PS(1)

NAME
ps - process status

SYNOPSIS
ps [-AaCcdehjlmrSsTuvwx] [-G group] [-k key] [-M core] [-N system] [-O fmt] [-o fmt] [-p pid] [-t tty] [-U user] [-W swap]
ps -L

DESCRIPTION
ps displays a header line followed by lines containing information about running processes. By default, the display includes only processes that have controlling terminals and are owned by your uid. The default sort order of controlling terminal and (among processes with the same controlling terminal) process ID may be changed using the -k, -m, or -r options.

The information displayed for each process is selected based on a set of keywords (see the -L, -O, and -o options). The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID, controlling terminal, CPU time (including both user and system time), state, and associated command.

The options are as follows:

-A  Display information about all processes. This is equivalent to -a -x.

-a  Display information about other users' processes as well as your own. Note that this does not display information about processes without controlling terminals.

-C  Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a “raw” CPU calculation that ignores “resident” time (this normally has no effect).

-c  Do not display full command with arguments, but only the executable name. This may be somewhat confusing; for example, all sh(1) scripts will show as “sh”.

-d  Arrange processes into descendancy order and prefix each command with indentation text showing sibling and parent/child relationships. If either of the -m and -r options are also used, they control how sibling processes are sorted relative to each other.

-e  Display the environment as well. The environment for other users' processes can only be displayed by the super-user.

-G group
    Display processes belonging to the users belonging to the specified group, given either as a group name or a gid.

-h  Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one header per page of information.

-j  Print information associated with the following keywords: user, pid, ppid, pgid, sess, jobc, state, tt, time, and command.

-k key
    Sort the output using the space or comma separated list of keywords. Multiple sort keys may be specified, using any of the -k, -m, or -r options. The default sort order is equivalent to -k tdev,pid.

-L  List the set of available keywords.

-l  Display information associated with the following keywords: uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, state, tt, time, and command.

-M core
    Extract values from the specified core file instead of the running system.

-m  Sort by memory usage. This is equivalent to -k vsz.

-N system
    Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default, “/netbsd”. Ignored unless -M is specified.

-O fmt
    Display information associated with the space or comma separated list of keywords specified. The -O option does not suppress the default display; it inserts additional keywords just after the pid keyword in the default display, or after the pid keyword (if any) in a non-default display specified before the first use of the -O flag. Keywords inserted by multiple -O options will be adjacent.

    An equals sign (“=”) followed by a customised header string may be appended to a keyword, as described in more detail under the -o option.

-o fmt
    Display information associated with the space or comma separated list of keywords specified. Use of the -o option suppresses the set of keywords that would be displayed by default, or appends to the set of keywords specified by other options.

    An equals sign (“=”) followed by a customised header string may be appended to a keyword. This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of the default header associated with the keyword.

    Everything after the first equals sign is part of the customised header text, and this may include embedded spaces (“ ”), commas (“”),, or equals signs (“=”). To specify multiple keywords with customised headers, use multiple -o or -O options.

    If all the keywords to be displayed have customised headers, and all the customised headers are entirely empty, then the header line is not printed at all.

    If the keyword is capitalized, then an alternate (symbolic) form of it is printed, if available.

-p pid
    Display information associated with the specified process ID.

-r  Sort by current CPU usage. This is equivalent to -k %cpu.

-S  Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited children to their parent process.

-s  Display one line for each LWP, rather than one line for each process, and display information associated with the following keywords: uid, pid, ppid, cpu, lid, nlwp, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, lstate, tt, time, and command.

-T  Display information about processes attached to the device associated with the standard input.

-t tty
    Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal device. Use a question mark (“”)? for processes not attached to a terminal device and a minus sign (“-”) for processes that have been revoked from their terminal device.

-U user
    Display processes belonging to the specified user, given either as a user name or a uid.

-u  Display information associated with the following keywords: user, pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time, and command. The -u option implies the -r option.

-v  Display information associated with the following keywords: pid, state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz, %cpu, %mem, and command. The -v option implies the -m option.

-W swap
    Extract swap information from the specified file instead of the default, “/dev/drum”. Ignored unless -M is specified.

-w  Use 132 columns to display information instead of the default, which is your window size. If the -w option is specified more than once, ps will use as many columns as necessary without regard to your window size.

-x  Also display information about processes without controlling terminals.

A complete list of the available keywords are listed below. Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:

%cpu
    The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to a minute of previous (real) time. Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may be very young) it is possible for the sum of all %CPU fields to exceed 100%.

%mem
    The percentage of real memory used by this process.

flags
    The flags (in hexadecimal) associated with the process as in the include file <sys/sysctl.h>:
    P_ADVLOCK | 0x00000001 | process may hold a POSIX advisory lock
    P_CONTROLT | 0x00000002 | process has a controlling terminal
    P_INMEM | 0x00000004 | process is in memory
    P_NOCLDSTOP | 0x00000008 | no SIGCHLD when children stop
    P_PPWAIT | 0x00000010 | parent is waiting for child to exec/exit
    P_PROFIL | 0x00000020 | process has started profiling
    P_SELECT | 0x00000040 | selecting; wakeup/waiting danger
    P_SINTR | 0x00000080 | sleep is interruptible
    P_SUGID | 0x00000100 | process had set id privileges since last exec
    P_SYSTEM | 0x00000200 | system process: no sigs or stats
    P_SA | 0x00000400 | process is using scheduler activations (old)
    P_TRACED | 0x00000800 | process is being traced
    P_WAITED | 0x00001000 | debugging process has waited for child
    P_WEXIT | 0x00002000 | working on exiting
    P_EXEC | 0x00004000 | process called execve(2)
    P_OWEUPC | 0x00008000 | owe process an addupc() call at next ast
    P_NOCLDWAIT | 0x00020000 | no zombies if child dies
    P_32 | 0x00040000 | 32-bit process (used on 64-bit kernels)
    P_CLDSIGIGN | 0x0008000 | no SIGCHLD when children stop
    P_SYSTRACE | 0x00200000 | process is under systrace(1) (old)
    P_CHTRACED | 0x00400000 | process has been traced and reparented
    P_STOPFORK | 0x00800000 | process stops at fork(2)
    P_STOPEXEC | 0x01000000 | process stops at exec(2)
    P_STOPEXIT | 0x02000000 | process stops at _exit(2")
    P_SYSCALL | 0x04000000 | process is tracing syscalls

lim The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to setrlimit(2).

lstart
    The exact time the command started, using the “%c” format described in strftime(3).

maxrss
    the maximum resident set size of the process (in 1024 byte units).

nice
    The process scheduling increment (see setpriority(2)).

rss the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).

start
    The time the command started. If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is displayed using the “%l:%M%p” format described in strftime(3). If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is displayed using the “%a%p” format. Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the “%e%b%y” format.

state
    The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example, “RNs”. The first letter indicates the run state of the process:

    D   Marks a process in device or other short term, uninterruptible wait.
    I   Marks a process that is idle (sleeping interruptibly for longer than about MAXSLP (default 20) seconds).
    O   Marks a process running on a processor.
    R   Marks a runnable process, or one that is in the process of creation.
    S   Marks a process that is sleeping interruptibly for less than about MAXSLP (default 20) seconds.
    T   Marks a stopped process.
    U   Marks a suspended process.
    Z   Marks a dead process that has exited, but not been waited for (a “zombie”).

    Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state information:

    +   The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
    -   The LWP is detached (can't be waited for).
    <   The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
    a   The process is using scheduler activations (deprecated).
    E   The process is in the process of exiting.
    K   The process is a kernel thread or system process.
    l   The process has multiple LWPs.
    N   The process is niced (has reduced CPU scheduling priority) (see setpriority(2)).
    s   The process is a session leader.
    V   The process is suspended during a vfork(2).
    X   The process is being traced or debugged.

tt  An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any. The abbreviation consists of the two letters following “/dev/tty” or, for the console, “co”. This is followed by a “-” if the process can no longer reach that controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).

wchan
    The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits. When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints as 324000.

When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie) is listed as “<defunct>”, and a process which is blocked while trying to exit is listed as “<exiting>”.

ps will try to locate the processes' argument vector from the user area in order to print the command name and arguments. This method is not reliable because a process is allowed to destroy this information. The ucomm (accounting) keyword will always contain the real command name as contained in the process structure's p_comm field.

If the command vector cannot be located (usually because it has not been set, as is the case of system processes and/or kernel threads) the command name is printed within square brackets.

To indicate that the argument vector has been tampered with, ps will append the real command name to the output within parentheses if the basename of the first argument in the argument vector does not match the contents of the real command name.

In addition, ps checks for the following two situations and does not append the real command name parenthesized:

-shellname
    The login process traditionally adds a ‘-’ in front of the shell name to indicate a login shell. ps will not append parenthesized the command name if it matches with the name in the first argument of the argument vector, skipping the leading ‘-’.

daemonname: current-activity
    Daemon processes frequently report their current activity by setting their name to be like “daemonname: current-activity”. ps will not append parenthesized the command name, if the string preceding the ‘’: in the first argument of the argument vector matches the command name.

KEYWORDS
The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their meanings. Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).

%cpu
    percentage CPU usage (alias pcpu)
%mem
    percentage memory usage (alias pmem)
acflag
    accounting flag (alias acflg)
comm
    command (the argv[0] value)
command
    command and arguments (alias args)
cpu short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
cpuid
    CPU number the current process or lwp is running on.
ctime
    accumulated CPU time of all children that have exited
egid
    effective group id
egroup
    group name (from egid)
emul
    emulation name
etime
    elapsed time since the process was started, in the form [[dd-]hh:]mm:ss
euid
    effective user id
euser
    user name (from euid)
flags
    the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias f)
gid effective group id
group
    group name (from gid)
groupnames
    group names (from group access list)
groups
    group access list
idrss
    integral unshared data
isrss
    integral unshared stack
ixrss
    integral shared memory size
inblk
    total blocks read (alias inblock)
jobc
    job control count
ktrace
    tracing flags
ktracep
    tracing vnode
laddr
    kernel virtual address of the struct lwp belonging to the LWP.
lid ID of the LWP
lim memory use limit
lname
    descriptive name of the LWP
logname
    login name of user who started the process (alias login)
lstart
    time started
lstate
    symbolic LWP state
ltime
    CPU time of the LWP
majflt
    total page faults
maxrss
    maximum resident set size
minflt
    total page reclaims
msgrcv
    total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
msgsnd
    total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
nice
    nice value (alias ni)
nivcsw
    total involuntary context switches
nlwp
    number of LWPs in the process
nsigs
    total signals taken (alias nsignals)
nvcsw
    total voluntary context switches
nwchan
    wait channel (as an address)
oublk
    total blocks written (alias oublock)
p_ru
    resource usage pointer (valid only for zombie)
paddr
    kernel virtual address of the struct proc belonging to the process.
pagein
    pageins (same as majflt)
pgid
    process group number
pid process ID
ppid
    parent process ID
pri scheduling priority
re  core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
rgid
    real group ID
rlink
    reverse link on run queue, or 0
rlwp
    number of LWPs on a processor or run queue
rss resident set size
rsz resident set size + (text size / text use count) (alias rssize)
ruid
    real user ID
ruser
    user name (from ruid)
sess
    session pointer
sid session ID
sig pending signals (alias pending)
sigcatch
    caught signals (alias caught)
sigignore
    ignored signals (alias ignored)
sigmask
    blocked signals (alias blocked)
sl  sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
start
    time started
state
    symbolic process state (alias stat)
stime
    accumulated system CPU time
svgid
    saved gid from a setgid executable
svgroup
    group name (from svgid)
svuid
    saved uid from a setuid executable
svuser
    user name (from svuid)
tdev
    control terminal device number
time
    accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias cputime)
tpgid
    control terminal process group ID
tsess
    control terminal session pointer
tsiz
    text size (in Kbytes)
tt  control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
tty full name of control terminal
uaddr
    kernel virtual address of the struct user belonging to the LWP.
ucomm
    name to be used for accounting
uid effective user ID
upr scheduling priority on return from system call (alias usrpri)
user
    user name (from uid)
utime
    accumulated user CPU time
vsz virtual size in Kbytes (alias vsize)
wchan
    wait channel (as a symbolic name)
xstat
    exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)

FILES
/dev
    special files and device names
/dev/drum
    default swap device
/var/run/dev.cdb
    /dev name database
/var/db/kvm.db
    system name list database
/netbsd
    default system name list

SEE ALSO
kill(1), pgrep(1), pkill(1), sh(1), w(1), kvm(3), strftime(3), dev_mkdb(8), pstat(8)

HISTORY
A ps utility appeared in AT&T UNIX in section 8 of the manual.

BUGS
Since ps cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled process, the information it displays can never be exact.

The -G option should ideally take a list instead of a single group.