu
  The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to a minute of previous (real) time. Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may be very young) it is possible for the sum of all %CPU fields to exceed 100%.
%mem
  The percentage of real memory used by this process.
flags
  The flags (in hexadecimal) associated with the process as in the include file `<sys/sysctl.h>`:

  `P_ADVLOCK` | 0x00000001 | process may hold a POSIX advisory lock
  `P_CONTROLT` | 0x00000002 | process has a controlling terminal
  `P_INMEM` | 0x00000004 | process is in memory
  `P_NOCLDSTOP` | 0x00000008 | no `SIGCHLD` when children stop
  `P_PPWAIT` | 0x00000010 | parent is waiting for child to exec/exit
  `P_PROFIL` | 0x00000020 | process has started profiling
  `P_SELECT` | 0x00000040 | selecting; wakeup/waiting danger
  `P_SINTR` | 0x00000080 | sleep is interruptible
  `P_SUGID` | 0x00000100 | process had set id privileges since last exec
  `P_SYSTEM` | 0x00000200 | system process: no sigs or stats
  `P_SA` | 0x00000400 | process is using scheduler activations (old)
  `P_TRACED` | 0x00000800 | process is being traced
  `P_WAITED` | 0x00001000 | debugging process has waited for child
  `P_WEXIT` | 0x00002000 | working on exiting
  `P_EXEC` | 0x00004000 | process called execve(2)
  `P_OWEUPC` | 0x00008000 | owe process an addupc() call at next ast
  `P_NOCLDWAIT` | 0x00020000 | no zombies if child dies
  `P_32` | 0x00040000 | 32-bit process (used on 64-bit kernels)
  `P_CLDSIGIGN` | 0x0008000 | no `SIGCHLD when children stop`
  `P_SYSTRACE` | 0x00200000 | process is under systrace(1) (old)
  `P_CHTRACED` | 0x00400000 | process has been traced and reparented
  `P_STOPFORK` | 0x00800000 | process stops at fork(2)
  `P_STOPEXEC` | 0x01000000 | process stops at exec(2)
  `P_STOPEXIT` | 0x02000000 | process stops at _exit(2")
  `P_SYSCALL` | 0x04000000 | process is tracing syscalls

lim
  The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to setrlimit(2).
lstart
  The exact time the command started, using the “%c” format described in strftime(3).
maxrss
  the maximum resident set size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
nice
  The process scheduling increment (see setpriority(2)).
rss
  the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
start
  The time the command started. If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is displayed using the “%l:%M%p” format described in strftime(3). If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is displayed using the “%a%p” format. Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the “%e%b%y” format.
state
  The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example, “RNs”. The first letter indicates the run state of the process:

  D
    Marks a process in device or other short term, uninterruptible wait.
  I
    Marks a process that is idle (sleeping interruptibly for longer than about `MAXSLP` (default 20) seconds).
  O
    Marks a process running on a processor.
  R
    Marks a runnable process, or one that is in the process of creation.
  S
    Marks a process that is sleeping interruptibly for less than about `MAXSLP` (default 20) seconds.
  T
    Marks a stopped process.
  U
    Marks a suspended process.
  Z
    Marks a dead process that has exited, but not been waited for (a “zombie”).

  Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state information:

  +
    The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
  -
    The LWP is detached (can't be waited for).
  <
    The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
  a
    The process is using scheduler activations (deprecated).
  E
    The process is in the process of exiting.
  K
    The process is a kernel thread or system process.
  l
    The process has multiple LWPs.
  N
    The process is niced (has reduced CPU scheduling priority) (see setpriority(2)).
  s
    The process is a session leader.
  V
    The process is suspended during a vfork(2).
  X
    The process is being traced or debugged.
tt
  An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any. The abbreviation consists of the two letters following “/dev/tty” or, for the console, “co”. This is followed by a “-” if the process can no longer reach that controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
wchan
  The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits. When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints as 324000.

When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie) is listed as “⟨defunct⟩”, and a process which is blocked while trying to exit is listed as “⟨exiting⟩”.

`ps` will try to locate the processes' argument vector from the user area in order to print the command name and arguments. This method is not reliable because a process is allowed to destroy this information. The ucomm (accounting) keyword will always contain the real command name as contained in the process structure's p_comm field.

If the command vector cannot be located (usually because it has not been set, as is the case of system processes and/or kernel threads) the command name is printed within square brackets.

To indicate that the argument vector has been tampered with, `ps` will append the real command name to the output within parentheses if the basename of the first argument in the argument vector does not match the contents of the real command name.

In addition, `ps` checks for the following two situations and does not append the real command name parenthesized:

-shellname
  The login process traditionally adds a ‘-’ in front of the shell name to indicate a login shell. `ps` will not append parenthesized the command name if it matches with the name in the first argument of the argument vector, skipping the leading ‘-’.
daemonname: current-activity
  Daemon processes frequently report their current activity by setting their name to be like “daemonname: current-activity”. `ps` will not append parenthesized the command name, if the string preceding the ‘:’ in the first argument of the argument vector matches the command name.

# KEYWORDS

The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their meanings. Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).

%cpu
  percentage CPU usage (alias pcpu)
%mem
  percentage memory usage (alias pmem)
acflag
  accounting flag (alias acflg)
comm
  command (the argv[0] value)
command
  command and arguments (alias args)
cpu
  short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
cpuid
  CPU number the current process or lwp is running on.
ctime
  accumulated CPU time of all children that have exited
egid
  effective group id
egroup
  group name (from egid)
emul
  emulation name
etime
  elapsed time since the process was started, in the form `[[dd-]hh:]mm:ss`
euid
  effective user id
euser
  user name (from euid)
flags
  the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias f)
gid
  effective group id
group
  group name (from gid)
groupnames
  group names (from group access list)
groups
  group access list
idrss
  integral unshared data
isrss
  integral unshared stack
ixrss
  integral shared memory size
inblk
  total blocks read (alias inblock)
jobc
  job control count
ktrace
  tracing flags
ktracep
  tracing vnode
laddr
  kernel virtual address of the struct lwp belonging to the LWP.
lid
  ID of the LWP
lim
  memory use limit
lname
  descriptive name of the LWP
logname
  login name of user who started the process (alias login)
lstart
  time started
lstate
  symbolic LWP state
ltime
  CPU time of the LWP
majflt
  total page faults
maxrss
  maximum resident set size
minflt
  total page reclaims
msgrcv
  total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
msgsnd
  total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
nice
  nice value (alias ni)
nivcsw
  total involuntary context switches
nlwp
  number of LWPs in the process
nsigs
  total signals taken (alias nsignals)
nvcsw
  total voluntary context switches
nwchan
  wait channel (as an address)
oublk
  total blocks written (alias oublock)
p_ru
  resource usage pointer (valid only for zombie)
paddr
  kernel virtual address of the struct proc belonging to the process.
pagein
  pageins (same as majflt)
pgid
  process group number
pid
  process ID
ppid
  parent process ID
pri
  scheduling priority
re
  core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
rgid
  real group ID
rlink
  reverse link on run queue, or 0
rlwp
  number of LWPs on a processor or run queue
rss
  resident set size
rsz
  resident set size + (text size / text use count) (alias rssize)
ruid
  real user ID
ruser
  user name (from ruid)
sess
  session pointer
sid
  session ID
sig
  pending signals (alias pending)
sigcatch
  caught signals (alias caught)
sigignore
  ignored signals (alias ignored)
sigmask
  blocked signals (alias blocked)
sl
  sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
start
  time started
state
  symbolic process state (alias stat)
stime
  accumulated system CPU time
svgid
  saved gid from a setgid executable
svgroup
  group name (from svgid)
svuid
  saved uid from a setuid executable
svuser
  user name (from svuid)
tdev
  control terminal device number
time
  accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias cputime)
tpgid
  control terminal process group ID
tsess
  control terminal session pointer
tsiz
  text size (in Kbytes)
tt
  control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
tty
  full name of control terminal
uaddr
  kernel virtual address of the struct user belonging to the LWP.
ucomm
  name to be used for accounting
uid
  effective user ID
upr
  scheduling priority on return from system call (alias usrpri)
user
  user name (from uid)
utime
  accumulated user CPU time
vsz
  virtual size in Kbytes (alias vsize)
wchan
  wait channel (as a symbolic name)
xstat
  exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)

# FILES

/dev
  special files and device names
/dev/drum
  default swap device
/var/run/dev.cdb
  /dev name database
/var/db/kvm.db
  system name list database
/netbsd
  default system name list

# SEE ALSO

kill(1), pgrep(1), pkill(1), sh(1), w(1), kvm(3), strftime(3), dev_mkdb(8), pstat(8)

# HISTORY

A `ps` utility appeared in Version 3 AT&T UNIX in section 8 of the manual.

# BUGS

Since `ps` cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled process, the information it displays can never be exact.

The `-G` option should ideally take a list instead of a single group.

November 6, 2021 | NetBSD 10.1